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Banlieue heißt Vorstadt. Das Wort bezeichnet zunächst einmal alle Wohngebiete, die außerhalb der Stadtgrenzen liegen und dennoch zur Stadt gehören wie die Cousins zur Familie. Tatsächlich denkt kaum jemand etwa an Versailles, wenn in Paris von »den Vorstädten« die Rede ist. Gemeint sind immer die banlieues difficiles. Das sind Gegenden, die ein Durchschnittsfranzose nur aus dem Fernsehen kennt. Das Wort steht für eine Wirklichkeit, vor allem aber für die angsterfüllte Vorstellung von einer Gesellschaft, die ihre Zusammenhänge verliert. Das jüngste Regierungsprogramm zur Vorstadtpolitik, der pacte de la relance pour la ville vom Januar 1996, zählt eintausenddreihundert schwierige Viertel. Die Zahl ist kein absoluter Wert, nur der Schein eines genauen Überblicks und die erschreckende Bilanz einer langen Kette von Sondermaßnahmen zur Sanierung, Verschönerung, Wiedereingliederung, Arbeitsbeschaffung, Betriebsansiedlung, Ausbildung und Schularbeitenhilfe. In den nächsten drei Jahren, bis zu den nächsten Parlamentswahlen, soll sich nun ein wahres Füllhorn, fünfzehn Milliarden Francs, über die Siedlungen ergießen, bevorzugt über einen harten Kern von etwa 300 zones urbaines sensibles. Bislang ist es nur ein Hantieren mit großen Zahlen. In einer Zeit, da der Staatshaushalt mit wachsender Mühe im Gleichgewicht gehalten wird, stamrnt ein Großteil der Mittel aus Umschichtungen und Umbenennungen.
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The paper is a case study of influence of international organizations on national/domestic policies. It analyses effect of major anti-corruption conventions of three organizations – OECD, Council of Europe and UN – on domestic policy in Slovakia to see whether these conventions matter for what actually happens in domestic policy. More broadly, it also looks at whether the current political science and sociological perspectives, with their dichotomy of external incentives and social learning, are appropriate for understanding the mechanisms through which such conventions operate. The conclusion is that, for domestic policymakers, international anticorruption conventions are not inherently either bonds of steel or bonds of straw. The external commitment would be used by domestic champions, but is not necessarily sufficient to override the domestic opposition.
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The basic function of tax authorities is to administer regular collection of taxes, which is altogether a most difficult task considering the problems caused by tax evasion. The complexity of this phenomenon is particularly evident in modern economies which provide a wide range of opportunities for taxpayers’ evasive behavior. Due to technological innovation and the liberalization policy, tax evasion exceeds national borders and tax evaders increasingly take over the global financial and economic flows. As tax losses keep piling up in national budgets, in times of global economic crisis states are forced to undertake rigorous measures towards improving the fiscal discipline. On the global scale, the powerful international organizations have exerted their best efforts to counteract offshore tax evasion and aggressive tax planning, which are perceived as a matter of political priority. The creation of adequate anti-evasive policy first implies the need to precisely delineate and define the different modalities of tax non-compliance, both at the national and international level. In this context, tax authorities may benefit from the results of theoretical and empirical studies on taxpayers’ behavior. Without giving up the traditional repressive measures, developed tax administration authorities increasingly focus on preventive measures, which are primarily aimed at meeting the needs and interests of taxpayers (especially the large ones). The preventive dimension underlying the policy of improving fiscal discipline is reinforced by some new instruments and mechanisms, which have not been used thus far (e.g. amending tax legislation, raising taxpayers’ awareness, tax amnesty, third parties’ tax reports, etc.). A substantial number of states have enacted anti-abusive legislation (both general and specific), adopted their tax risk management strategies, worked on promoting “better” relations between tax authorities with taxpayers, and joined the international exchange of tax information. Yet, creating a positive tax environment is insufficient for combating diverse forms of tax fraud, for which reason states resort to repressive measures. The envisaged fiscal penalties reflect a wide array of taxpayers’ illicit conduct. Yet, tax evasion as the most serious and socially detrimental tax crime is not always subject to appropriate public reaction. The paradox is that the most excessive tax evaders are the wealthiest and the most powerful individuals and corporations, which may be the reason why tax authorities are not quite effective in preventing this negative social phenomenon. It is probably for the same reason that many countries “tolerate” gray economy as a kind of buffer preventing wider social dissatisfaction with the current situation in economic and political life. On the global scale, powerful international organizations (such as the G20, the OECD, the EU, the UN) are actively involved in activities aimed at preventing international tax fraud and financial crimes, urging all states to adopt “global tax standards” and enter the processes of international exchange of tax information. The time to come will show whether the ultimate objective of these international efforts has been to prevent tax evasion or to exercise full control over all financial and economic flows.
