Mednarodni znanstveni sestanek: Zgodovina alkohola in tobaka na Slovenskem
Mednarodni znanstveni sestanek: Zgodovina alkohola in tobaka na Slovenskem, Celje, 19. junij 2008
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Mednarodni znanstveni sestanek: Zgodovina alkohola in tobaka na Slovenskem, Celje, 19. junij 2008
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This paper presents scientific-educational discussion about children of parents of addicts and shows distinction between declarative and real state that refers to problem marginalization of a large number of juvenile children. Drugs addiction is complex personal, family and social problem. In Croatia during the 2017/2018 years, rate of treated addicts was 248,3 (248,3 persons on 100.000 residents at the age of 15-64 years old). A large number of addicts had children (37,6%). Children are exposed to lack of parental care, existential, material and physical deprivation, inadequate health care, family violence and often criminal acts by growing up with one or both parents of addicts,. All of the above, make these children a high-risk group. Some children of addicted parents are relieved of the care of older family members (grandparents, cousins), children's homes and foster families, although unfortunately there are many examples where children continue to live with their parents, drugs addicts. Children of parents of addicts represent a specific high-risk group of children which often try to take over self-care and care for their parents. Although there is a declarative level that guarantees help and protection, especially in risky situations, in everyday practice the real situation is much different. Scientific papers and literature are not sufficiently focused on the problems and needs of children of parents of addicts. This high risk group of children are marginalizied even in the prevention programs and we can wonder if the institutions of child protection and legislation and the legal-judicial system, the social and educational institutions had failed in protecting and care one of the high-risk and vulnerable groups of children. The human development approach to the complex problem of the devastating effects of addiction on the family includes, among other things, the promotion of primary prevention and strengthening the better functioning risky families and their children, in which the educational and social institutions have a respectable role.
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Today, rapidly-developing technology affects an individual’s life in many fields and it is also effective on games which are the basic need of children. Digital games do not only affect the children’s life affirmatively, they also cause lots of negativities. One of these negativities is the digital game addiction. Especially, in puberty, when children experience social and emotional stressful period, children’s becoming a game addicted can affect their development negatively. From this perspective, determination of factors which are influential in children’s becoming digital game addicted can provide resources for experts and next studies. Aim of this study is to detect whether some variables are influential on the digital game addiction level of children who play digital game and study in secondary school. In the study quantitative research method and criterion sampling which is one of the study group sampling methods were used. The study involves 134 students who study in two different secondary schools in Erzincan and play digital games. In order to determine the demographic characteristics of the children, General Information Form developed by the researcher was applied and also Digital Game Addiction Scale which was developed by Hazar and Hazar (2017) was employed to determine the digital game addiction level of the children. As a result of the study it was found that age and mother’s playing digital game variables had an influence on the digital game addiction level of children but other variables; gender, number of sibling, educational background of father and mother, father’s playing digital game and type of digital game were not influential on digital game addiction level of children.
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The aim of this research is to examine the use of cigarette smoking in terms of personality traits and neuropsychological test performance. Various clinical and personality tests, and also a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery were administered to current-smokers (n=28), former smokers (n=18) and never-smokers (n=43). Findings following clinical and personality testing indicated that current-smokers had higher scores in novelty and sensation seeking, venturesomeness and disinhibition but had lower scores in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorder than never-smokers and former smokers. For neuropsychological performance; although the current-smokers’ performance was as good as never-smokers and former smokers on the neuropsychological tests which are sensitive to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction, in comparison to the never-smokers and former smokers, they performed rather poorly on the neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to inhibitory control and the orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction, such as rule breaking. The results pointed out that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a critical role in cigarette smoking.
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In modern society, alcohol consumption is part of culture associated with a sense of pleasure, stress and anxiety, but at the same time an unwanted form of harmful behavior with many negative consequences (diseases, accidents, violence, crime, health risks, etc.). For these reasons, the use of alcohol in scientific discourse is studied in various ways. This paper introduces to the Socio-environmental Context Model (SECM) (Ward 2011), which is based on the widely used Theory of Social Norms. SECM allows identifying the environmental impact of alcohol consumption and social norms related to it. Social norms are distinguished into two types: injunctive norms (acceptance of behavior in a particular group) and descriptive norms (behavior specific to a particular group). The influence of the various environmental factors identified by SECM is revealed in four dimensions: physical-geographical, temporal, social and personal-historical, which interacts simultaneously. Other aspects of relgion, social and economic status, and the formation of an individual’s gender identity can be easily integrated into SECM. Therefore, this paper aims to further expand approach to social norms by including a personal identity factor. Personal identity, especially for men, can be an essential part of alcohol consumption. The purpose of this paper is to construct a theoretical model based on SECM and the theoretical approaches of male identity, which would allow revealing a more comprehensive approach through various aspects of the environment and male identity.
