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Prawda czy fałsz w polityce informacyjnej? Wiarygodność telewizyjnych newsów a opinie polskich widzów w pierwszym kwartale pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Evelina Kristanova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2021

The authors studied the opinions of a randomly selected group of 100 respondents on the subject of policy of Polish and English language television services broadcasted at the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. An anonymous online survey asked respondents about the accuracy and reliability of the information, with the goal of understanding of how much respondents were aware of the influence of all news on their political views and attitude. Media content analysis, critical analysis of literature, as well as comparative and statistical methods were analysed in conjunction with the responses to provide a wider context. The authors were also interested in learning: 1) if people would choose the same TV station, 2) their approval rating of the incumbent president, and finally, 3) whether their preferences would be in line with the official ranking data. The authors concluded that the respondents’ recognition of the credibility of the new sources facilitated the formation of political views, and in the process, their choices.

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Can Christian Nationalism Explain Anti-Vaccination Attitudes Against COVID-19 in Greece?

Author(s): Dimitra Mareta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper examines the attitudes of the people participating in protests against COVID-19 (mandatory) vaccination in Athens, Greece. The central question is to examine whether the protesters adopt the main theses of Christian nationalism and opposition to science, as expressed and theorised in the United States, by examining an indicative sample of participants in these protests. The paper first examines the Greek context regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, it presents the theoretical context of Christian nationalism and, finally, it presents the questionnaire and the findings from field research conducted by the author during these Athens protests in summer 2021. As such, the paper contributes to the knowledge gap regarding Christian nationalism beyond the American context and introduces this topic for the first time with regard to Greece.

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The Vulnerability of Hope and Optimism: Reflecting on Turkey’s 2023 Elections. Election Analysis

Author(s): Derya Özkaya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In May, Turkey held one of the most consequential elections in its recent history. The vote took place amid a deepening economic crisis, one of the deadliest earthquakes of the last century, and an expanded realm of oppression targeting almost all fields of social and political life. What made the elections of May 2023 more contested than their predecessors was that it was the first time in the last two decades, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his ruling Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) were not viewed as the clear favorites. Motivated by the collective sense of urgency to hand the ruling government an electoral defeat, along with a strong desire for constructing a more democratic republican regime for the centennial, broad but oftentimes disparate alliances were constructed in an effort to oust. While expectations ran high, with the political opposition brimming with unbridled hopes and optimism leading up to the parliamentary and presidential elections on May 14, Erdoğan defeated his two challengers Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu and Sinan Oğan with a slim margin (49.5 percent), but could not avoid a second round. The country trudged to the polls again on May 28 for a run-off election, which resulted in a victory for Erdoğan and a secured third term as president. Though the presidential elections garnered widespread attention from the public, media, and international observers, the parliamentary elections also held significant implications for Turkey’s politics. Erdoğan’s AKP saw a decline in vote share, but their governing coalition strengthened with support from far-right, nationalist, and Islamist parties. This coalition protected AKP’s parliamentary majority, retaining 322 out of 600 seats. On the other hand, the opposition parties performed below expectations, only securing 35 percent of the parliamentary vote.

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EMOTIONS AND CONSUMPTION: MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS IN THE DISCOURSE OF SOME BRITISH AND POLISH NEWS WEBSITES

Author(s): Aneta Duda / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis referring to the dominant ways of portraying consumption on some Polish and British websites during a pandemic—either as a social practice with huge chances to consume less or as a significant factor which affects economic growth. On the one hand, the circumstances surrounding the coronavirus could provide an opportunity to “fast-forward” some of the changes required. On the other hand, journalists recommend a quick return to pre-COVID-19 consumption lives, a stimulation of consumption in order to save the national economy. The article uses a framing analysis to examine consumption-related texts from two most-read, opinion-forming Polish and British websites—polityka.pl and bbc.com. The framing analysis focuses on the practices involved in the shaping of public discourse; it responds to the need for research into the social significance of consumption. It turns out that the two frames of consumption as 1) overconsumption in terms of the need of change in consumer attitudes and behaviour and 2) a factor that affects economic growth are not the dominant ways of portraying this phenomenon during a pandemic. The everyday consumption frame was found to be used more often than the aforementioned frames.

