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Together with the Coronavirus pandemic, a pandemic of information also emerged. The fast development of technology and the diversification of communication channels, also made social media a favorable environment for the spread of fake news. Even though many platforms started integrating tools to help people identify false information, today is still challenging to combat and recognize the varied forms of fake news. Even more, in times of crisis, being able to distinguish between false and true information becomes very important, especially in the cases of vulnerable groups that are more prone to believing and sharing false information. The purpose of our paper is to analyze the types of fake news shared on the Facebook pages of Romanian TV channels during the pandemic, in order to create a typology of false information and facilitate the recognition of such news. Using content analysis as a research method we analyzed the posts of 5 TV channels in Romania, for a period of one month. Their posts were analyzed according to seven types of fake news: satire/parody, misleading content, imposter content, fabricated content, false connections, false context, and manipulated content. Our findings revealed that most posts contained misleading content which took the form of clickbait, and that the channels din not have fabricated or imposter content. Therefore, while describing both the false information posted on Facebook and the real news, our paper presents a typology of fake news, and provides information on how people could identify social media fake news more easily.
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The SARS CoV-2 coronavirus gave rise to the 2020 pandemic, a context in which people took more intense measures of physical distancing when they perceived a higher risk of getting ill. The present study aims to reveal some aspects of mental health, as anxiety and depression, but also the connection between social perception of the danger of getting infected and the measures of physical distancing taken by people in the pandemic context, among adult Romanian population.
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The article reviews Item Response Theory facilities in modeling social phenomena, its advantages and disadvantages comparing with Classical Test Theory and mathematical statistics methods. It discusses the application of IRT in social sciences specifics. The extension of Item Response Theory model where item characteristic functions have been approximated not only with logistic functions, but also with functions from other wide classes of parametric functions is presented. The procedure of item calibration—choosing of the best fitting item characteristic function and parameter’s estimation—is described in the paper. When choosing the item characteristic function for the model from wider class of functions as the result we obtain better agreement between observed data and the formal model. The example of IRT application in measuring the Environmental Performance Index is examined. The technology of extending the class of logistic functions used for simulation was applied in this case study. Calculated test information function’s values for the proposed mixed model were higher comparing with corresponding values for 2 parameters logistic model. The clusterization procedure performed by EPI values calculated as the total score of 9 items test was accomplished. Kendall‘s τ and Spearman’s ρ rank correlation coefficients for measuring the relation between estimations of EPI accomplished by the total test score value and the EPI value calculated as the weighted sum of 25 indicators are presented for different values of test items n. It was shown that the new methodology allows to perform rather precise norms-referenced evaluation of objects with respect to latent feature which couldn’t be measured directly with a significantly less amount information. The proposed methodology could be used in various areas of human activities where the actual problem is norms-referenced evaluation.
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I’m writing this essay several weeks before the American presidential election and I am told that it will only appear in print some days afterwards – when most likely there will not be a solid verdict about the winner, or even if there is one, it will only serve as the cue for hordes of lawyers to start fighting in the courts. Unlike a lot of political observers, I think that, in the long run, the outcome of the 2020 election is not as important as the fact that for the last four years a bright light has been shone in the dark corners of American politics and the problems revealed cannot be easily remedied. If nothing else, Donald Trump’s term in office has been a grotesque test of the durability of the American system; and what we have learned, if we didn’t know it already, is that there are long-standing weaknesses in the American Constitution as well as troubling aspects of our national history and characterological flaws in the American psyche.
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The ongoing Belarusian protests in addition to its obvious political aims, also solves a much more important issue. The public is abandoning the national template of self-determination as a civil order. For Belarusians in 2020, so many things have changed. For the first time in more than a quarter century, the authorities in Minsk felt a real danger to their existence and lost control over public opinion. Alyaksandr Lukashenka’s autocracy has completely exhausted itself of moral and ideological resources. This was caused by the outbreak of protests in 2020, which has a much deeper meaning. Lawlessness and violence from the authorities was a desperate reaction to the devaluation of their ideological values and the anachronistic narrative of state social care and order.
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In this paper, the author explores the elections organized by the juntas after the military coups in Africa, trying to find a connection between the personal ambitions of military personnel to come to power and the supposedly democratic elections. The paper contains a theoretical definition of a coup d’etat as a form of political coup, as well as a definition of the terms coup and junta. Through the examples of the Central African Republic, Mauritania and Guinea Bissau, the author shows the practice of organizing elections by the junta in the 21st century and their motives. In addition, the paper examines the possibility of military regimes to make a democratic transition and put an end to authoritarian regimes in Africa.
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The article is of the theoretical and empirical character. In the first part, the definitions, types, components and the process of shaping the image of cultural institutions are discussed. The second part presents research hypotheses, methodology, results, conclusions and the implications for management. The results of the research presented in the article prove that the online activity of social media users stimulates the image of cultural institutions. Statistically significant relationships were observed for the components of the image related to awareness/associations of cultural institution and for the relationship related to the perception of quality its offer.
