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The decision of the Bulgarian Parliament from 4 April 2014 to adopt at first reading the amendments in the Energy Law, which grants South Stream special status highlights the lack of logic in the national energy policy and compounds the impression that public interest is not the driving force behind the proposed changes.
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The purpose of this handbook is to provide to judges, prosecutors, forensic officers and other legal practitioners an overview of the existing European and international instruments and rules aimed at tackling environmental crimes and in particular marine pollution, as well as an analysis of the challenges faced in their implementation and enforcement process.
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The energy sector in Bulgaria is faced with a number of challenges, the biggest of which is poor governance. Abuses triggered by the poor management of state-owned enterprises have an impact on electricity prices for consumers. As long as the governance of state-owned enterprises remains non-transparent and pricing mechanisms remain opaque, consumer confidence in the system cannot be restored.
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The present white paper summarises the main findings of the Justice Sector Institutional Indicators for Criminal Case Management study. It puts forward the main problems which EU countries face in measuring justice system performance – there is no single assessment model and many countries are still in the experimental phase. Besides the legal accountability mechanisms courts tend to be a subject of managerial accountability. Despite the different approaches followed by the studied EU member states and the lack of a leading assessment methodology, certain indicators as caseload, duration of the procedure, available resources per number of cases can be distinguished as best practice.
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The current publication focuses on the main findings from the National Crime Surveys. Toward the end of the 1990s and, particularly after the year 2000, as the prospect of EU membership became more likely, greater political stability and economic prosperity in Bulgaria led to a gradual decrease in crime. This trend, which was most perceptible in the period 2000–2005, was the result of several factors. Declining unemployment, rising incomes and economic growth provided alternatives to many individuals with criminal incomes. Demographic processes and emigration also contributed to the reduction in crime. Further strengthening of the judiciary and the law-enforcement systems, in an attempt to meet EU-set requirements, revived the criminal justice system, which in 2004 issued six times more sentences than it did in 1993.
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These however do not necessarily call for the flat rate tax of the design experimented in several of the new market economies. The study argues as well that vertical flattening in itself tends to redistribute the tax burden towards the mid-income groups. Furthermore it cautions that the expectations that the flat income tax will limit tax evasion might be overly optimistic. The paper suggests alternative supply side tax incentives.
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The beginning of the reforms in the economy brought about the establishment of a market for consulting services. Its formation was determined on the one hand by the appearance of demand for consulting services, and on the other - by the wide range of legal and economic analyses, expert evaluations and recommendations offered by the rapidly growing number of private persons and firms engaged in this specific sphere of the economy.
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The beginning of the reforms in the economy brought about the establishment of a market for consulting services. Its formation was determined on the one hand by the appearance of demand for consulting services, and on the other - by the wide range of legal and economic analyses, expert evaluations and recommendations offered by the rapidly growing number of private persons and firms engaged in this specific sphere of the economy.
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The Agency for Economic Cooperation & Development /AECD/ experts have begun to asses three barometers of aggregate economic activity since March 1992: economic activity barometer, economic expectation barometer and diffusion index. In that paper we share our experience on the assessment of composite indicators and their utilization in analyzing performance of Bulgarian economy on macro level.
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At the end of august 2004, the second consecutive survey was conducted to study and assess the insurance market and services in Bulgaria in one year period. The survey was representative of the country’s adult population. The size of the two-stage cluster sample was N=1000 covering the whole territory of the country. Information was collected by the method of the face-to-face in-home interview.
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Between January 22, 2003 and March 3, 2003, Vitosha Research conducted its survey concerning the corruption among the population in Bulgaria. The study is part of Coalition 2000's Corruption Monitoring System (CMS).
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The study was commissioned by the Ministry of Environment and Water. The purpose of the survey is to establish the attitude of the citizens - in the country and in certain villages - to the separate waste collection and on this basis to make proposals, whose realization contributes to the successful introduction of this practice in Bulgaria.
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The Program for Judicial Reform in Bulgaria has been drafted by eminent Bulgarian lawyers within the framework of the Judicial Reform Initiative (JRI). The latter benefits from the combined efforts of State authorities, representatives of influential non-governmental organizations, and experts who offer their expertise in order to ensure further successful development of judicial reform in Bulgaria. The first draft of this Program was presented for discussion to the principal stakeholders of the JRI at a workshop in July 1999 from major stakeholders in the reform process such as the Ministry of Justice; the Supreme Judicial Council; associations and guilds of the legal profession; concerned non-governmental organizations; representatives of the media; independent legal experts and the Bulgarian citizenry. The amended and revized Program incorporates the comments, suggestions and notes provided and is representative for the state of the Bulgarian judiciary and the legislation as to May 2000.