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ZNACZENIE KAPITAŁU SPOŁECZNEGO W TWORZENIU BEZPIECZEŃSTWA SPOŁECZNOŚCI LOKALNYCH

Author(s): Aleksandra Skrabacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Without social capital, a democratic state and civil society cannot function. It is cha- racterized by a high level of social trust, solidarity, reciprocity, the prevalence of customary law over written law. Indicators of its level are the number of NGOs and volunteers, participation in elections and referendums, trust in the public and private spheres. It also translates into the state of security at the local level. The research questions, arising from the topic of the article, are: how is social capital defined, what are its types and ways of measuring it? social capital of what nature can be diagnosed in Polish society? what activities resulting from civic activity can be used to strengthen the sense of local security? The theoretical layer was based on analysis and synthesis, as well as induction and deduction. In the empirical layer, statistical data on multifaceted indicators of social capital were used.

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ROSYJSKO-UKRAIŃSKI KONFLIKT ZBROJNY W PERCEPCJI POLSKIEGO SPOŁECZEŃSTWA

Author(s): Katarzyna Dojwa-Turczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The purpose of the article is to outline the attitude of the Polish society to the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict initiated by Russia’s aggression on February 24, 2022. The main research problem is an attempt to answer the question of Poles’ perception of the events unfolding on the ground. The background of consideration is Poland’s relations with Ukraine and Russia and the events of 2014. The work is based on non-reactive research.The analysis conducted showed the strong impact of the war on the sense of security of Poles. “Antidote” to fears is the presence in NATO and the possession of modern armed forces. Poles unequivocally side with Ukraine, seeing Russia as the aggressor. They support providing military, political and humanitarian aid. Compared to other societies, Poles declare relatively strong support for Ukraine, although over time the deterioration of living conditions has affected their attitudes and opinions.

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Visca el Barça Visca Catalunya! Konteksty tożsamościowe i regionalne w wypowiedziach medialnych katalońskich piłkarzy klubu FC Barcelona

Author(s): Patryk Stępień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2023

Football is one of the best known global cultural practices, making it a research field for social scientists, including educators. FC Barcelona is one of the greatest clubs around the world, with numerousfans. The footballers of FC Barcelona are very popular, too, and many supporters follow them on so-cial media. It means that footballers can become a kind of authorities for the fans, and their statementsmay be considered as an inspiration or model to find and explore self-identity, the value of the regionin their lives, etc. The paper analyzes media interviews with the Catalan footballers of FC Barcelonaand the identity and regional contexts found there. The results can be used as an introduction to research about the role of a footballer’s authority in a fan’s life and as reference materials for teachers inregional education and interculturalism.

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The Use of Social Media by Young Georgians in Social and Political Activities to Support Ukraine

Author(s): Małgorzata Skiert,Katarzyna Skiert-Andrzejuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the paper is to diagnose the use of social media (such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) by young Georgians (understood as people aged 18-35) in social and political activities to support Ukraine in the context of the ongoing war. The authors assumed that young Georgians use social media to a large extent to support Ukraine as a kind of socio-political activity, thanks to which the attitudes of young people towards the war itself and Georgia’s place in this conflict are visible. To meet the above research objective and verify the initial hypothesis, the following research methods were used: (1) the method of analysing existing data – a review of the literature representing Polish researchers was conducted regarding terminological and conceptual issues related to “social activity” and “political activity”; (2) a statistical method with the technique of analysing secondary statistical data collected by the Caucasian Research Resource Centre; (3) the method of qualitative analysis with the technique of researching new media, namely social media, which is currently an important source of information about young people. The research allowed for a preliminary analysis of the importance of this type of new media in socio-political activity undertaken by young people, especially in expressing their opinions and presenting attitudes. The article does not exhaust the selected subject; it is only a study that made the analysis of the meaning and topicality of this issue possible. Such recognition of the research area also provided the opportunity to find a number of empirical methods that can fill the research gap in the context of studying young Georgians, as well as the role of social media in their social and political life.

