Majka i dijete u zločinu genocida nad Bošnjacima

Author(s): Adib Đozić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Genocide against Bosniaks of the United Nations Safe Zone Srebrenica, before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, verdicts of German courts (Düsseldorf High Regional Court), genocide crimes in Doboj and other places in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and verdicts of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are paradigmatic evidence of genocidal destruction of Bosniaks, because the analysis of specific socio-historical processes, in the form of national liberation movements and nation-building in South Slavs and the wider Balkans, continuously, as an integral part of the genocide against Bosniaks. There are a lot of evidence of genocide against Bosniaks that are explicit and unquestionable as social, historical and legal facts, but one of them stands out and that is the genocide of mother and child as sources of holiness of life. In this paper, we will work on concrete socio-historical examples of the suffering of mothers and children in the genocide against Bosniaks from the beginning of the so-called “National liberation movements” in the early 19th century, through the Balkan wars, the First and Second World Wars, to the war against Bosnian society and the state in 1992–1995. using only relevant theoretical and methodological postulates, to prove and show that the last genocide against Bosniaks in and around Srebrenica, July 1995, is not an individual and isolated case of genocidal oppression of Bosniaks, but, on the contrary, represents only a paradigmatic example, ie part continuous genocide, as a means of “national liberation movements” from the neighborhood of Bosnia and Herzegovina, carried out according to the Jacobin formula “one state-one (ethnic) community”. By analyzing the suffering of mother and child in the genocide against Bosniaks, we will open the question of the prevailing false narratives (historical, political, “cultural” and others) about national liberation movements from the position of the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as progressive civilizational achievements.

Tranzicijski, posttranzicijski i strateški narativi o genocidu u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Nevenka Tromp / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

This article explores the transitional, post-transitional and strategic narratives about the wars in the former Yugoslavia, more specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The criminal justice narrative created by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) dominates the transitional narratives about the Yugoslav wars. It is not uncommon that both sides - the victims and the perpetrators – express dissatisfaction with the justice outcome depending on the verdict. Transitional narratives based on the criminal trials are expected to provide clarity on the distinction between “bad” and “good” guys; between perpetrators and victims; between the criminality of the perpetrating side and the response of the victim’s side. With the passage of time, all transitional narratives will be challenged by post-transitional narratives, launched by various societal and political actors for different reasons with specific objectives behind them. For example, the ruling post-conflict elites can decide to create a post-transitional narrative in which they will try to re-interpret or counter the existing transitional narratives with the goal to exonerate the policies of the predecessor regime that led to the violence by reintroducing the “politics of the past” into the “politics of the present” in the perusal of the still to be achieved political objectives of the predecessor regime. Using the example of the ICTY genocide judgments, this article will explore how its transitional narrative of genocide has been undermined by the post-transitional narratives launched by the Serbian post-conflict elites in the perusal of the unfulfilled strategic goals of the predecessor regimes.

Genocid u Srebrenici kao najviši oblik terorizma nad Bošnjacima

Author(s): Vahid Karavelić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Terrorism is one of the social phenomena that threaten the security of states and societies. It is one of the components of war (armed) conflicts. It is a common case that a certain terrorist act was the reason for war and war destruction. The consequences produced by terrorist acts and terrorism include, among others, the commission of numerous individual and mass forms of crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide. Bosnia and Herzegovina has experienced such fate. There are few places in the world with such a rich history of violence and acts of terror as that of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The latest aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in series of crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide, both in Srebrenica and in all occupied towns and cities under siege. In this context, the analysis of the content of relevant documentation will draw parallels, connections and relations between terrorism and genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It will be shown that terrorism (and terrorism) and genocide are phenomena that accompany each other and are an inseparable part of war conflicts, since terrorism has become one of the main features of modern ways and methods of warfare.