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The book concerns the fundamental questions set by the founder of Bulgarian sociology Ivan Hadjiiski: Where are we coming from? What have we gone through? How far have we reached? Where are we going? Sociology is a science in which the person puts his imagination and heuristic potential. Sociology is a craft, in the practice of which the outcome depends on the mastery of the techniques and methodologies, the correct observance of rules and procedures. Sociology is a business that requires certain resources and also can reproduce or increase them. Sociology, however, is something else; it is not only a knowledge of society, but it is a public activity. It loses its meaning beyond the public realization or changes it if this realization does not correspond to the scientific credibility.
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The survey was conducted on July 17-23, 2019 on 1128 selected subjects from 114 urban and rural localities in all counties of Romania. He measured confidence in political leaders, voting intentions, comparisons between candidates.
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Survey conducted between March 15-20, 2019 on a national sample of 1144 people. He measured the intention to vote in the European elections, the attitude towards political parties, trust in the main political leaders, the degree of information about political games and events, the attitude towards the European Union, towards Romania’s foreign policy, towards doctrines and political values.
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SOCIAL FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA, STRUCTURE, KEY FEATURES // MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: LIFE VALUES, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC NORMS AND STANDARDS // SECTION 1. MIDDLE CLASS: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA AND DEFINITION OF STRUCTURE // SECTION 2. MIDDLE CLASS IN SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY: MAIN FEATURES // 2.1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES // 2.2. SOCIAL BACKGROUND // 2.3. SOCIAL COMPOSITION // 2.4. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (REGIONAL PROFILE)AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES // 2.5. FINANCIAL STANDING, POSSESSION OF PROPERTY // 2.6. WORK AND LEISURE TIME // 2.7. SOCIAL WELL-BEING // SECTION 3. MIDDLE CLASS: LIFE VALUES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // 3.1. LIFE VALUES // 3.2. SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES // 3.3. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // SECTION 4. MIDDLE CLASS: CIVIC ACTIVISM, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC STANDARDS // 4.1. TRUST IN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY // 4.2. TOLERANCE TO REPRESENTATIVES OF OTHER SOCIAL AND SOCIAL CLASS GROUPS // 4.3. PERCEPTION OF COMMON INTERESTS WITH OTHER SOCIAL GROUPS // 4.4. CIVIC ACTIVISM // 4.5. PROTEST ACTIVITY POTENTIAL // SECTION 5. CONCLUSIONS // POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME AS THE BASIS FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE // 1. POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 2. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF A HOUSEHOLD WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 3. INCOME: LEVEL, SOURCES, FEATURES OF FORMATION // 4. POSSESSION OF PROPERTY IN MEDIUM INCOME HOUSEHOLDS // 5. CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS // 6. EXPENSES OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR NON-FOOD GOODS AND SERVICES // 7. CERTAIN SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDIUM INCOME POPULATION // 8. MOST IMPORTANT VALUES OF POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME
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This article aims to explore sustainable development pathways in the housing sector of post-communist countries from the former Eastern Bloc, in the context of the ongoing growth of major urban centers, contemporary changes and socio-economic transformations within cities. To establish the limits of this brief research, we will examine sustainable development through social, economic, political and demographic aspects. Additionally, to enhance our understanding of sustainable housing development, we will apply a multidisciplinary approach to two case studies: Romania and France. By adopting this multidisciplinary perspective, we will compile and analyze the key events along a timeline that underlie major paradigm shifts in each researched domain. Comparing these events in terms of temporality and intensity will provide insights into the parameters under which sustainable housing developments should evolve.
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According to the results of the study of "social contracts" in 2009. the group of pensioners was defined as the most loyal to the authorities and satisfied with their financial situation. At the same time, the satisfaction of pensioners and the high level of loyalty to the authorities were not due to the high amount of pensions, but to the low level of expectations from the state and satisfaction with the stability of the set of social benefits provided to it. Pensioners were also identified as a group that constitutes the main electorate of the current government and is inert to the need for change due to copying many elements of the Soviet social security system in which they are used to living.
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In 2009 The Belarusian Institute of Strategic Studies (BISS) reanimated the classic term "social contract" and used it as an analytical lens through which the authors of the study sought to demonstrate the rational foundations of socio-political stability in Belarus. The collective monograph "Social contracts in modern Belarus" created a complex conceptual triangle from the Hobbesian and Lockean vision of the relationship between citizens and the state ("social contract" or "social contract") with the political economy of authoritarian redistribution in Bueno de Mesquita (1989) and Hirshman's (1970). triad of strategies: "loyalty", "voice" and "exit". The conceptual "child" of such an unequal marriage — at least from the standpoint of the strict canons of social sciences — grew into a micro-theory of the stability of Belarusian authoritarianism. Moreover, to the probable surprise of the authors themselves, he made a bright career: he quickly became independent and confidently won his place in the field of Belarusian political analysis.
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