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Reflexivity of the subject in selected contemporary social theories

Author(s): Krzysztof Wielecki,Dorota Leonarska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The subject of this article is the question of human reflexivity, where the individual is understood as the subject of social relations. We are interested in individual and collective subjectivity. The paper begins with an attempt to depict the theoretical field, on the grounds of which the problem of reflexivity appears in sociology. Next, we present the main concepts in the subjectivity theory found in sociological and philosophical literature. This allowed us to prepare an interpretational basis that is helpful in analysing specific subject reflexivity concepts. The presented theories arise from the views of M.S. Archer, P. Bourdieu, A. Giddens and C. Taylor. These views serve as the basis of our discussion concerning reflexivity, its meaning and interpretational challenges encountered in contemporary social theories of the subjectivity orientation. As a conclusion, the authors consider the main problems placed before the field of humanities concerning the further development of subjectivity theories.

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Stroje, texty, sítě a jiné obrazy: metaforický rozměr sociologie

Author(s): Jakub Mlynář / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2016

Main objective of the article is to explore the sociological implications of the conceptual metaphor theory, which is based on the idea that metaphors are not only discursive ornaments, but rather the basic principle of human thought as such. The article provides an overview of the metaphor theory, from the classical Aristotelian perspective to the conceptual metaphor theory. Later it discusses some of the implications of the conceptual metaphor theory for the realm of sociological discourse, with particular attention to metaphorical conceptualization of society as a machine, a network and a text. I argue that each conceptual metaphor in sociological thought is associated with certain presuppositions about the human individual condition in contemporary society, and we are bound to use our (deliberate) metaphors reflexively and consciously.

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Disquieted Relations

Author(s): Júlia Szalai / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The history of the past 25 years of collaboration between ‘Westerners’ and ‘Easterners’ in social science research has been accompanied by a good deal of ambivalence. While the collapse of state-socialism suddenly opened a spacious terrain for such collaborations with acknowledgeable gains in their academic contacts, professional outlook and income, old and new Eastern entrants experience the degradation of their expertise and a forceful new positioning into acting as service providers instead of being regarded as equal intellectual partners. Many go as far as labelling the new forms of collaboration as outright ‘colonisation’. Their sharp critique embraces the new experiences of Western domination in setting the concepts and methods of research and it also addresses the exploitative structures of the academia that serve this domination with a highly unequal distribution of funding. The secondary positions and peripheral roles that ‘Easterners’ occupy in access to opportunities for publishing comes in addition, together with the complains about their marginalisation in participating in the influential areas of policy-making where the role of respected advisors with readily acknowledged knowledge and expertise is regularly awarded only to ‘Westerners’.Keywords:

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Who’s The Star Of The Show?

Author(s): György Szerbhorváth / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

In this essay we try to recall that the history (but also the present) of Hungarian sociology or sociography is often represented as a ‘crisis-history’, and the question often arises of whether it can say anything relevant about the past and present, about the thing we call ‘reality’ or ‘life’. It is also a resurfacing charge that Hungarian literature is in a crisis, too – that it doesn’t say anything ‘valid’ or ‘realistic’ about Hungarian society. Nevertheless, here we examine whether Hungarian literature can inspire sociologists by showing topics which could be perhaps considered as taboos, and whether it can or could contribute to the formation of historical memory. Furthermore, we give a sketchy overview of its points of contact with social sciences, first of all with sociology and sociography, as well as with politics, and the role that professionals in these areas assign to themselves. It is done in a context in which humanities and arts are often charged by political actors of being useless. Some time ago, sociology and sociography were considered dangerous (as well as ‘bourgeois’) because of their critical stance, as disciplines that needed to be controlled. On the other hand, Hungarian writers are regularly accused of not dealing with Hungarian ‘realities’, while their role in the intellectual sphere is rapidly diminishing.