Psihološka trauma silovanja

Author(s): Heather Huhtanen / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Silovanje spada u kategoriju visoko intenzivnih traumatskih događaja, odnosno događaja koji su izvan granica uobičajenog ljudskog iskustva i koji su izrazito neugodni svim ljudima, a posebno djeci. Prema petom izdanju Dijagnostičkog i statističkog priručnika za duševne poremećaje – DSM-5, traumatski događaji uključuju izravnu i neizravnu izloženost stvarnoj ili prijetećoj smrti, ozbiljnom ozljeđivanju ili seksualnom nasilju. Ovakvi događaji tako jako čovjeka izbacuju iz njegove „životne ravnoteže“ da mu je iznimno teško ponovno je uspostaviti. Traumatski događaji mogu biti jednokratni, ali i ponavljajući. To su događaji koji su izrazito teški i koji kod svake izložene osobe neminovno dovode do psihičkog stanja koje se naziva psihološka trauma. Intenzitet i trajnost psihološke traume nije isti za svaku osobu. Naime, jačina i intenzitet traumatske reakcije, kao i dužina njenog trajanja određeni su individualnom kognitivnom procjenom takvih događaja. Prema tome, kod nekih osoba traumatska reakcija može biti teža i dalekosežnija, dok kod drugih može biti manjeg intenziteta i trajnosti. Silovanje, kao jedno od najtraumatičnijih iskustava, rezultira dugoročnijim i dalekosežnijim posljedicama u odnosu na druge oblike traumatskih iskustava. Naime, pored fizičkog napada koji za sobom vuče mogućnost zdravstvenih rizika vezanih uz zarazu HIV-om te spolno prenosive bolesti i neželjenu trudnoću, silovanje narušava intimne i psihološke granice žrtve. Dakle, psihosocijalne posljedice silovanja često su teže i dalekosežnije od trenutnih fizičkih efekata ove vrste nasilja.

Preporuke panela: Olakšavajuće i otežavajuće okolnosti u odnosu na krivično djelo silovanja

Author(s): Adisa Zahiragić,Alen Lukač,Amela Skrobo-Kadrić,Biljana Radulovic,Duško Miloica,Jasmina Ćosić-Dedović,Lejla Konjić Dragović,Melika Murtezić,Nada Živković,Miroslav Popović,Silva Belegić-Perčinlić,Svetozar Bajić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Za razliku od kaznene politike zakonodavca za određena krivična djela koja je najčešće poznata samo stručnoj javnosti, kaznena politika sudova je poznata široj javnosti i na osnovu nje se stvara dojam o efikasnoj ili neefikasnoj zaštiti nekog pravnog dobra. Stoga je izuzetno značajno da sud prilikom odmjeravanja i izricanja kazne za krivično djelo silovanja uvažava ne samo zahtjeve specijalne prevencije već i zahtjeve generalne prevencije, i to tako što će kazna izrečena konkretnom učiniocu ovog krivičnog djela djelovati ne samo na njega da ubuduće ne vrši ovo ili slična krivična djela već i na sve potencijalne učinioce seksualnih delikata. Ovakav pristup svrsi kažnjavanja zahtijeva maksimalno zalaganje sudova u postupku odmjeravanja kazne kako bi se, na osnovu postojećih olakšavajućih i otežavajućih okolnosti, odmjerila optimalna mjera kazne koja će zadovoljiti zahtjeve i specijalne i generalne prevencije. Izrečena kazna trebala bi zadovoljiti i zahtjeve pravde i pravičnosti, odnosno morala bi predstavljati i adekvatnu satisfakciju za žrtvu krivičnog djela.

Additional Literature

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Psychological Trauma of Rape

Author(s): Heather Huhtanen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rape is in a category of highly intense traumatic events that so exceed the limits of common human experience as to be exceptionally horrific for all people, especially children. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), traumatic events include those involving direct and indirect exposure to death or threats of death, serious injury, or sexual violence. These events are extremely difficult and imminently result in the psychological condition called psychological trauma. These events may be isolated or recurring, and can so severely disturb the “life balance” of an individual that they have difficulty ever finding it again.

