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Zdravotné pomery, epidémie a alkoholizmus v severnej časti Trenčianskej stolice na prahu modernej doby

Author(s): MARIÁN LIŠČÁK / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

A qualified healthcare in the northen part of Trencin county was still in the early 19th century for the general population rather difficult to reach. Large catchment area has been formerly managed with only a few trained doctors. With working in the field helped them healer-surgeons, pharmacists, childbirth babice and military sawbones. Nevertheless was qualified healthcare for the population mostly too expensive and searched it as a last resort. Mostly they relied on herbalism, folk medicine, and men producing medicated oil. The popu-lation at that time was bothering a variety of different diseases, while many of which ended in death. The situation has slowly improved over time, the number of doctors and hence their availability raised progressively. Nevertheless, also in this period epidemics of certain diseases decimated the population. Most difficult in this respect was an epidemic of cholera. However, the society began to worry even some new health problems, among which can be included at that time increasing dependence on alcoholic beverages.

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Ból po amerykańsku. Dramat opioidowy w pięciu aktach

Author(s): Łukasz Kamieński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2018

The worst drug epidemic in US history did not result from an uncurbed recreational use of narcotics, nor from the perfidious operation of drug cartels. The three root causes that contributed to the eruption of the present-day opioid crisis were: a paradigm shift in pain treatment combined with the reckless practices of physicians, the Big Pharma, and insufficiently restrictive state supervision. By conceptualizing the epidemic as a tragedy, the article takes on the structure of a drama. The subsequent parts framed as “acts” synthetically explain the origins and reformulation of the epidemic, depict its character and scope, and discuss the ultimate countermeasures undertaken to curb the problem. Apart from legal restrictions, interesting novel methods to treat opioid dependence such as anti-opioid vaccines and brain stimulation devices are presented.

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Механізм адміністративно-правового регулювання державного контролю за обігом наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів: науково-теоретичний аспект

Author(s): O. M. Shevchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 146/2019

The article based on the analysis of scientists' points of view formulated the author’s definition of the legal construction “administrative and legal regulation of state control over the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors”, reveals its signs.It is proposed to interpret it as a set of administrative-legal forms, methods and tools by which a set of control measures is determined, using which the state influences the activities of subjects and objects in the sphere of legal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in order to reduce their non-medical consumption, their illicit trafficking, as well as related offenses.In the implementation of the administrative and legal regulation of such state control, its mechanism is of particular importance. The concept of “the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of state control over the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors” is established, its elements are analyzed. It was found that the elements of such a mechanism should include administrative-legal norms of law, administrative-legal relations, acts of interpretation and the implementation of legal norms, legal consciousness and legal culture.

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Što može škola uciniti na podrucju prevencije upotrebe i zloupotrebe droga kod djece i mladih?

Author(s): Andreja Hočevar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2008

For the last 20 years, it is the (secondary) school which has been the central point of education on drugs. However, the age border at which children and youngsters meet drugs for the first time has lowered; down to the period when children still go to primary school. Therefore the activities of prevention of drug use and abuse have expanded considerably also on this educational level. In the paper we shall deal with the influence and efficiency of drug education among children and youngsters as well as the influence and efficiency of various concepts of schools' conduct in the case of infringement of the rules concerning drugs in school.

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Podmiotowe i rodzinne czynniki ryzyka uzależnienia od internetu w grupie kobiet i mężczyzn. Ujęcie psychopedagogiczne

Author(s): Karolina Komsta-Tokarzewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2019

Obiectives. The purpose of this article was to answer the question which of the analysed subjective and family-related variables determine the risk of Internet addiction.Material and methoods. This article makes use of the Internet Addiction Test by K. Young, Social Competences Questionnaire (A. Matczak), INTE Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Anna Cie¬chanowicz, A. Jaworska, A. Matczak) and the Parents-Child Relationship Questionnaire by A. Roe and M. Siegelman in the Polish adaptation by W.S. Kowalski (1984). In the quantitative analysis of data obtained from these psychological tests, the statistical package SPSS + and STATISTICA were used. 322 people aged 19-31 have been examined with the use of the afore-mentioned methods.Results and conclusions. The obtained results indicate the predictive importance of social competences determining the effectiveness of respondents’ functioning in intimate situations (both in the group of females and males). The following have turned out to be determinants in the group of females: fatherʼs demanding attitude, emotional intelligence and social competences determining the effectiveness of functioning in intimate situations and those requiring assertiveness. In the group of males, five prediction factors have been revealed, including: motherʼs protecting and loving attitude, fatherʼs liberal attitude and social competences determining the effectiveness of functioning in situations of social exposure and intimacy.