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„Nam już chodzi o wszystko” – folklor protestacyjny Strajków Kobiet w Warszawie w 2020 i 2021 roku

Author(s): Maria Małanicz-Przybylska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

In October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal announced a verdict which drastically limited the possibility of abortion, even in the case of serious or lethal defects of the foetus. This ruling sparked social protests unprecedented since 1989, which took place in large and small towns across the country. Using the tools of engaged anthropology, auto-ethnography, and folklore, I decided to look at the ways of communication of protesters and the processes of creating a protest community. In the text, I present and analyse three main spheres of action of protest folklore: the verbal and visual sphere contained on cardboard banners, the acoustic sphere and the embodied sphere expressed through movement.

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SPATIAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF POL’AND’ROCK FESTIVAL AND JAROCIN FESTIVAL IN POLAND

Author(s): Kamila Zmudzińska,Roman Matykowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Among the popular music festivals operating in Poland in the last forty years, two of them played a special role, especially for their young recipients of amplified music. The first of them was the Rock Festival in Jarocin (it had different names) functioningin the years 1980–1994, so still in the period of communist authorities. Reactivated in 2005, it recently operates under the nameJarocin Festival and uses the legend of the event from the 1980s. In the new socio-political conditions, the second importantevent, the Pol’and’Rock Festival (called Woodstock Station in 1995–2017), began to function in 1995, which in the late 1990 sexceeded 100,000 participants and became the largest popular music event in Poland.The aim of the study is to characterise the impact of these two important popular music festivals in Poland at the turn of the second and third decade of the 21st century in the spatial and socio-cultural dimensions on the community of its participants.Referring to the traditional chorological paradigm of human geography, an analysis of the differentiation of the territorial impact of festivals was made, and using patterns immersed in social geography-oriented music research, factors motivating to participate in festivals were determined.

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PROCESY ADIAFORYZACJI WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSKIEJ POLITYCE W ŚWIETLE TEORII ZYGMUNTA BAUMANA

Author(s): Sławomir Czapnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to outline the processes of adiaphorization (the term which was coined by the Polish-English sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, who was a subtle analyst of the issue of power) in contemporary capitalist Poland after the collapse of the real socialism system. This text consists of three chapters. The author begins by outlining the similarities and differences between adiapho- risation in the two phases of modernity: ‘heavy’ (‘solid’) and ‘liquid’ (‘flexible’); the former was characteristic of the society of producers (workers and soldiers), while the latter was characteristic of the society of consumers. It then moves on to nationalism as a source of adiaphorization, which Bauman himself experienced personally as a left- winger of Jewish origin. The final section focuses on the establishment of order and its collateral victims,including‘flawedconsumers’.

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CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE CURRENT MILITARY CONTEXT OVER THE STRESS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

Author(s): Andreea Zamfirescu,Mihaela Roman,Sorina Maria Aurelian / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

We conducted a cohort study regarding the impact of stress on healthcare professionals in the pandemic and military context of September 2022. Study group: active medical staff (N=147) aged < 60 88% female, 81.4% urban; doctors (40%), nurses (30%) and auxiliary staff (30%). More than half of the respondents reported a high level of stress at a professional level (53%), other forms of reported stress were at social (30%), physical (27%), psychological (20%) or economic level. The general level of post-pandemic stress experienced was mostly moderate to severe (score "5- 10/10",77.6%). Correlations between economic, social, pandemic and military stress showed that all of them are positively and statistically significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Therefor, it is mandatory to prioritize the implementation of sustainable measures through medical management, as to prevent professional stress.

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ANTYJAPOŃSKIE RESENTYMENTY I NACJONALIZM REAKCYJNY W KOREI POŁUDNIOWEJ

Author(s): Joanna Beczkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2021

Understanding the importance of Japan’s place in the South Korean nationalism helps to explain the causes of contemporary conflicts between Seoul and Tokyo. The power of the anti-Japanese resentments in South Korea can surprise outside observers who do not take into account the importance of nationalism. While everyday anti-Japanese resentments may go unnoticed, they are reproduced by “banal” nationalism. Due to this, they can be used for national mobilization at any time. This research examines South Korean nationalism based on anti- Japanese resentments, which can now be described as reactivist nationalism. This concept is proposed in our text to describe the change in the function of Korean nationalism based on anti-Japanese resentments while still putting Japan (or rather, a certain rhetorical vision of Japan as a colonizer) in the role of the Significant Other. Anti-Japanese resentments began to function as a means of mobilizing the nation in response not only to Japanese actions, seen as provocations, but also to express the people’s dissatisfaction with their own government (by linking authoritarian rule with the legacy of the colonial period). Understanding the role of anti-Japanese resentment is a key to assessing South Korea’s decisions, both domestically and internationally.