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W stronę socjologicznego ujęcia etyki badań naukowych

Author(s): Dorota Rancew-Sikora,Borys Cymbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

According to the thesis that ethical competence is an important part of professional competence of social researchers and that ethical dilemmas are often experienced by them as methodological and theoretical dilemmas, the authors of the article highlight the problem of lack of link between ethical reflection and the paradigm of qualitative sociology. They argue that the separation of this topic within mainly normative-philosophical domain, which dominates in ethical codes, carries a risk of treating it differently than other issues of sociological investigation and can lead to a significant loss of its cognitive value. Instead, the authors emphasize the possibility and the need to develop research ethics within the paradigm of qualitative sociology, looking for an inspiration in the works of Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, the Chicago School, Norman Denzin and Martyn Hammersley among others. They are critical to the hope that creation of ethical codes is an effective way of scientific communities’ self-regulation, stressing the importance of specific historical, social and linguistic contexts of their creation. Consequently, the authors emphasize subjective, situation, processual, and discursive character of ethics-oriented activities, undertaken both by researchers in the field, and by academic institutions in this regard.

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O POŻYTKACH HISTORYZMU ANALITYCZNO-SYNTETYCZNEGO

Author(s): Adam Karpiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2012

Analytical and synthetic historicism as a method requires a certain ontological, epistemological and anthropological awareness. It accepts the idea of the identity of thought and human being. A man creates a social reality, social being. Its quality determines the type of content of submission to a spirit of unity of human beings, objective social and natural world and human world. It is therefore necessary to admit that the law of world citizenship expressed in the form of universal hospitality should cover the basic needs of every person on Earth. Thus each visitor – person on Earth should, without any gratification, receive a minimum of social and living, and therefore food, adequate clothing, and place of residence. Individual human beings could bear and beget a child in accordance with the policy of the state. Each human individual should also have access to free education. The essence of the world – though getting to know – is seen as ultimately unknown people. According to Kant’s second definitive article for perpetual peace, the law of nations must be based on a federation of free states. It should be subject to the constitution. The existence of the state of the world is possible, but in the foreseeable future (anutopian idea). Analytical and synthetic historicism makes it possible to further specify the first place in the human species development.

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„My” bez „onych”

Author(s): Zygmunt Bauman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 666/2016

Do tej pory nasi przodkowie integrowali się dzięki posiadaniu wspólnego wroga. Ale teraz – gdy mówimy o jednej, globalnej ludzkości – gdzie znaleźć tego wroga? Ulrich Beck, jeden z największych, najbardziej wnikliwych współczesnych socjologów, bardzo prosto i jasno opisał to zjawisko. Powiedział: „Już teraz żyjemy w rzeczywistości kosmopolitycznej". Jesteśmy w niej, czy tego chcemy czy nie, po prostu się w niej znaleźliśmy.

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Sociology is Elsewhere

Author(s): József Böröcz / Language(s): English Issue: 03/1997

The review of: Szociológia by Anthony Giddens; Hungarian translation from Anthony Giddens: Sociology, Second Edition, Fully Revised & Updated Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993. Translated by Eszter Babarczy et al. Budapest: Osiris, 1995. 771 pp.

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Społeczeństwo dzieje się pomiędzy

Author(s): Piotr Sztompka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Nauka nie ma ojczyzny, ale mają ojczyznę uczeni. Dlatego teoretyk w dziedzinie nauk społecznych to postać zawsze rozdwojona. Z jednej strony obraca się w świecie abstrakcyjnych modeli, hipotez i twierdzeń, o uniwersalnym zasięgu i stosowalności, a z drugiej strony — jest obywatelem swojego bardzo konkretnego społeczeństwa, uczestnicząc w jego losach tu i teraz.