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CLANDESTINE DRUG PRODUCTION LABORATORIES IN SERBIA

Author(s): Božidar B. Otašević,Dag Kolarević,Ivana D. Radovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The problem of the existence of illegal drug production laboratories in the world was recorded as early as in the mid-twentieth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, this global problem affected Serbia, too, when the first clandestine drug production laboratories, whose production capacities exceeded the demands of the Serbian drug market, were uncovered. The aim of this paper is to determine the characteristics of illegal laboratories for the production of narcotics in the Republic of Serbia and how widespread they are. On the basis of the data provided by the Department of Analytics at the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Serbia, data relating to all illegal laboratories uncovered in Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija) in the period from 2003 to 2019 was used. An exploratory research has been conducted analyzing 147 uncovered laboratories in which 245 illegal manufacturers were imprisoned. The production of marijuana took place in 92.5% of the laboratories, in 6.8% of cases synthetic drugs were produced, while hallucinogenic mushrooms were grown in one laboratory. A cartographic representation of how widespread the laboratories are and their basic characteristics in terms of location, production capacity and the type of installed equipment has also been provided.

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The Benefits and Consequences of Using Modern Information and Communication Technology

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The Benefits and Consequences of Using Modern Information and Communication Technology

Author(s): Otilia Ioana Tudorel,Mona Vintilă / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Modern information and communication technology offers to the users the opportunity to quickly obtain information, to be always up to date with what is happening in society and on a professional level as well as to communicate in real time with others. The Internet, computer, digital technology, the software associated with the network devices, the mobile phones, all are considered part of the modern technology. Not only at the level of society but also within the family, the technology can put its mark and thus, it can lead to positive or negative consequences on the family life, on the communication process between the members, on their activities. At the same time, access to various content promoted by the modern media can lead to or encourage intolerant attitudes towards minorities or may have negative consequences on the physical and mental health of users.

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PREKRŠAJNO PRAVO U SLUŽBI SUZBIJANJA ZLOUPORABE DROGA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ: POSJEDOVANJE DROGE BEZ NAMJERE STAVLJANJA U PROMET

Author(s): Barbara Herceg Pakšić,Nikolina Kovač / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

When it comes to drug abuse suppression, the choice of a state reaction is conditioned by different circumstances, but the aspiration for efficiency is the primary motive. The means of banning imply legal mechanisms and sanctions, and in the Republic of Croatia, these mechanisms derive from criminal law and misdemeanor law. The subject of this paper focuses on the misdemeanor law in view of the significant alteration presented in the Republic of Croatia a few years ago: drug possession without distribution intention has been left out of criminal law mechanism and left to misdemeanor law. However, this solution opens a number of questions. The paper gives answers to these questions by a holistic approach. It presents the legislative positions, taking into account the prior knowledge and the etiology of the accepted solution, outlines the presence of drug abuse in the society, and by conducting research of relevant judgments, the paper discloses the attitudes of the judiciary by reviewing the adequacy of the adopted solution.

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Atitudinea și cunoștințele elevilor din cinci școli din Sibiu față de efectele pe termen scurt ale consumului de substanțe

Author(s): Mihai Copăceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Romania ranks 5th in the top of countries with excessive alcoholconsumption. Young people are a vulnerable group. 253 young people (151 girlsand 102 boys) with an average age of 16.35 years from 5 schools in Sibiu answereda 30-items questionnaire. The results demonstrated the following: students considerthat drinking as a problem among them, 95% think that they can easily get alcoholanywhere, parents are permissive to the alcohol consumption by minors (74% saidthey know parents who allow minors to drink alcohol). Young people begin toconsume alcohol at the age of 14. In this group of adolescents, beer is the mostconsumed drink followed by wine and vodka. The main reasons for consumptionare the infl uence of friends, personal problems, family issues, curiosity or getting agood state. There is misconception around marijuana use. Students have knowledgeof the eff ects of alcohol intoxication, and most have said the fi rst solution is tocommunicate with parents. Punishments are still present in Romanian cultureand the specialized approach is not seen as a prime solution. However, the studyconfi rms the lack of specialized community services to assist young drug users andthe inadequacy of anti-alcohol programs in the school. Finally, students who areabstinent responded that also their friends do not drink alcohol. The results maybe useful to carry out further in-depth studies and develop specialist interventionsto prevent alcohol and drug use among young people.

