Преплитање патријархалности и модерности: утицај политичких и друштвених промена на живот жене у Србији током друге половине 20. века

Author(s): Vera Gudac-Dodić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The interweaving of patriarchal and emancipatory values in Serbian society during the second half of the twentieth century was manifested in various social segments, shaping the everyday life of women and affecting their lifestyle habits and practices. However, the overcoming patriarchal social inhibitions in socialism were not comprehensive at all. Тhe essential continuities of patriarchal value system and their rootedness in everyday life were often concealed underneath formal changes facilitated by the state. On the other hand, many strongholds of social inequalities have collapsed during the socialist Yugoslavia and Serbia, while the effects of emancipatory politics were evident in many spheres of life. The socialist model of development and transformation led to changes, primarily in the domain of formal gender relations, as well as in education and women employment policy. Regardless of this, an unequal participation of men and women in family chores has survived which produced a gender inequality again, leading to further conflicts regarding the role of a working woman. The coexistence of traditional and modern forms, values and behavior, had more conspicuous demarcation in distinction between urban and rural, among other things. Finally, the apparent differences between the urban and rural women life have remained almost the same even in socialist period.

Жена и породица у Србији у другој половини 20. века

Author(s): Vera Gudac-Dodić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Modernization measures of the socialist state and the changes occurring within the family after the Second World War influenced the situation of women and were reflected in their lives. The situation of women was strongly influenced by full legal equality between men and women, extended education and increased economic independence based on the fact that the proportion of employed women was much larger than previously. The process of family nuclearization, liberalization of divorce and the possibility of birth control were also important determinants of the status of women in socialism. All this did not suffice to completely overcome traditional ways of thinking about female being and social function, to overcome the traditional values and change the deep ingrained roles of man and woman within the family. Women still did most of the housework, and they took unto themselves care of children, even when they were employed. Despite all the changes which took place during the after-war years, the perceptible differences that marked the ways of living of men and women in town and in the country in the inter-war period were not disposed of. The system of norms and behaviour typical for patriarchal ideology was more important and exercised greater influence in the country than in towns and cities. Many signs point to the fact that the modernization process of rural families and changes within them are neither clear-cut nor that they completely overcame the patriarchal system. Together with pronounced differences in the status and way of life of women in urban and rural areas, in various types of families, with the echo of emancipation on the one hand, and the strong influence of tradition on the other, as well as with all the changes which came about during the socialist modernization, female inferiority remained a constant, particularly within the framework of traditional family roles.

Простор као судбина: живот женског становништва у градским и сеоским насељима у Србији током друге половине 20. века

Author(s): Vera Gudac-Dodić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The life of the female population in post-war Serbia and during the second half of the 20th century was affected by a plethora of various factors with the differences in lifestyles of women being particularly differentiated between rural and urban areas. In the rural areas and rural environment patriarchal relations had persisted for a long period of time, which were reflected in various walks of life of a female and were manifested at different levels. In the cities and urban areas significant changes took place in a female everyday life, her status as well as the perception of the female by the environment. With the introduction of the modern urban lifestyle, urban patterns of behaviour were accepted. Noticeable contrasts that existed in relation to the woman between the two wars, her overall status and life in rural and urban areas during the socialist era were mitigated, but in no way were they completely anulled or overcome.

„Staro ne smije više nikad da se vrati". Tito i privredna politika FNRJ 1945-1955. godine

Author(s): Ivana Dobrivojević Tomić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Emulating the Soviet model, the Yugoslav communists started industrialization in a hurry. The Five Years Plan envisaged megalomaniac investment in heavy industry and economic strategists of the Party believed Yugoslavia would overtake Great Britain in ten years. The poor state couldn’t take such investment effort so that the economic policy of the government generated general poverty and slump in agrarian production. Just how the Yugoslav attempt at industrialization and economic potential of the country were mismatched is shown by the fact that the regime received from the West alone $ 500 million in economic aid and $ 800 million dollars in, mostly short- and middle-termed, loans which also didn’t suffice to complete the key projects. Having realized already by 1953 the political consequences of an expensive industrialization, Tito started announcing scaling down of investments, larger investment in agriculture and the rise of living standards. Although an end was put to building of crucial object the Yugoslavs lived no better in 1956 since the costs of living of a four-member family were by 40 to 60% higher than nominal wages.

Između javnog i privatnog: Tito o svakodnevici žena u socijalizmu

Author(s): Vera Gudac-Dodić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Tendencies of a party state to influence the formation of a socially desirable role of a woman in postwar Yugoslavia are, among other things, reflected in scientific papers, public presentations and speeches made by Josip Broz Tito. The forming of a new face of a woman in socialism corresponding the Communist party ideals and the spirit of the time, new rights and duties opposing patriarchy and the practice of gender inequality, created the attitude of Tito towards women. Women were given different roles than the ones they had during the former regime, the role of labour heroine, equal and omnipresent Josip Broz Tito's speeches and their media echo were a request and an invitation to mobilize women for different activities and tasks imposed on them by the socialist state as well as the society. Contradiction between the former and future paradigmatic image of a woman after the war time and in the decades that followed was even more complicated by the ambivalence of the socially desirable and expected roles of a woman, that is, the ambivalence inside the mere ideal of a socialist woman. The set of questions and problems concerning maternity was attached a huge importance. The idea of children upbringing controlled by the socialist state and in line with its ideals was omnipresent The state was taking over the care of younger generations, protected maternity, tended to make up for family influence, and rear children in line with the promoted values. Socialist authorities did not view maternity as an exclusively private, woman matter, but in many ways, it directly got involved in its privacy, attempting to gain control and patronizing influence over children and the young. An everyday life of women, wives and mothers who were employed brought to the fore the conflicted roles and the problem of their harmonization. Woman overload became the leit-motif of her life. The reduction of free time beyond the limits, fatigue, despite the acquired rights and areas of the achieved freedom, once again indicated the unequal treatment of men and women. The practice sometimes blocked the proclaimed policy of social gender equality. The main issue of a woman’s everyday life in socialism for Josip Broz Tito was making their roles easier for family women, especially mothers, to enable them to work and be part of social life. Tito's messages promoted the state strategy for a woman’s social integration with the help of public services.

Práce genderových neziskových organizací se významně profesionalizovala

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Reprodukční a sexuální práva

Author(s): Kristýna Ciprová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Genderové aspekty vzdělávání v ČR

Author(s): Kristýna Ciprová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Genderový potenciál rámcových vzdělávacích programů

Author(s): Irena Smetáčková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Dopady genderové segregace pedagogických sborů na symbolickou úroveň vnímání vztahů mezi ženami a muži

Author(s): Tereza Kynčlová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Sexuální výchova na českých školách

Author(s): Lucie Jarkovská / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Odbor rovných příležitostí ve školství na Ministerstvu školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy

Author(s): Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Představení projektu Rovné příležitosti v pedagogické praxi

Author(s): Anna Babanová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Fit pro změnu: flexijistota a genderová rovnost na trhu práce

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Doporučení Gender Studies, o.p.s. pro práci s mládeží v oblasti rovných příležitostí žen a mužů

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Živá knihovna – Tak trochu jiná knihovna

Author(s): Michaela Svatošová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Biografie, oral history a historie žen

Author(s): Helena Skálová,Pavla Frýdlová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Genderovou optikou: Anketa

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Helena Skálová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Závěrečná doporučení Gender Studies, o.p.s.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Statistická příloha

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0