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Politička teorija Ibn Halduna

Author(s): Jelena Vukoičić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

Ibn Haldun predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih ličnosti u istoriji islamske političke misli, ali i jednog od najvećih mislilaca srednjeg veka. Njegovo najpoznatije delo al-Mukadima jedna je od najoriginalnijih analiza procesa istorijske evolucije društva, države i ljudske civilizacije generalno. Suština ovog monumentalnog dela leži u identifikaciji društvenih, ekonomskih i psiholoških razloga koji doprinose razvoju, usponu i padu ljudske civilizacije i time fundamentalno oblikuju istorijske tokove. Ibn Haldun je svojim delima nesumnjivo dao veliki doprinos istorijskoj nauci, ali je neophodno istaći i njegov doprinos drugim društvenim naukama, kao što su sociologija, politikologija i ekonomija. Ovaj veliki mislilac predstavlja jedinstvenu pojavu u muslimanskoj istoriji i kulturi. Naime, kao što nije imao prethodnike među arapskim piscima, tako nije imao ni naslednike u svojim oblastima istraživanja.

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Tarihsel Sosyolojide Yöntemi Bulmak Ya Da Doğan Ergun Üzerine Bir Deneme

Author(s): Can Cengiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2011

The main aspect of sociology which distinguish it from other efforts that put forward ideas on social-political progresses and facts as a scientific discipline is its methodology. One of the particular areas of methodological discussions in sociology can be defined as “history” or the relation between “history and sociology”. Questions such as “where do domains / territories of history and sociology as scientific disciplines start and end?” or “to what extent do these two disciplines can relate to each other” are still methodological questions that need to be answered. This article is based on the assumption that the answers of Doğan Ergun and his sociology to the questions noted above can be considered as starting points that are still valid today. In this extent, the first part of the article is about history-sociology relationship and the development of historical sociology in both Turkey and the World and the problems about these issues. Second part consists of analyses that seek to explore the contributions made by Doğan Ergun and his sociology to the historical sociology in Turkey.

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Relacja natura – kultura w socjologicznych treściach kształcenia (na przykładzie studiów pedagogicznych)

Author(s): Andrzej Kasperek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47 (2)/2016

The issues undertaken in this study involve the presence of some considerations concerning the relation nature – culture in the teaching contents of course curricula in sociology (including sociological subdisciplines), implemented within pedagogical studies. In a particular way, history of sociology is related to the process of the 19th century industrialization – the period which, with no doubt, turned out to be of key significance for the birth of modern society as it radically changed the relation humanity – nature. The author tries to show the centrality of the relation nature – culture in sociological discourse, but on the other hand – the different sociological contexts of the same relation. What is particularly emphasized are: the dispute between naturalism and antinaturalism, the sociological understanding of culture and the existence of contemporary social and cultural movements which discredit the instrumental attitude of modern civilization to nature.

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Ülgener’in Protestanları: Bayramî Melâmîleri

Author(s): Ergin Çağman / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Investigating into the reasons why capitalist mentality and activity failed to develop in the Ottoman state and society, Sabri F. Ülgener conducted interdisciplinary studies by combining various disciplines and factors such as economics, sociology, history and religion. Also referred to as “Turkish Weber”, Ülgener attempted to trace in the Ottoman society the roots of an ethical system similar to the Protestant ethics which was considered by Weber as the underlying factor explaining the birth of capitalism in Europe. Thus, he rather focused on “mentality studies”, with a comparative approach on European and Ottoman mentalities.Ülgener maintains that Sufism, as the principal factor embodying the mentality of the Ottoman society, served for centuries as the home of esnaf, commercial life, “Mediaeval mentality” and the world of Mediaeval values, transmitting them to later generations. However, with his research he also concludes that Melamiya, a Sufi movement of the time, was somehow quite similar to the Protestant ethics of Europe. He believes that, besides an esoteric (batınî) understanding of religion, the Melamis had the potential to bring about capitalistic mentality and accumulation in the Ottoman society with their capacity to distinguish between worshipping and working life as well as their solemn and disciplined way of life. Nevertheless, as he claims, this brotherhood failed to win a foothold in the state and society due their scarcity in number and activity.Recent studies revealed that the Melamiya was not only a brotherhood or disposition (meşreb), but also a mystical movement intertwined with Batiniyya (esoterism), which was in pursuit of mundane political power, which antagonized Ottoman authorities, and thus, had to operate clandestinely all the time. Due to such nature of Melamiya we unfortunately have limited information as to their economic activities in particular. Consequently, it is far from convincing to argue that they really had the potential to bring about capitalism in the Ottoman state and society.Drawing upon recent studies, the present study is intended to discuss whether the Melamiya had the capability to generate capitalistic mentality and accumulation in the Ottoman society, as claimed by Ülgener. The relationship between Sufism and economy in the Ottoman state and society still remains an area with room to explore. Further studies on the issue will certainly broaden our understanding about the Ottoman mentality and socioeconomic history.