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Bunt młodych – wyzwalająca rola roweru

Author(s): Aleksander Cywiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The text is a story about a group of boys who, by following the pedagogy of adventure, change not only themselves but also a fragment of space. Institutions of power, and society itself, expect subordination within the space in which we function. It is the authority (in whatever shape) that determines the spatial development (laws, regulations, resolutions). The same is done by people who claim the right to be called the guardians of social space, that is, the validity of the social order they postulate in the place they “occupy” (house, street, district). As a result of the interference of such people, we are dealing with a “soft” variety of a total institution. The example of young cyclists from Dirt park KrossKiller in Szczecin can show this process and the form of resistance on the part of the oppressed. It is therefore about a micro-community, which through its action, can be defined as a rebellion against the so-called guardians of space who want to create their own place on Earth, they experience an adventure, by their actions, they fit into the framework of the pedagogy of adventure. While filming and writing the text, the method of observation was used.

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National Identity of Poles in the Context of European Values

Author(s): Beata Mydłowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article aims to refer to issues related to the understanding of national identity, assuming that the basic reference point for the theoretical analysis is the model of universally recognised European values. Attempting to concretise the concept of national identity and identify determinants affecting its shaping, reference was made to the problem of identifying Poles with European values. Since the problem of national identity was often the object of interest of researchers, especially during the intensification of integration processes in Europe and the impact of such phenomena as globalisation, migration or development of mass culture with a cosmopolitan character, there were observed increased anxieties of various nations encouraging underlining their own “separateness”, and also greater identification with the national community. The author does not treat this phenomenon as disturbing because, according to the latest trends related to the understanding of European identity, it can crystallise as the sum of the identity of European national countries.

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RADIO MARYJA AS AN EXAMPLE OF A CATHOLIC FUNDAMENTALIST ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Agata Płachecka / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2022

The aim of this article was to define the fundamentalist character of the environment concentrated around Radio Maryja the radio station. In the course of consideration an attempt was made to answer the question about the tools and methods which Tadeusz Rydzyk as a charismatic leader used to build one of the biggest fundamentalist Catholic circles not only in Poland, but also in Europe. The author attempts to define the essence of fundamentalism in the ideological dimension, pointing to religion as a sphere of exceptional susceptibility to the formation of circles of this nature. In connection with the specificity of the Polish political scene and the exceptionally strong politicization of religion in recent years, the article also attempts to characterize the Polish social mentality as a phenomenon conducive to the development of religious fundamentalism. A critical analysis of media and political speeches, or press articles related to the activities of Radio Maryja, allowed at the same time to analyze the real consequences of uncritical acceptance of the ideological messages coming from the Torun radio station.

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How Outrage Can be Quantified in Risk Assessment

Author(s): Jerzy M. Wolanin,Paweł Kępka,Oksana Telak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the article the problem how an emotional state influences quantitative risk profile is discussed. Risk as a concept enhances two equivalent dimensions. The first dimension relates to experts’ risk assessment. The second one is related to public risk perception, named outrage. One can understand outrage as the emotional state concerning risk. Five different degrees of hazardous situations are described and public emotional attitude towards them is analyzed by structured interview. A correlation between the emotional attitude and readiness to act is calculated to describe amplification of risk by the emotional state. Then a risk profile is constructed.