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RACJONALNOŚĆ I SKUTECZNOŚĆ PLANOWANIA NA PRZYKŁADZIE GMINNEGO PROGRAMU PROFILAKTYKI I ROZWIĄZYWANIA PROBLEMÓW ALKOHOLOWYCH

Author(s): Roman Hauser,Marta Szustkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

In the system of legal sources, apart from typical acts of local law created in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, there are also acts that do not fall within the constitutional standards of law, although they concern, among other things, important social and economic issues. Such documents (planning acts, programmes, or strategies), although enacted by resolutions, often fail to contain generally binding regulations. Although this does not prevent them from having a binding force, they should nevertheless be made in compliance with the generally recognised rules of lawmaking, including the principles of proportionality, rationality, communicativeness and brevity. The generally applicable provisions often impose on local self-governments an obligation to create acts regulating important social issues, such as for instance programmes preventing and solving alcohol-related problems and determining the way of dealing with alcohol addiction in local conditions. However, these programmes are often developed in violation of the rules of a rational law-making process, and are frequently detached from the local reality, which makes them ineffective. Therefor it may be worth considering another way of responding to the problem of alcoholism, not necessarily by means of resolutions adopted annually. The obligation to develop a prevention and resolution programme addressing alcohol-related problems could be replaced, for example, by certain specific organisational measures, an educational programme, or the implementation of other measures. The law is not always the right way to achieve the goals set, but the above recommendation will requires statutory changes first, anyway.

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Rozwiązywanie problemów natury tożsamościowej przez studentów polskich uczelni a zjawisko problemowego picia alkoholu

Author(s): Agnieszka Cybal-Michalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

W niejednorodnym systemie znaczeń kulturowych krystalizowanie tożsamości staje się praktyką poznawczą opartą na permanentnym indywidualnym eksperymentowaniu. Problematyka artykułu skoncentrowana jest na zagadnieniu krystalizowania (formowania) tożsamości, które jest procesem zależnym od społecznych warunków w jakich zachodzi oraz cech procesów poznawczych jednostek w nim uczestniczących. Oba czynniki mogą wspomagać jaki zakłócać proces osiągnięcia dojrzałej tożsamości (uzyskania efektu tożsamości osiągniętej). W kontekście tożsamości oznacza to, że jest ona: wynikiem własnej eksploracji podmiotu i podejmowanych na jej podstawie zobowiązań a wraz z nimi ważnych życiowych decyzji.Orientacje poznawcze zaangażowane w proces krystalizowania tożsamości mogą świadczyć o odmiennych stylach tożsamości, które należy rozumieć jako odmienne sposoby radzenia sobie z problemami natury tożsamościowej. Style tożsamości odnoszą się do przekonań, postaw,sposobów radzenia sobie z różnymi sytuacjami oraz podejmowania ważnych życiowo decyzji dla rozstrzygania konfliktów tożsamościowych. W artykule odwołuję się do stylów tożsamości studentów polskich uczelni publicznych i niepublicznych, które ukazały odmienności w przetwarzaniu informacji, negocjowaniu kwestii tożsamościowych oraz osobliwości problemów wynikających z picia alkoholu co czynni je, z kognitywnego punktu widzenia, ważkimi i aktualnymi analitycznie.

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Solving identity problems by students of Polish universities and the phenomenon of problem drinking

Author(s): Agnieszka Cybal-Michalska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In a non-homogeneous system of cultural meanings, identity formation becomesa cognitive practice based on permanent individual experimentation. The article is focused on identity formation issues, a process that depends on the social conditions in which it occurs, and the typical qualities of cognitive processes of individuals participating in it. Both factors may support and interfere with the process of reaching a mature identity (obtaining the effect of complete identity). In the identity context, this implies: the result of one’s own exploration and the commitments made on its basis, and with them important life decisions.The cognitive orientations involved in the process of identity formation may indicate different identity styles, which should be understood as different ways of dealing with identity problems. Identity styles refer to beliefs, attitudes, ways of dealing with different situations and making important life decisions to resolve identity conflicts. In the article I refer to identity styles used by students of Polish state and private universities, showing the differences in processing information, negotiating identity issues and singularities related to problems resulting from drinking alcohol, which makes them, from a cognitive point of view, important and analytically up-to-date.