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The aim of this study is to compare young adults with and without substance use disorders in terms of their self esteem and family environment. It is aimed to find out what the distinguishing factors are in terms of the perceived parental acceptance-rejection and parenting styles from mother and father. The sample of the study included 140 young adults (129 male, 11 female) aged between 15 and 25 years (Mean = 20.9) who were admitted to Ankara Alcohol and Substance Dependency Treatment and Training Center Clinic (AMATEM), and 146 (140 male, 6 female) young adults without substance use disorders matched in terms of demographic variables. The data were collected with the Personal Information Form containing demographic information, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS), the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and the Parenting Style Inventory (PSI). According to the results, participants with substance use disorders perceived significantly more maternal and paternal rejection, control, strictness/ supervision and less acceptance/involvement than the comparison group. Young adults with substance use disorder had lower self-esteem scores than participants without substance use disorders. Comparing groups in terms of parenting styles, participants with substance use disorders perceived both parents as authoritarian. Parental acceptance-rejection, parenting style, family environment and self-esteem have been found to be important factors in young adults substance use disorder.
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Substance addiction is a chronic brain disease in which loss of willpower is developed, tolerance is developed and withdrawal symptoms occur even if the substance is harmed due to substance use. This work; provides a qualitative research example on the maximization of "treatment efficiency and efficacy" during the treatment period of the individual who is substance addict. When the treatment in Turkey, more addiction treatment emerges medical treatment service provided by its offices. In recent years, the community-based intervention model has been switched from hospital-based intervention methods, but the desired stage has not been reached yet. In this study; The German specialties were analyzed and the team work in substance addiction was examined. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the necessity of spiritual service in the treatment of substance addiction. In the findings of the study, it has been observed that individuals who provide spiritual support services support a different perspective in the treatment of substance addiction. Biopsychosocial support was not enough alone in the treatment of substance addiction and it was found that the effects of spiritual support services in the treatment of addiction were found to be effective.
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Alcohol misuse is a contemporary social problem of enormous economic significance, which exacts a high toll of human suffering as a result of the social, psychological and medical harms to which it gives rise. Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug by the youth. This study was carried out to determine the causes, effects and attitude of youths towards alcoholism consumption with ultimate aimed at finding out the negative alcoholism on human health. It was a cross sectional study carried out among 518 youth aged 15- 40 years in Akun Development Area of Nasarawa State. Most of the respondents 87% that consumed alcohol are males while, 13% are females. Consumption of alcohol was due to influence of friends in 88%, family problems in 15%, and stress in 2%. Some of the respondents 38%, felt satiety after consumption of alcohol. Negative outcome of excessive consumption of alcohol include broken home in 39% and malnutrition in 9% of the respondents. There was an attempt to stop consumption in 60% of respondents. The medical effect of alcohol according to the respondents are liver cirrhosis 55% while 13% say the medical effects of alcohol is memory impairment.
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The current challenge for healthcare systems is to assess the clinical and economic value of non-drug technologies. Attempts have been made to use Health Technology Assessment, a standard method used in many countries to assess and make decisions regarding the reimbursement of medicines. The use of health technology assessment for non-drug technology can be a challenge because of the lower availability of high-quality scientific evidence in comparison with drugs. In several European countries attempts were made to develop guidelines for the clinical and economic evaluation of non-drug technologies; we presented specific guidelines prepared by British and French HTA agencies: NICE and HAS, respectively. In the case of Poland, the role of the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System (AOTMiT) is to assess and appraise all medical technologies and services claiming public money funding; most of these assessments concern drug technologies.
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Research of alcohol use from sociological and cultural aspects are significant and always actual social subject. Economical, national and global burden conditioned by the consumption is exceptionally high. Particularly interesting has been considering the link between consumption and social changes and influences of religion. The aim of this paper is to present some societies different by nationality, religion and region where the level of consumption is either at its highest or lowest in the World. Also, the aim of this work was to show the link between consumption and religion, than between consumption and social attitudes to drinking and influences of social factors and changes. The World Health Organization and other scientific data sources were used - studies on use of alcohol from Russia, Check Republic, Serbia and several countries with Islam and Jewish religion.