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Wokół problemów społecznych, czyli w poszukiwaniu pedagogii w dyskursach organizacji młodzieżowych działających w Polsce

Author(s): Helena Ostrowicka,Klaudia Wolniewicz-Slomka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

In the article, the results are presented of the research on discursive constructions of social problems and their solutions, which are undertaken by selected youth organizations operating in Poland. Six of them were analyzed: AIESEC Poland [in Polish: AIESEC Polska], ATD Fourth World Poland [ATD Czwarty Świat Polska], UNESCO Initiatives Centre [Centrum Inicjatyw UNESCO], Center for Intercultural Initiatives Horizons [Centrum Inicjatyw Międzykulturowych Horyzonty], All-Polish Youth [Młodzież Wszechpolska] and National Radical Camp [Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny]. The article provides answers to the following research questions: 1) What do selected youth organizations consider to be a problem? 2) By what discursive strategies do they formulate problems? 3) What actions are they taking to solve the problems? The analysis of the content and applied discursive strategies covered a total of 696 texts of various genres and volumes (including programs, statutes, newsletters, entries in social media). The results of the analyses allowed for a description and comparison of the researched organizations using the categories of pedagogy and its different types (pedagogy of the current time, ethno-pedagogy, pedagogy of fear, pan-pedagogy and folkpedagogy), revealing similarities and differences in the scope of issues considered by organizations as problematic, including those related to (multi)cultural issues.

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ATTITUDES TOWARD TAX EVASION IN POLAND

Author(s): Monika Bolek,Jovan Shopovski,Robert W. McGee / Language(s): English Issue: 128/2023

Background: Tax evasion is a practical and theoretical problem. From the point of view of governments, it is important to collect as much tax as possible to meet the needs of the state. Theoretical analysis of this issue makes it possible to determine the scale of tax evasion, related factors, and measurement methods.Research purpose: The article assesses the level of acceptance of tax evasion in Poland in relation to demographic, economic and cultural factors.Methods: Based on data from the unique World Value Survey database, the acceptance of tax evasion was analyzed based on various factors, and the significance of differences between the surveyed groups was examined.Conclusions: The results confirm a relationship between the acceptance of tax evasion and demographic, economic, and cultural factors in Poland. Support has declined significantly over time in Poland. Like in many other countries, women supported tax evasion significantly less than men. Support declined with age, and older people showed the greatest opposition. People who reported middle-income were the strongest supporters. Religion influenced the taxpayers’ attitudes, and significant differences in mean scores were found between Roman Catholics and those who did not belong to a religious denomination. Those not affiliated with a religion were characterized by a significantly higher acceptance of tax evasion. Religious people opposed tax evasion the most.

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Sukces wyborczy i polityka rządu Prawa i Sprawiedliwości w opiniach wybranych kategorii mieszkańców Podkarpacia

Author(s): Krystyna Leśniak-Moczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 74/2023

In the politics of European countries at the turn of the 21st century, socially supported populist and right-wing parties take advantage of dissatisfaction with the policies pursued by the political elites. The aim of the article is to analyse the reasons for the victory of the Law and Justice party in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, to examine the arguments supporting the policy of the government formed by this party and to characterise the effects of the actions of the PiS government undertaken in its first term, according to the opinions of selected categories of inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Public opinion on the policy pursued by PiS was interpreted in terms of populism. The article argues that the populist strategy of the PiS party is grounded in the opinions of selected social circles in Podkarpackie, justifying the winning election campaign, public support of the government and a positive assessment of the effects of the government’s decisions in the first term. In order to verify the thesis, empirical field research was carried out in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship using the interview technique with a scenario. The interview questionnaire contained open questions. The selection of the sample for qualitative research was intentional. Representatives of students, local government officials, working people, and retirees were selected as respondents. The presented results of original research carried out in Podkarpackie showed the determinants of the electoral success of the Law and Justice party and the current assessment of its power in the country. They provide positive arguments by supporters of the PiS policy and negative arguments by its opponents. Supporters from all surveyed categories appreciated the pro-social policy and positive changes in the economy. On the other hand, the counter-arguments of opponents from all the surveyed categories, discrediting the way right-wing politicians act and the effects of the work of the legislative and executive authorities, concerned dictatorial rule and the destruction of the rule of law. Representatives of the surveyed categories, in the typology referring to the assessment of the activities of the PiS government in the first term put forward more negative arguments than positive ones.

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