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Halkbilim Çalişmalarinda Karşilaştirma Yöntemi Tarihi Üzerine

Author(s): Ulrika Wolf-Knuts / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2009

Genel olarak halkbilim Çalişmalarinda karşilaştirma araştirmanin her zaman önemli oldugu ortadadir Hatta, „halk“ oluşturan grubu tanirnlamak bile bir karşilaştirma sürecidir. Çeşitlilik kavrami da bu karşilaştirmanin bir ürünüdür.

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A kritikai és emancipációs diskurzusok megújulásáról

Author(s): Margit Feischmidt / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

The article examines the current state of two critical and emancipatory discourses in social sciences: multiculturalism and feminism. Similar and divergent elements of their theoretical position are investigated with a special emphasis on famous debates among their representatives. The limits of the East-European adaptation of multiculturalism and feminism alike are highlighted, whereas the social and political reasons of the current counter-ideologies (the “backlash multiculturalism” and the “anti-genderism”) are also revealed in the paper.

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Luka Bourdiańska. Próba odczytania pojęcia habitusu w świetle teorii kultury

Author(s): Paweł Winiarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2015

The article shows the possibilities of using Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical achievements on the basis of Jeffrey C. Alexander’s strong program. It is possible to solve the problem of reductionism by reinterpreting Bourdieu’s key concepts in through the lenses of Yuri Lotman’s semiotic theory of culture. Lotman’s understanding of culture, including the reproduction and creation, allows to explain not only how structures affect individuals, but also how individuals use structures.

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Becoming an inpatient: a symbolic-interactionist study in a polish hospital

Author(s): Bożena Kędzior / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2015

This paper presents the results of a study that aimed to reconstruct the identity changes in the process of becoming an inpatient in a hospital. The notion of identity moves the focus of the study within a hospital away from the functionalist perspective and allows to center on the biographical disruption at the onset of chronic illness. Intersected with the concept of becoming a hospital inmate it illustrates a primary interactionist concern of structure-interaction reciprocity. In first step author presents the classical writings on hospitals and then attempts to reconstruct the illness narratives by employing the theoretical framework of interpretative sociology and the Łódź School of Qualitative Sociology.

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Edmund Wnuk- Lipiński (1944-2015) – z małego miasta na Kaszubach w świat wielkiej nauki i spraw publicznych

Author(s): Cezary Obracht-Prondzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2015

Krótkie przedstawienie sylwetki wybitnego polskiego socjologa, profesora Edmunda Wnuk-Lipińskiego, jego dokonań naukowych i literackich.