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Zneužívání opioidů methoxyfentanylu a cyklopropylfentanylu

Author(s): Romana Jelínková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

At the end of 2018, the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) monitored more than 730 new psychoactive substances, 55 of which were first detected in Europe in 2018. These substances include a large group of drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids, stimulants, opioids. and benzodiazepines. Fentanyl is a prototype of the 4-anilidopiperidine class of synthetic opioid analgesics, which account for a small proportion of seizures of illicit drugs, but are high-risk for users and are often fatal. The legislative measures of most countries around the world are gradually being adapted to this fact.

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TÜRKİYE’DE YAŞAYAN BİREYLERİN TÜTÜN ve ALKOL KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Author(s): Aysen ŞİMŞEK KANDEMİR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 48/2020

Today, the use of tobacco and alcohol, which is known to cause serious health problems, is important for both individuals and the state. General purpose of “Health Interview Survey” is to introduce the health profile of individuals and to get information about health indicators. The data obtained from the TURKSTAT data sheet and obtained with a limited number of variables were used. The test were done among the relevant variables were determined by considering gender, age, tobacco and alcohol use, and the reason for use. The first three reasons for tobacco use in men and women are the same.

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The importance of resources in the personal adaptation of people taking OTC drugs

Author(s): Robert Modrzyński,Aleksandra Radoń / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Over-the-counter medication has become a common phenomenon in Poland. Every fifth person uses them contrary to the instructions, often exceeding the permissible doses. This problem concerns various social and professional groups. However, it is not alwaysconnected with addiction and can lead to losses in many different areas. Undoubtedly,the search for psychological connections that determine the need to reach for medicationswithout a medical recommendation becomes a priority. The Theory of Conservation of Resources (COR) by Steven E. Hobfoll can provide an alternativeapproach to understanding the phenomenon of over-the-counter drugs. It is based onthe assumption that human activity is focused on gaining, maintaining and protecting resources.Their gain or loss is fundamental to the quality of life and is a source of motivationfor specific behavior. From the perspective of the COR theory, the loss of resources or theimpossibility of gaining them may explain the high percentage of people taking medicationswithout medical recommendation.The main aim of the paper is to answer the question on what are the functions of resourcedistribution in personal adaptation. Moreover, it is equally important to determine what arethe dependencies between psychosocial factors and personal adaptation in people takingOTC drugs.Material and methods: A questionnaire survey of 300 people taking medications withoutmedical recommendation was used. The tools used were S.E. Hobfoll’s Conservation ofResources-Evaluation (COR-E) questionnaire, the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived SocialSupport (MSPSS) by G. Zimet.Results: The structural equation modeling indicated a causal relationship between gain inresources and personal adaptation (p = 0.001) as well as loss of resources and personaladaptation (p = 0.003). The increasing pool of resources and lesser experience of their lossare predictors of adaptation. The hypothesis that the process of positive adaptation in peopletaking OTC drugs depends on the distribution of resources has been confirmed.Conclusions: People using over-the-counter drugs in a situation of experiencing a loss of resourcesshow symptoms of personal maladjustment. The ability to properly adapt to changingliving conditions and deal with problems depends primarily on the ability to gain resources.Over-the-counter medication has become a common phenomenon in Poland. Every fifth person uses them contrary to the instructions, often exceeding the permissible doses. This problem concerns various social and professional groups. However, it is not always connected with addiction and can lead to losses in many different areas. Undoubtedly,the search for psychological connections that determine the need to reach for medications without a medical recommendation becomes a priority. The Theory of Conservation of Resources (COR) by Steven E. Hobfoll can provide an alternative approach to understanding the phenomenon of over-the-counter drugs. It is based on the assumption that human activity is focused on gaining, maintaining and protecting resources. Their gain or loss is fundamental to the quality of life and is a source of motivation for specific behavior. From the perspective of the COR theory, the loss of resources or the impossibility of gaining them may explain the high percentage of people taking medications without medical recommendation. The main aim of the paper is to answer the question on what are the functions of resource distribution in personal adaptation. Moreover, it is equally important to determine what are the dependencies between psychosocial factors and personal adaptation in people taking OTC drugs. Material and methods: A questionnaire survey of 300 people taking medications without medical recommendation was used. The tools used were S.E. Hobfoll’s Conservation ofResources-Evaluation (COR-E) questionnaire, the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived SocialSupport (MSPSS) by G. Zimet.Results: The structural equation modeling indicated a causal relationship between gain in resources and personal adaptation (p = 0.001) as well as loss of resources and personaladaptation (p = 0.003). The increasing pool of resources and lesser experience of their loss are predictors of adaptation. The hypothesis that the process of positive adaptation in people taking OTC drugs depends on the distribution of resources has been confirmed.Conclusions: People using over-the-counter drugs in a situation of experiencing a loss of resources show symptoms of personal maladjustment. The ability to properly adapt to changing living conditions and deal with problems depends primarily on the ability to gain resources.