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In the present paper the author reports the results of investigations of some sociopsychological characteristics of rural youngs, with special reference to empathy and religiousness, as well as the system of values of the young and their parents. To asses emotional sensitivity SEE scale (Mehrabian & Epstein. 1972) was used, while for the assessment of religiousness and lifestyle a special scale was constructed to be used form the investigations. as well as open-type questions that allowed for qualitative analysis of responses. The investigations were carried out on the sample of young people 14-30 years old who live in the villages of Dvorane. Petina, Poljaci and Lovci, at the foot of Mt. Jastrebac. not far from Kruševac. The sample included 150 young persons who answered the questions from questionnaire individually during the summer of 1997.
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Hiv-positive drug-addicts are a new class of patients. Since when during the promotion of AIDS drug-addicts became a typical "risk group", the relation of doctors towards them has changed on the institutional level, but the stigmatization of infected drug-addicts and drug-addicts in general has changed and increased. In this paper the characteristics of stigmatization of drug-addicts within the medical system are discussed: the stigma of AIDS as a disease, "loading in" guilt for the disease (AIDS) to deviants and repressiveness that this implies, and which goes beyond the repressiveness from the role of a doctors agents of social control. The transparency and power of this stigmatization is also analyzed.
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In the area of behavioral disorders, it is especially important to focus on the mutual relationships of these disorders, and in this case specifically on the relationship between violent behavior and drug abuse. The results of these relationships should be analyzed in a rather detailed way due to the possibility that this form of violence is a risk factor for drug abuse or that this abuse is one of the most important reasons for such behavior.This paper analyzes the relationship between three identified forms of drug abuse and variables of violent behavior of students, while simultaneously controlling a large number of relevant variables from the school environment. The survey was conducted on a representative sample of 1287 secondary school students in Belgrade. The relationship between violent behavior and drug abuse has been tested by canonical discriminative analysis especially on a sample of boys, and especially on a sample of girls.The results of these analyzes have shown that some forms of violent behavior are direct predictors of drug abuse, but that relationship varies depending on the gender and form of abuse.
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In this paper will be presented the results of the research which examined the influence of social factors on the occurrence of the relapse of heroin addicts who were involved in treatment in the therapeutic community, as well as the connection between support of the social environment, satisfaction with the quality of life and the occurrence of relapse. For the purposes of research the relapse implies on everyday use of heroin after a period of abstinence lasting more than one month. The sample consisted of 80 male drug addicts who had previously been treated in a therapeutic community (40 abstainers and 40 relapsers). The place of residence of the respondents is Canton Sarajevo. This work has confirmed that abstainers have statistically significantly higher social support from family members with whom they live, the support of friends and the community, than relapsers. The results of the study have shown that respondents who abstain have a higher level of quality of life compared to relapsers. Testing differences in the quality of life of the whole sample was made in relation to the level of education. It has been established that addicts with higher education have a higher level of quality of life. When quality-of-life comparisons were performed according to the working status within each of the groups, differences in the quality of life were not found. However, there are more employees in the group of abstainers (55%) than in the group of relapsers (27.5%). At the level of the whole sample, there was a statistically significant difference between those employed and the unemployed, with employees showing a higher degree of satisfaction with the quality of life. The results of the study indicate that the abstainers were more willing to seek help in maintaining abstinence from non-governmental organizations, social and health care institutions than relapsers. There is a statistically significant difference between abstainers and relapsers only when it comes to satisfaction with the services of social institutions, in a way that abstainers were more satisfied than relapsers. Recovered addicts need to be provided with organized forms of support after treatment, as well as to strengthen the support system within the family environment. This would contribute to the successful maintenance of abstinence and raise the level of satisfaction with the quality of life.