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Raskršća demografije

Author(s): Mirjana Devedžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2013

This paper is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Stanovništvo (Population) journal, launched by the Center for demographic research in Belgrade in 1963. The anniversary is an opportunity to reflect on developments and trends in demography as a discipline, thus the paper points out certain specifics of these developments. The specifics discussed mirror the author's choice, which was guided primarily by the criterion of interestingness, but also by the intention to make a survey. Hence points about the development of demography are backed by insights made by a number of other demographers. The major source of references were papers and speeches given on similar occasions – anniversaries of journals, anniversaries of associations of demographers, as well as special issues of journals dedicated to theory and methodology. Certain points are also made based on other sources of reference. The major part of the paper is related to transformations of demography, which has started as a predominantly formal discipline and has developed into a social and interdisciplinary field. Topical and methodological expansion of demography induces mixed reactions among demographers. Ones welcome its diversification, whereas others see such changes as signs of abandoning the essence of demography. This makes it harder and harder to define the area of demographic research. Changes in demography are mostly studied from the standpoint of polarized dimensions: quantitative-qualitative, macro-micro, and, in the context of diversification, formal demography vs. population studies. Another important segment of development trends in demography is that of improving its vocabulary, which is affected by other fields related to demography. Terminological changes are also related to the specification of certain branches and subfields of demography. For instance, anthropological and spatial demography have roots in earlier development phases of demography. Still, these terms have become popular at a later stage, only when the methodological and cognitive capacities of the corresponding research approaches have increased. The paper also indicates that demographers do not find new inspiration only outside of the core demographic problems. As an example, man fertility is briefly discussed as an increasingly popular topic in literature during the last decade. Finally, attractive presentation of demographic content is found to be very important for visibility and applicability of demography, which is illustrated by interpreting some of the most frequently videos related to demography on YouTube. The paper concludes that different paths that open during the development of demography are not incompatible, that they represent demographers' diverse choices, and that they all contribute to strengthening the field.

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Srpski demografi o demografiji

Author(s): Mirjana M. Rašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2013

Introduction: The objective of this paper is to collect the opinions of the leading demographers in Serbia on four significant matters. The matters are: development, state and future of demography, the successfulness of researchers in this scientific discipline, improvement of the Stanovništvo journal, as well as the population priority of our society and range of population policies. Method: A qualitative interview was chosen as the instrument for data collection. Namely, a structured interview, based on nine questions was sent by e-mail to eleven addresses of relevant demographers in the second half of October 2013. The basic reason for sending questions by e-mail was the aspiration to obtain authentic replies which require time for contemplation. Ten completed questionnaires were returned within two weeks. On the one hand, an integral picture on the chosen themes for research was attempted to be obtained in the analysis of received opinions to certain groups of questions and on the other hand to portray the spectrum of different observations. The responses of our prominent demographers were analyzed and compared to clearly pronounced standpoints of eminent demographers published in world journals on similar themes and with findings of internet researches among members of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Results: The results show that there is a high level of consent among demographers in Serbia regarding the well positioning of demography in relation to other social studies and its good perspectives. The interviewed experts see the future of demography in its integration with a wide circle of sciences, the application of demography and/or greater engagement of researchers in carrying out public policies. However, the estimations of the interviewed demographers as regards the development and state of demography in Serbia are divided. Although a large number of topics had been listed, migrations and population ageing were singled out the most as significant for examining in the immediate future. The inclusion of Stanovništvo on the Science Citation Information Journal List and expanding the circle of authors were the basic recommendations of the respondents regarding better quality of the journal. All interviewed experts mentioned various kinds of knowledge and characteristics necessary for demographers to posses in order to be successful. Contrary to the homogeneous opinion that a demographer should be a superior-researcher, a wide range of responses were given to the question regarding selecting the best indicator for determining the successfulness of researchers in the study of population. As many as eight out of ten interviewed experts believe population ageing is the greatest population challenge which Serbia is facing. However, a low level of consensus appeared among the demographers as regards the range of the political response. Namely, five experts declared they were pessimists in view of the possibilities for mitigating the challenge they singled out. On the contrary, five interviewed experts expressed optimism, as they believe in the economic development of Serbia, the possibilities of institutional adjustments to demographic changes, and/or in man and his rationality. Conclusion: Demographers in Serbia highly appreciate the discipline they belong to. At the same time they are strict critics and have high expectations in all matters dealing with demography.

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