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Znaczenie zasobów w przystosowaniu osobistym osób przyjmujących leki bez recepty

Author(s): Robert Modrzyński,Aleksandra Radoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Przyjmowanie leków bez recepty stało się w Polsce powszechnym zjawiskiem. Co piąta osoba używa ich niezgodnie z zaleceniami, niejednokrotnie przekraczając dopuszczalne dawki. Problem ten dotyczy różnych grup społecznych i zawodowych. Nie zawsze wiąże się to jednak z uzależnieniem i może doprowadzić do strat na wielu różnych obszarach. Bez wątpienia poszukiwanie psychologicznych powiązań, stanowiących o potrzebie sięgania po lekarstwa bez zalecenia lekarskiego staje się pierwszoplanowe.Teoria Zachowania Zasobów Stevana E. Hobfolla (COR) może stanowić alternatywną koncepcjęrozumienia zjawiska używania leków bez recepty. Teoria ta opiera się na założeniu, żeaktywność człowieka jest skoncentrowana na zdobywaniu, utrzymywaniu i ochronie zasobów.Ich zdobywanie lub utrata ma fundamentalne znaczenie dla jakości życia i stanowi źródłomotywacji do określonego zachowania. Z perspektywy COR utrata zasobów lub brak możliwości ich pozyskania może tłumaczyć wysoki odsetek osób używających leki bez zalecenia lekarskiego.Głównym celem pracy jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie funkcje spełnia dystrybucja zasobów w kształtowaniu przystosowania osobistego. Ponadto równie ważne jest rozstrzygnięcie,jakie istnieją zależności pomiędzy czynnikami psychospołecznymi a przystosowaniem osobistym u osób przyjmujących leki bez recepty.Materiał i metody: Badania miały charakter poprzeczny. Zastosowano kwestionariuszowe badania300 osób używających leki bez zalecenia lekarskiego. Wykorzystano do tego Kwestionariusz Oceny Zachowania Zasobów S.E. Hobfolla (COR-E), Test Zdań Niedokończonych(RISB) J. Rottera, Inwentarz Depresji Beck’a (BDI) oraz Wielowymiarową Skalę Spostrzegania Wsparcia Społecznego (MSPSS) G. Zimeta.Wyniki: Modelowanie równań strukturalnych wskazało na przyczynową relację pomiędzy zyskiem w zasobach a przystosowaniem osobistym (p = 0,001) jak i utraty zasobów i przystosowania osobistego (p = 0,003). Powiększająca się pula posiadanych zasobów oraz mniejsze doświadczanie ich utraty są predyktorami przystosowania. Potwierdzona została hipoteza mówiąca,że proces pozytywnej adaptacji u osób przyjmujących leki bez recepty zależy od dystrybucji zasobów.Wnioski: Osoby przyjmujące leki bez recepty w sytuacji doświadczania utraty zasobów przejawiają symptomy nieprzystosowania osobistego. Umiejętność właściwego przystosowania się do zmieniających się warunków życia i radzenia sobie z problemami zależy przede wszystkim od możliwości pozyskiwania zasobów.