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Public transport in Warsaw is currently showing a dynamic development. The capital of Poland, as the largest city in the country, is constantly increasing spending on transport and implementing large investment projects, such as the expansion of the subway, which gives residents more opportunities for efficient movement within the agglomeration. Despite the implementation of these investments, there are still some sensitive places in Warsaw where access to public transport may be difficult. Given these conditions, a study of public transportation accessibility is warranted and socially needed. This article presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted among Warsaw residents. The study included a group of 986 respondents, most people between the ages of 18 and 44. The analysis conducted looked at perceived accessibility of public transportation and satisfaction with public transportation services. As a result of the study, we could identify the main factors that influence passenger satisfaction, as well as examine transport accessibility in the social city of Warsaw. Conclusions from the study may be helpful for the city government to improve the functioning of public transport.
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Ko god da se brzopleto zaputi u virtualnu džunglu, grlom u jagode, naivno vjerujući da probirljivo prilazi švedskom stolu, preuzima rizik da se lijepo provede kao Amerikanka Justine Sacco, bivša PR-ica Inter Active Corp., koja je prije svog leta u Afriku nepromišljeno tvitala sljedeću neukusnu poruku: "Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. Just kidding. I'm white!". Put je prespavala kao nedužna bebica no kad je sletjela uslijedio je šok. U međuvremenu Internet je eruptirao, lava otrovnih komentara živu je sahranjivala, da stvar bude gora, dočekao je još i otkaz s posla.
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Aim. The present study is focused on exploring of the relationship between spirituality and irrational beliefs particularly in relation to movement activities in Slovakia and Czechia, i.e., helplessness, idealisation, perfectionism, external vulnerability, and negative expectation. Concept. Our research has been focused on the investigation, comparison, and correlation between the level of spirituality and irrational beliefs depending on the frequency of sport activities. Method. The research sample (N = 469) consisted of Slovak and Czech health population aged 18-70 (M = 41.97, SD = 13.14), of which 42.2% were men (N = 198) and 57.8% were women (N = 271). The level of spirituality was identified by means of the Expressions of Spiritual Inventory-Revised – ESI-R (MacDonald, 2000). The irrational beliefs were measured using the Scale of Irrational Beliefs (Kondáš & Kordáčová, 2000). Results. Research results confirmed the differences between the variables of spirituality and irrational beliefs based on the frequency of sports activities. Also, we confirmed the hypothesis of negative correlation between spirituality and irrational beliefs. Conclusion. In our study, we focused on the correlations between irrational beliefs and spirituality in group of Slovak and Czech population. Based on our results we can draw several conclusions. Research results confirmed the differences between the variables of spirituality and irrational beliefs based on frequency of sports activities.
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Setting up information as a key instrument of the present, an instrument that possesses power, calls for the study of other forms of information such as misinformation or wrong information. With the changed role of information, also changed is the role of media that are becoming “the weapon of today”. With their effect on huge masses of people, media shape a picture of the world, and since they are principal carriers of information or misinformation, that picture of the world is often distorted. With the development of media and the power of their influence the importance of information is increasing, especially for certain groups of interest that in this way make their own benefit. With the examples provided in the paper, we will exemplify the way in which one influences public opinion by using false information. The aim of this paper is to familiarize us with the notion of misinformation, with the role of media in transmitting misinformation and with the effect misinformation makes on certain target groups for which it is intended in an information era that is overfull of information and misinformation, nonetheless, that have not been studied enough.
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Fragments of the book Początki klasy robotniczej published in 1946 (on the base of author’s PhD thesis, Les débuts de la classe ouvrière published originally in 1936) give insight to history of Polish vagabonds in eighteen century. Text based on archival documents, ordinances and fragments from the press depicts the problem from multiple points of view, showing the complex history of this social group and how it was systematically delegalized and assimilated by consequent legal and administrative decisions. Motley population of vagabonds, entertaining miscellaneous ways of living and working was on one hand viewed as a bunch villains or idlers, but on the other constituted a reservoir of workforce, much in need for the nascent industry.
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The essay is a translation of a chapter of Eric Hobsbawm’s classic book Primitive Rebels. Hobsbawm attempted to create an ideal model of a social bandit by analysing examples of European brigands from the thirteenth to the twentieth century. In the second part of the essay, the author reflects on the political potential of a social bandit, i.e. whether this kind of activity can effectively undermine existing hierarchies.
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The newly formed nation-states in the former Yugoslavia are an example of ethno-nationalized societies that emerged during the 1990s, as the final phase of the disintegration of SFR Yugoslavia. Ethno-national homogenization of societies was realized under the direction of dominant (ethno) nations, which considered the newly formed society as ‘property’. Ethnonationalization proved to be a crucial factor in creating ethnic antagonisms and disintegrating Yugoslav society. In this paper, the author presents the basic socio-historical assumptions of the emergence and disappearance (dying, extinction, breakdown / disintegration) of the Yugoslav state. Using a modern sociological conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of political sociology and sociological studies of nationalism, the author presents the processes of ethno-nationalization, ethnic antagonisms and disintegration of a social order, as well as the basic characteristics and structure of ethno-nationalized society. The paper gives indications of possible ‘(de)ethno-nationalization’ and a brief overview of the relationship between cultural and civic nationalism.