Panel Recommendations: Mitigating and Aggravating Factors Related to The Criminal Offence of Rape

Author(s): Adisa Zahiragić,Alen Lukač,Amela Skrobo-Kadrić,Biljana Radulovic,Duško Miloica,Jasmina Ćosić-Dedović,Lejla Konjić Dragović,Melika Murtezić,Nada Živković,Miroslav Popović,Silva Belegić-Perčinlić,Svetozar Bajić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unlike the sentencing policy of the legislature for certain criminal offences, which is mostly known only to legal professionals, the sentencing policies of courts are known to the general public and serve as the basis for their impressions about how effectively the public good is being protected. Therefore, it is extremely important for judges to recognize not only special prevention requirements but also general prevention requirements at the sentencing stage in crimes of sexual violence, so that the imposed sanctions affect not only the perpetrators and act as a deterrent from future criminal acts but send a message to all other potential perpetrators of sexual offences, too. Such an approach to the purpose of sentencing requires maximum engagement by courts in the sentencing process, in order to determine optimal sanctions based on existing aggravating and mitigating factors. Any imposed sanction should fulfil both justice and fairness requirements and should adequately satisfy the victim.

DOES GENRE INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF EVALUATIVE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL PATTERNS IN BRITISH ONLINE NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE?

Author(s): Petra Peldová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to analyse the use of evaluative adjectival lexicogrammatical patterns in selected British online newspaper discourse in terms of genre specification. It focuses both on the normalised frequency of the patterns as well as on the evaluative semantic groups of the adjectives embedded in the patterns analysed. The genres chosen for the analysis are politics and crime. 282 articles from six national British online newspapers (the Sun, the Mirror, the Express, the Guardian, the Telegraph, and the Independent) were downloaded to create the corpus. These were then analysed via Sketch Engine for the evaluative adjectival patterns introduced by Bednarek (2009). The adjectives found in the patterns were further examined and manually divided into semantic groups introduced by Collins COBUILD. The data were then compared in an attempt to identify discourse patterns and contrasts, and valuable insights were gained into the lexicogrammatical features studied. The analysis indicated that evaluative adjectival patterns are indeed embedded in newspaper stories and both the tabloids and the broadsheets employ these patterns more or less equally for the same genres. Both types of newspaper mainly embed patterns ‘v-link ADJ’ and ‘v-link ADJ prep’ in both genres. However, when broadsheets report on politics, the use of the ‘it v-link ADJ finite/non-finite’ pattern, can be considered marked.

SOCIJALNI RAD S OSOBAMA OVISNIM O PSIHOAKTIVNIM SUPSTANCAMA - ISKUSTVO IZ JU TERAPIJSKA ZAJEDNICA KAMPUS KANTONA SARAJEVO

Author(s): Sanela Pekić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Oblast zloupotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci u Bosni i Hercegovini je regulisana na nivou države, entiteta i Distrikta Brčko. Na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine postoji Zakon o sprečavanju i suzbijanju zloupotrebe opojnih droga BiH28, te Krivični zakon BiH29. Značajan dokument za regulisanje ove oblasti je i Lista opojnih droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti opojna droga i prekursora. Ova Lista je posljednji put ažurirana 2008. godine. Krajem 2020. godine Evropski centar za praćenje droga i ovisnosti o drogama (EMCDDA) pratio je sveukupno 830 novih psihoaktivnih supstanci, od čega 46 prvi put prijavljenih u Evropi te godine. Vidljivo je smanjenje u odnosu na period do 2015. godine kada se pojavljivalo blizu 100 novih psihoaktivnih supstanci na godišnjem nivou. Radi poređenja, u Hrvatskoj je Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu upotrijebiti za izradu droga ažuriran 2019. godine. Iz navedenog se može zaključiti da zakonodavstvo ne prati nove trendove zloupotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci i ne raspolaže adekvatnim mehanizmima za njihovo sankcionisanje

Radikal Dinci Terör Örgütleri: El Kaide’den Işid’e Evrilen Süreç

Author(s): Şeref Çetinkaya / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