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Deviantinės etiketės reikšmė rekreacines kanapes vartojantiems pilnamečiams asmenims: poveikis ir įveikos mechanizmai

Author(s): Stasys Stirbinskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2020

Cannabis – the most popular illegal drug in Lithuania. Due to an increasing amount of scientific evidence questioning the effectiveness of criminalization based drug control policies, this philosophy seem to be losing it‘s dominant status. However, it‘s still widely popular in a lot of different countries including Lithuania: punishments for it‘s violations were hardened in 2017. There are a lot of scientific studies discussing the effects of drug criminalization on a macro scale. However, there is a lack of research discussing how criminalization based policies effect the personal lives of people who use these illegal substances. Consequently, the criminalization of drugs fosters the environment which is ideal for spreading and reproducing negative discourses about illegal drugs and it‘s users. Along with criminalization itself, these negative discourses help to create and define the deviant label that is associated with the use of these illegal substances. Therefore, in order to understand how the deviant label affects the life of cannabis users, it‘s is important to understand the effects of both of it‘s constituting parts – the criminalization of drugs and the existing negative discourses related to the usage of cannabis. Lastly, in order to understand the full spectrum of effects that the deviant label produces, it‘s vital to uncover the coping mechanisms that are being applied by the cannabis users in order to combat these negative effects. Analysis of the collected data has revealed that the criminalization of drugs reciprocally interacts with the negative discourses about cannabis and it‘s users in a process of two way legitimization. Furthermore, the criminalization phenomenon also acts as a metanarrative, because it contains hidden discourses, legitimizing the institutional powers associated with it‘s implementation and application. The results of the research also revealed that the impact of criminalization at the individual level is much broader than the statistical categories currently used to describe it‘s effect on a macro level; stigmatization is the primary consequence of negative discourses about cannabis and it‘s users; the features of coping mechanisms that helps to minimize the consequences of deviant label contains measures that reduces stigmatization and protects against the threats of criminalization.

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PROCEDURA ZOBOWIĄZANIA DO LECZENIA ODWYKOWEGO

Author(s): Aleksandra Filemonowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2019

Consumption of alcoholic beverages per capita is systematically increasing, and the number of people addicted to alcohol is also growing. The issue of the judicial obligation to treat alcohol dependence affects more and more numerous group of Poles. The aim of the work is to familiarize the initiating procedure of municipalities with prevention and solving alcohol-related problems, i.e. activities aimed at ruling on the use of a person addicted to alcohol to undergo reflux treatment Methodology: The review was based on the publication of legal acts, the literature evaluating alcohol consumption and also included the latest statistics and literature on the subject of activities related to prevention. The work describes the individual stages of the procedure for the obligation to treat addiction. Doubts about the legitimacy and efficiency of the procedure have been indicated. Conclusions: Activities carried out by the Commissions for Solving Alcohol Problems are a source of help for people from the addicted person's environment. There is a need to modify the procedure in order to increase its efficiency.

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HOW HAS THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC CHANGED DRUG USE AND THE DRUG MARKET IN SLOVENIA?

Author(s): Matej Sande,Simona Šabić,Mina Paš,Marko Verdenik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The purpose of our study was to explore the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on drug use, the drug market and the availability of help and support in Slovenia. Through an online questionnaire, we collected a non-representative sample of 680 people who used drugs before and during the epidemic in 2020. The results showed the use of illicit drugs and alcohol has reduced. A significant increase in the frequency of use has only been detected in marijuana. The most prominent changes in the drug market were the reduced number of drug dealers and lower availability of certain drugs. Accessibility to drug services has been reduced and respondents also had significant financial consequences due to loss of work. Due to decreased availability of sources of support at the time of the epidemic, adjustments to services for drug users are necessary before the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of promoting online interventions and maintaining contact with users when the services are not physically accessible.

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Pietryčių Lietuvos regiono vyrų (35–45 m.) socialinės ir fizinės aplinkos įtaka alkoholio vartojimui

Author(s): Almanė Pakrijauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2021

Male mortality due to alcohol related causes in Lithuania is still one of the highest among European Union countries. This article discusses the impact of socio-environmental context on alcohol consumption by analysing 29 semi-structured interviews with 35-45 year old men living in the Southeast region of Lithuania. The aim of this article is to reveal the formation of injunctive alcohol consumption norms for men in relation to their socio-environmental context. The study revealed that the role of social norms (injunctive and descriptive) strongly determines the formation of alcohol consumption habits during youth and adolescence and continues in later life. There are two types of male alcohol consumption: the “Susceptible to the Influence of the Social Context” type, where the injunctive alcohol consumption norm is maintained for the rest of the individual’s life, and the “Resisting the Influence of the Social Context” type, where the injunctive norm decreases or is abandoned.

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