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The danger of excessive drug use, regardless of its type (narcotic drugs, tobacco or alcohol) presents a major problem in almost all modern societies, and, therefore, this paper seeks to present basic concept of all three types of drugs separately as well as the danger they pose to children and to the society as a whole, and to indicate possible ways of fighting the drug abuse. High-risk population for all types of addiction, as a consequence of the drug abuse, are children, especially in the adolescence period, when they experiment more often with all types of drugs, even with the most dangerous ones – narcotic drugs, which have the fastest effect and leave the most severe consequences on physical and mental health of children. Therefore battle against the abuse of drugs presents at the same time battle for children’s right to health, as one of the fundamental rights of the children. Drug addiction is related to the domestic and other types of violence, thefts and other types of crime, and it undoubtedly presents not only a serious social problem, but health and family problem as well. Organized criminal groups amass huge wealth from selling and distributing narcotic drugs and, at the same time, they launch new types of mass-produced synthetic drugs virtually on a daily basis, which calls for new methods in battling the abuse of narcotic drugs on the part of the government. When it comes to the alcohol, this paper underlines new and very dangerous trends in consuming alcohol - the so called “smoking of alcohol”, which has a devastating effect on child’s body, as well as combined use of narcotic drugs and alcohol, which is also extremely dangerous. All states have to actively fight drug trafficking and drug abuse, to secure health of children, but also to create safer society, which also in-cludes the necessity of cooperation between the states in the battle against all types of crime related to the abuse of narcotic drugs. Fight against the abuse of drugs includes an appropriate legal frame-work, as well as active participation of all actors in the prevention, starting from family to the educational institutions.
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Introduction: Stigma represents negative marking of persons, just because they have a diagnosis of mental disorder. It is also determined by the social context, not just by the characteristics of some people.Objective: Clinic for Psychiatry of the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska is the only institution in the Republic of Srpska that has a Department of Addiction Diseases . The work of our Department is based on a multidisciplinary approach, by organizing hospital and post-hospital treatment. In our profession we are, witnessing the rooted stigma, in which the focus is on patiens and also on professionals who work with them. This circumstance is affecting the autostigmatization of these patients, which has as a result their helplessness, hiding and escaping. At the same time, it presents a high risk of professional burning. On the other hand, the fact is that stigma is the main obstacle to developing resources for better social support for addicts. Our constant dilemma is how to improve and develop resources for treating addiction illnesses. We are witnessing the fact that the wider social community, and professionals who are in contact with patients and patients themselves also suffer from prejudices related to addiction diseases. In this paper we will present the activities which we have taken so far in the field of raising the awerness of seriousness of this problem.Conclusion: Our ongoing engagement is raising the level of awareness of addiction diseases, which we see as a possibility to reduce the stigmatization and social exclusion of people with addiction syndrome. Raising the level of awareness of the severity of this problem would improve the detection of people with a problem of addiction, but also encourage professionals to think about potential preventive programs.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of externalising youth problems and to explore the contribution of different personal and environmental factors to their development. The study was conducted with 1101 pupils of 1st grades of secondary schools (with the average age 15.18 years) from central Croatia. The following instruments were used: Self-report questionnaire of risk and delinquent behaviours (Ajduković, Rajhvajn Bulat & Sušac, 2015), NEO- -FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992), Inventory of parent and peer attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), Parental monitoring scale (Silverberg & Small, 1991), Perceived peer pressure questionnaire and Relation to school questionnaire. Results have shown that undesirable normative behaviours are more frequent than both peer violence and misdemeanours/delinquent acts, with the most frequent being the consumption of alcohol. Extraversion and agreeableness, as variables related to adolescent personality, have the largest role in explaining the externalising problems of high school students, while the most important environmental variables are parental control, alienation from mother, peer pressure on risky and socially acceptable behaviours, and relation to school.
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Peers are an important source of normative pressure in the context of adolescent risky behaviors, which is reflected in high behavioral homophily repeatedly found in adolescent groups. Two psychosocial mechanisms underlying this similarity have been identified: peer influence (or pressure) and peer selection (the process of befriending individuals 331 similar to oneself). The two mechanisms have been explored primarily in the context of non-sexual adolescent risk taking (e.g., tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse). This study is the first longitudinal comparison of peer influence and peer selection in the context of female adolescents' sexual initiation. Using data from 162 female high-school students (Mage = 16 years, SD = 0.47) surveyed online twice in the period of 18 months, a cross-lagged path analysis pointed to a significant effect of peer influence, but not peer selection. Contrary to expectations, the moderating effect of peer conformism was not corroborated. This study’s findings confirm the importance of taking into account direct and indirect peer influence when designing comprehensive sexuality education programs.
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Article is a part of the research project "Tobacco Smoking or Chronic Nicotinism as a Social Phenomenon and Human Problem". The author examined several American examinations especialy by John S. Tamerin.
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The author deals with the conditions in society fostering drug addiction sub-culture, its inter-relations with other social institutions (primarily the family and school), the socio-psychological mechanism constituting the basis of its group dynamism, and socio-psychological significance of the drug addict groups in the functioning of the adolescent ego.
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