It is possible to say that religious radicalism has increasingly entered the world agenda in the process that started with Russia's invasion of Afghanistan. After the end of the years-long war in Afghanistan, there were radical religious groups, called mujahideen, who had fought against Russia. Osama Bin Laden, known as the planner of 9/11 events, is one of the legacies left by this war to the world. Founded in 1988 under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden, Al-Qaeda's attack on the twin towers in the USA managed to draw the attention of the world public opinion to radical religious groups and the Middle East. Over time, there have been differences of opinion within Al-Qaeda, and as a result of these differences, ISIS, a global terrorist organization, has emerged. ISIS, which has become a security threat at the international level in a short time, has lost its power in the Middle East as a result of Turkey's important operations today. In this study, the aims of religious radicalism, radicalization processes were analyzed, and the transformation process from Al Qaeda to ISIS was examined. As long as the processes leading to radicalization are socially addressed and measures are not developed, it is thought that such structures will continue to survive.

On cutting off noses and pulling out beards: Face as a medium of crime and punishment in medieval Dubrovnik

Author(s): Nella Lonza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In historiography dealing with criminality, much has been written on punishment as a social message communicated in various ways, among other things, by using a convict’s body as a medium (face branding, mutilation, etc.). By analysing the criminal procedures of medieval Dubrovnik and comparative material from Dalmatia and other European communities, the author poses an inverse question and investigates how the offender sometimes used the victim’s body as a medium for conveying his “message”. Hair cropping (and related forced removal of female headgear), pulling out of the beard, and nose amputation may be referred to as “coded crimes” because accent was given to symbolism over the bodily injury and pain. Sharing the same value system, the victim and his social environment could easily “read” the offender’s message from such a crime.

Rhythm of crime in a medieval city – example of Dubrovnik

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

If we observe the crime as an integral part of the social reality, then we certainly have to bear in minds its changing phases and its general incorporation into a wider picture of social movements. Therefore, my intent is to demonstrate in which way crimes have (not) followed the rhythms of labor, leisure, and public celebrations of medieval Dubrovnik, especially regarding their typology and frequency. Thus, the analysis includes crime distribution in relation to the location where the wrongdoing has occurred, together with investigation of social provenance of perpetrators and victims within this cheerless statistic of everyday life. Given the fact that the total number of the extant criminal records of the medieval Dubrovnik would be too huge “bite” for a case study of this kind, author analyzes preserved judicial records from only one year (1415).

Criminal offenses and violence in medieval Kotor (1326 - 1337)

Author(s): Valentina Živković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of the paper is the analysis of the types of criminal offenses mentioned in the earliest preserved judicial notary documents of Kotor (1326 - 1337), and which are defined and sanctioned by the Statute of Kotor. Protection of interests of the community and principles of good administration were the priorities upon which the criminal justice system of Kotor was based. On the other hand, protection of private property was the most common topic because of which civil litigations were initiated.

“Our daily crime” seen through the letters and notes of Venetian government representatives in the communes of Brač and Omiš (16th – 18th c.)

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The central topic of the paper is focused on research of material from the archival series Capi del Consiglio de’ Dieci: Lettere di Rettori e di altre cariche (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) which contains letters, notes, and reports written by Venetian government representatives in the communes of Brač and Omiš for the Venetian Council of Ten from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The research is focused on the prevalence of offenses, incidents, and crimes in the stated material and, considering the historical circumstances and difference in development of those two communes, a comparative analysis of examples by their categories (minor offenses, exiles, verbal incidents, physical violence, murders, etc.) has been made.