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During the First and Second Uprising, influenced by historical, social, cultural and ethnic processes that have a significant share in the formation and development of the Serbian state, women were punished for criminal acts of infanticide and witchcraft which shows a number of court decisions. The customary and canonical rules from that period also predicted specific sanctions for these criminal acts. To prevent the commission of the crime of infanticide, Karadjordje allowed to go unpunished the girl who rejected her child, and the first sentence prescribed by Milos was fine. However, according to the court judgments, which were in accordance with the rules of positive law, infanticide has failed to curb. Therefore, the penalty policy tightening and usually carries a sentence of infant- shot knout (whipping). Prevention of infanticide is not helped by the death penalty, which was first enacted from Karadjordje and later from Milos in the period of one year. Cash, body and the death penalty, which is positive legislation anticipated in the case of a crime of infanticide have just taken from the customary rules. Unlike infanticide punishment, as for the punishment of witches, there is a gap between the canonical and customary rules on the one hand and legislation on the other hand. Karadjordje ordered that those who killed or tortured the witches will be sentences in the same way, but he was the first who did not respect this order in practice.
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Migration is one of the characteristics of people as human beings. From early beginning people moving from one place to another. With the development of human society, this phenomenon gets more and more complex and organized. Migration, as a contemporary social phenomenon, attract the attention of almost all social sciences. Angle and definition of this phenomenon depends on the scientific field to which it belongs. Illegal migration, associated with the smuggling of migrants and trafficking of human beings, which are criminal acts of transnational organized crime, significantly increased interest in security science for this phenomenon. In addition, impact which have organized criminal groups, the security threat related to migration spreads to other forms of endangering security. In contemporary political and security situations, which are marked with a global presence of Islamist terrorist networks, migration is recognized as a serious threat of spreading transnational terrorism. Migrant wave that hit Europe this year, among other reasons, is caused by the action of so-called “Islamic state”. Hundreds of thousands of people from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan fled in fear of Islamist fanatics’ terror. However, the terrorist organizations are among migrants, by their members, causing a variety of security problems on the migrant routes. That proves arresting members of terrorist organizations who were infiltrated among migrants and serious doubts that one of the suicide bombers who participated in a terrorist attack in Paris, France arrived as a refugee from Syria. In addition, such a large number of migrants from a different cultures and religions, domicile population in the receiving countries consider as a serious threat to identity. That leads to the growth of extreme-right organizations which are special form of security threat. Leaders of the European Union failed to recognize the extent of the security threat timely and did not show a willingness to make plans for joint response to the threats posed by the mass immigration of migrants. On the summit that was held in Malta in early November were created conditions for finding a common European response to the threat. The Republic of Serbia, through which from the beginning of the crisis passed around half a million refugees, has responded well so far and has managed to avoid serious security incidents in its territory. In the future, functioning of the very important joint response with other European countries is of essential importance. Also, commitment to the protection of national and state interests, if it comes to closing borders or other procedures that other European countries may be taken at the expense of Serbia, is equally important.
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What are the issues faced by families of men who serve long-term prison sentences? Does the man’s absence negatively affect the quality of life of the family? How do such families coexist in local communities? Does their social standing remain unchanged? The aim of this study is to provide answers to these questions based on the analysis of the existing research literature. This article critically evaluates the existing studies into how wives and partners cope when their husbands serve long term prison sentences. It also identifies some gaps in the literature and makes recommendations for future research. The authors argue that more research is needed to understand the plight of the families of inmates, especially in the case of long term imprisonment
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The safety perception is defined as a control of potential threats in the form of crime, economic, social, or health risks. The present study deals with the development of perception of safety and preventive behaviour questionnaire, which was carried out on a representative sample of 1,843 respondents. Extracted factors fear of crime and preventive behaviour explained 67% of variance. The significant correlations of perception of safety subscales and conservatism and risk tendency were also confirmed.
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The reaction against domestic violence, and above all, violence against children at the national level, is reflected in the prevention, detection of individual cases of violence, providing immediate legal protection and an active role of the institutions of the system of education, healthcare, social welfare and judiciary. The first part of the paper is aimed at the legal system’s functioning that is reflected in the implementation of measures in each specific case where protection of children as victims of violence is necessary. The second part of the paper is devoted to international legal cooperation of states within the framework of various international organisations with a view of defining domestic violence as a violation of basic human rights to life and health. Starting from the universal nature of the problem of domestic violence in contemporary society, internationally adopted documents are binding on member states to undertake legal reforms, a series of protective measures, educational programmes and other forms of protection from violent behaviour. The weight and the volume of domestic violence have also made it the topic of private international legal regulations that have not so far observed the frequency and complexity of the issues in this domain.