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Political socialization is a concept that includes the processes of learning the knowledge, values and attitudes of the new generations that contribute to the support of the political system and their inclusion in the political culture. In the process of political socialization, especially family, peers and mass media, play an essential role. In this study, a 10-item Political Socialization Scale (PSS) consisting of questions about the actors effective in political socialization, was developed. The sample of this study was composed of 393 students, 266 (67.7%) female and 127 (32.3%) male students. The age range of the participants varies in between 18-40 years old (M.age = 21.52, SD = 2.58). In the scope of validity tests, the scale was reduced to three factors through exploratory factor analysis. the three-factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and the resulting model demonstrated produced significant goodness of fit statistics Item-test correlations and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients are calculated for reliability studies. Furthermore, to test the criterion-related validity the Basic Personality Traits Inventory developed by Gençöz and Öncül (2012) was used. Findings obtained at the end of the analysis revealed that the Turkish version of the PSS is a valid and reliable tool that has been demonstrated empirically.
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The question of how the political parties and political leaders are perceived by the voters has been one of the prominent fields of political marketing. Recently, brain-imaging technologies have increasingly been used for the marketing research due to their higher level of measurability and objectiveness. The main aim of the current study is to dissociate the voters’ perception by means of practical neuroimaging technologies with regards to their expected tendencies. Thus, an optic neuroimaging method (fNIRS) has been used in the current study because of its practicality and reliability in the literature. Thirty actively working party assembly members (30 Males, M: 34.76) from the top two parties of Turkey according to 2011 elections have been invited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. These participants were exposed to the slides consisting of a political party leader and an adjective and they were asked to respond in a 3-Likert scale depending on their position. The participants were selected to be from opposite political parties to observe a potential contrast effect. The obtained physiological data has been analyzed with respect to expected positions of the participants and their behavioral measures were not included in the analyses. The results indicate that there are 5 channels (V1, V5, V7, V9, V11) demonstrating the contrast effect at a statistically significant level. The findings of this exploratory empirical study are important in terms of developing and applying new methods both in political marketing specifically and in marketing research more generally.
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The state of development of modern society can be described as a systemic social crisis. The state of crisis as an integral element of social development becomes familiar to the philosophy and ideology of postmodernism, which allows not only a plurality of views, but also a variety of solutions. In any destructive phenomenon caused by the crisis, the crisis itself can become a necessary moment of the dialectical transition to a new, orderly state of the system, a necessary factor and catalyst for modernization processes. Crisis-free state of development of society - a state that hinders its development. However, while recognizing the important role of crises in development, societies should still have mechanisms in place to protect people from their negative impacts, which should reduce their risks of transition and, by anticipating development trends, possibly reduce the transition process itself. Analyzing the tendency of modern society to sustainable development, it is necessary to clarify that the solution of such a problem should actually be carried out by various actors, civil society associations, research institutions, etc. However, the main part of this task depends on the political power, the main functions of which include ensuring stable development and security in society, as well as the management of society as a whole and its economic, spiritual, political and social spheres in particular. At the same time, political power must not just resolve conflicts and ensure order in society, but, most importantly, find a balance between the common good and the changing aspirations of different social groups to pursue their interests. Thus, the task of overcoming the current crisis depends primarily on the responsibility of political power, especially the state. It is the state that must accumulate all resources and coordinate the actions of business, science, religion, etc. for its effective solution.
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The level of identification of the fans with their team and their perceptions of the team image are essential in order to understand the position of the team in the eyes of the fans. In this direction, this study was conducted to determine the level of identification of Sakaryaspor fans with their team and to reveal their perceptions of team image. The study was designed as a quantitative cross sectional study. The study sample consisted of 300 Sakaryaspor Fans. The Sports Fan Identification Scale developed by Wann and Branscombe (1993) and adapted to Turkish by Günay and Tiryaki (2003), and the Club Image Scale developed by Jung (2012) and adapted into Turkish by Sönmezoğlu, Çoknaz and Polat (2016) were used as data collection tools in the research. Besides, 10 item quastionnaire prepared by the researchers were added to the data collection tool to identify the demographic information of the participants. The data were collected via Google Forms due to the pandemic. SPSS 25.0 was used in the analysis of the data. Independent Samples T Test and Anova were used in the analysis as the data showed normal distribution. Post hoc tests were used to determine the source of the difference. Besides, Pearson Correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the level of identification with the team and the perception towards team image. As a result of the research, it was seen that Sakaryaspor fans' level of identification with the team and their perceptions of the team image were at a moderate level. Moderate level positive (r=.532) and significant relationship (p<0.5) was found between Sakaryaspor fans' perceptions of the team image and their level of identification with the team. It was observed that the level of identification with the team and the perception of the team image of the fans who went to home matches and who went to away matches and who were the members of their team's fan group or who had a high number of watching seasonal matches were higher than the other participants.
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