Crime Rate/Criminal Acts in the City of Zagreb from 1887 until 1912. Based on the Report of the City Council

Author(s): Zoran Grijak,Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following paper analyzes the structure of crimes committed in the city of Zagreb from 1887 until 1912 based on the annual Reports of the City Council of the Free and Royal City of Zagreb. The abovementioned reports provide a detailed insight into the structure and number of criminal offenses and misdemeanours, as well as the type of these misdemeanours, offenses, and other criminal acts reported to the police authorities according to the Criminal Law of the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia. In the course of the authors’ analysis of the collected data on criminal and minor offenses, quantitative methods were applied which in turn provided valuable insights into the trends pertaining to their number during the observed period. With the use of quantitative methods, it has been established that there were no major effects of the increase in population on the trends of the number of criminal and minor offenses, which means that rapid urbanization of the city did not have a significant impact on the rise of law-breaking. Further analysis of the gender of the perpetrators of criminal offenses and misdemeanours has confirmed existing observations on the inferior position of women in society of that period as a contributing factor to their smaller representation among perpetrators of most felonies. Furthermore, with the use of quantitative methods, a decrease in efficiency of the Police Service in terms of discovering most of the felonies has been determined, even though a high degree of efficiency was still maintained in detecting certain categories of felonies.

The crimes of minors in the cases of the Royal court table in Osijek

Author(s): Dubravka Božić Bogović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author analyzes misdemeanors and crimes of younger minors, contained in criminal cases from the archive fund of the Royal court table in Osijek, which were conducted by the District court in Osijek from 1930 to 1945. Moreover, author has attempted to determine the patterns in which the social environment and family, proprietary, and other conditions have affected the offenders, and relate them to specific causes and motives. Similarly, the society’s response to misdemeanors and crimes is investigated through the analysis of sanctions and other measures were taken against underage offenders.

General criminality in the Independent State of Croatia

Author(s): Davor Kovačić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In paper, based on the archival material and contemporary press, various types of crime are presented and numerical data on the status of general criminality in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) is provided. According to statistical data published by the police authorities of NDH, the status of criminality in NDH was satisfactory, especially considering the contemporary war circumstances. Difficult economic circumstances were a convenient environment for commission of criminal offenses. Thefts, frauds, robberies, and murder for personal gain were often motivated by fear for one’s own existence.

“Watch out, UNPROFOR!” – some observations on criminal and unprofessional conduct of peacekeeping forces of United Nations in Croatia

Author(s): Ivica Miškulin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the paper, based on the available sources and contemporary periodical publications, the author analyzes different aspects of criminal and unprofessional conduct of members of United Nations (UN) peace troops in Croatia. It is determined how a whole sequence of factors affected such aspects of conduct of blue helmets: total problematic of the peacekeeping operation (with a special emphasis on its execution), particularities of areas of deployment (with a special emphasis on the material situation of occupied territories), level of equipment, training, and self-discipline of certain national contingents of peacekeeping forces, and possibilities of activity of UN and command of peacekeeping forces administrations. Chosen aspects of criminal and unprofessional conduct of members of peacekeeping forces of UN have been analyzed thematically, i.e. separated into separate entities.

Uloga interpola u međunarodnoj policijskoj saradnji sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom

Author(s): Ognjen Sredojević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

International police cooperation with Bosnia and Herzegovina plays a key role in the fight against crime, i.e. drug trafficking, terrorism and other forms of transnational threats. Cooperation is achieved through various mechanisms, namely bilateral agreements, Europol, Interpol, and other regional and international organizations. Also, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a signatory to several international agreements on police cooperation, such as agreements with Europol and Interpol. The agreements enable partners from other countries to access information on criminal activities, then exchange intelligence data, as well as mutual support in criminal investigations and arrests. Interpol plays a significant role in maintaining security and international police cooperation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the subject of the research, the paper will cover various aspects such as the analysis regarding Interpol, i.e. how it contributes to maintaining the security of states and combating crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the research of specific cases of cooperation, as well as the assessment of the effectiveness of their activities in the region, and all in terms of effective international police cooperation and suppression of transnational threats such as terrorism, organized crime and cybercrime.It is necessary to refer to various theoretical and empirical works, as well as relevant information, which contribute to the realization of successful police cooperation, as well as proposing new possible solutions. Also, it is necessary to analyze and cite scientific and professional works, reports of state authorities and agencies, and the media as sources of relevant information regarding this research. Certainly, it is necessary to draw a conclusion based on the content analysis, with the aim of determining the justification of the existing police cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Interpol, which relate to this topic.