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The article reviews the problem of maritime piracy in the Gulf of Aden using the technique of analytical monitoring for the period of 2010–2012. The work describes the current state of the problem of piracy off the coast of Somalia, discusses the actions of pirates and pirate groups as well as the Somali government, and characterizes the reactions of the international community to the cases of armed attacks and hijackings in the Gulf of Aden. It is concluded that at this stage the difficulty consists in the lack of coordination of the efforts of the international community towards the legal settlement of the piracy problem.
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The article provides a detailed legal description of crimes related to the pollution of the major components of inanimate nature. It shows the features of generic, specific, group and direct objects of these crimes, and reveals the characteristics of their objective and subjective sides.
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The article considers the major procedural forms of the participation of experts in criminal investigations of illegal fishing cases. Tactical and organizational aspects of conducting special investigations and examinations related to this category of crimes are analyzed. The authors propose to confer the function of inquiry bodies on the specialists of the local offices of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency when investigating the cases of illegal fishing.
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In 1970, a psychologist named Dr. David Raskin, a researcher at the University of Utah, began a study of the probable lie comparison question polygraph technique. Raskin and his colleagues systematically studied and refined the elements of polygraphy by determining what aspects of the technique could be scientifically proven to increase validity and reliability (Raskin & Honts 2002). Their efforts culminated in the creation of what is known today as the Utah approach to the Comparison Question Test (CQT) The Utah-CQT is an empirically consistent and unified approach to polygraphy. The Utah-CQT, traditionally employed as a single issue Zone Comparison Test (ZCT), is amenable to other uses as a multi-facet or multiple-issue (mixed-issue) General Question Technique (GQT) and the related family of Modified General Question Technique (MGQT) examination formats. The Utah-CQT and the corresponding Utah Numerical Scoring System (Bell, Raskin, Honts & Kircher, 1999; Handler, 2006) resulted from over 30 years of scientific research and scientific peer-review. The resulting technique provides some of the highest rates of criterion accuracy and interrater reliability of any polygraph examination protocol (Senter, Dollins & Krapohl, 2004; Krapohl, 2006). The authors discuss the Utah-CQT using the Probable Lie Test (PLT) as well as the lesser known Directed Lie Test (DLT) and review some of the possible benefits offered by each method.
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In recent years, the issue of cyberbullying has attracted the attention of researchers from many different fields as well as medical professionals. The aim of this study is to discuss the descriptive variables of medical specialty theses written on cyberbullying in Turkey in terms of forensic medicine. In this study, using the keywords “cyberbullying” and “cyber violence”, theses registered in the Thesis Documentation Center of the Council of Higher Education were scanned. As a result of the screening, among 179 theses, 15 medical specialty theses related to the subject were examined within the scope of the study. The distribution of the 15 theses examined according to specialty areas was n:7 (46.6%) psychiatry, n:4 (26.6%) family medicine, n:1 (6.6%) forensic medicine, n:1 (6.6%) child and adolescent mental health and diseases, n:2 (13.3%) pediatrics. The peak in the writing of specialty theses was in 2019 (n:4). The population of the theses consisted of individuals aged 12-18 years in n:10 (66.6%) and 10-18 years in n:3 (20.0%) and university students in n:2 (13.3%), respectively. It was determined that questionnaires were used as the instrument and method in all of the theses analyzed. Most of the theses analyzed were conducted on adolescents between the ages of 12-18. There were no thesis studies among adults without or not a university degree. In future studies, these populations should also be examined. Due to its effects on people, it was thought that there may be an increase in the number of patients exposed to cyberbullying in the fields of psychiatry and forensic medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to increase medical awareness and conduct more studies on the cyberbullying issue.
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This research aims to analyse the regulation of criminal defamation against the government or state institutions, focusing on freedom of speech. The research method used is the normative research method with a legislative approach and legal concept analysis. This research employs primary legal materials such as laws and judicial decisions and secondary legal materials such as law books, theses, dissertations, journals, and related literature. Data is collected through a literature study, and legal materials are analysed systematically. The research results show that the government has passed Law No 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, and one of the articles that has sparked public debate is Article 240-241 of the Criminal Code, which deals with insults against the government or state institutions. This article has generated many opinions within the community regarding the criminalisation of individuals who insult or excessively criticise the performance of the government or state institutions. This suggests that society faces limitations in expressing its aspirations and concerns when the state fails to fulfil its duties. However, freedom of expression, including criticism of the government or state institutions, is often treated as a criminal offence of insult under the prevailing law.
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