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EUROPEAN UNION HEALTH SYSTEMS AND RESPONSES TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

Author(s): Jasmina Selimović,Velma Pijalović,Tea Mioković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There is no doubt that the overall health of the population is the area of a special social concern of a state, hence, this concern is most often expressed through complex systems of healthcare insurance. Having in mind the fundamental social significance of the healthcare system, debates pertaining to its functioning and efficiency have been ubiquitously present all around the globe. The importance of scientific and practical research in the healthcare area are becoming particularly important in the unfavorable economic conditions as have been present in the most of the World’s countries during and after the 2007 economic crisis. Considering the severity of the crisis, many of the countries have been facing the need for a revision of their health systems in order to assure sustainability of their healthcare in newly arisen, adverse and uncertain financial reality. Additionally, although the healthcare systems can be grouped and attributed to a certain model, we must not neglect the fact that healthcare systems are different from state to state and that they are under a strong influence of history, tradition, political system, economy and national values of every state. Because of this, it has not been possible to offer a single set of universally efficient measures for tackling the crisis’ repercussions on healthcare systems. In this paper we analyze the responses implemented by European Union countries in the light of the most recent economic crisis, deemed unprecedented in the Union since its establishment.

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Seksualno uznemiravanje: uzroci, psihologija uznemiravatelja, rasprostranjenost i posljedice seksualnog uznemiravanja

Author(s): Majda Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Polazeći od toga da je seksualno uznemiravanje neželjeno ponašanje seksualne prirode, pravna i sociološka istraživanja pokazuju da je ono prisutno vjekovima, što se ilustruje primjerima seksualne viktimizacije žena u periodu robovlasništva u Americi, preko nisko plaćenog i neregulisanog rada služavki, do rada žena u fabrikama i na pozicijama službenica u kasnom devetnaestom i početkom dvadesetog stoljeća. Osvrćući se na pisane dokumente o iskustvima žena na radu i istorijske preglede, Siegel dokumentuje da se seksualno uznemiravanje dešavalo u različitim kontekstima u kojima su žene radile, te da su se pojavni oblici odnosili i na verbalno i na fizičko uznemiravanja, ali da ni silovanje žena u ovim kontekstima rada nije bilo neuobičajeno.

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DEPENDENȚA DIGITALĂ: PATOLOGIE, REMEDII PSIHOLOGICE ȘI DUHOVNICEȘTI

Author(s): Vasile Crețu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The digital addiction is already acknowledged by the medical specialists as a mental disorder, because it involves a pathological use of the computer or of any other type of technology, characterized by the urgent need to engage in online activities to the obvious detriment of daily and real life (school, family, friendships, etc.). This type of attitude is also dealing to other behavioural disorders. Some psychologists are comparing the states (involving changes in brain maps) caused by digital addiction to those of "classic" (somatic) addictions. Thus, a similarity was identified between the abuse of psychotropic and hallucinogenic substances, which chemically alter the human brain, and the abuse of the virtual space, which psychologically affects the human being as a whole. This is clearly a phenomenon, specific to post-modernity, unprecedented in its scale in history.

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Inteligența artificială și dreptul la viața privată

Author(s): Daniela Ghituleasa (Duță) / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study aims to present, from a legal perspective, how different technologies and the use of artificial intelligence systems may affect the right to privacy or may change the way an individual chooses to perform certain tasks. The research focuses on the legal framework of the right to privacy, proposals, new regulations and legislative changes that apply to the use of artificial intelligence systems globally.Secondly, it proposes to analyze the possibility that the AI impact assessment on the right to privacy, the guarantees provided and a well-defined legal framework can reduce the negative effects of the use of artificial intelligence systems.Can technology, mass digitization and the functioning of artificial intelligence lead to violations of rights and freedoms, especially the right to privacy? On 21st of April 2021, the European Union published a proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence and amending certain Union legislation (Artificial Intelligence Regulation) ensure that artificial intelligence systems placed on the EU market are secure and comply with existing legislation on fundamental rights and security requirements for artificial intelligence systems.

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PANDEMIE KORONAVIRU PŮSOBÍ JAKO URYCHLOVAČ

Author(s): Jakub Jirsa,Jiří Hanuš / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Interview with Jakub Jirsa by Jiří Hanuš.

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Comments on Current Regulatory Diversity under Public International Law

Author(s): Cristina Elena Popa Tache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The crises generated by the Covid-19 pandemic have become a major problem in front of which the states have started to reflect their interests as well as possible. Developments in this area are aimed at deepening bilateral and multilateral cooperation in various areas affected by global crises. The dynamics of international relations were mainly due to the adaptation of regulations to changes in interdependent relations between states and the diversification of their concerns, including for contemporary challenges such as those given by pandemics. Instruments specific to public international law are brought into the spotlight in cases such as pandemic prevention, preparedness and response or in areas such as artificial intelligence or financial technologies. In the face of these challenges, public international law manifests its regulatory function. However, not all states react at the same rate. It is difficult to predict how and if this goal will be achieved, so we will follow the significant developments in the near future. To make this article we used a fundamental research method (directed for the purpose of knowledge) on the part of research that identifies relevant issues, with prospective ramifications and identification of features that promote the coherence of hypotheses. The notions we referred to will be exposed by using the most efficient methods, such as exploratory, descriptive but also explanatory.

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The Benefit of the Patient in the Hippocratic Oath and the Golden Rule of Christian Ethics

Author(s): Marlena Zerva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Modern medical science aims at the benefit of the patient which is achieved through the treatment of the patient. The physician must act in the best interest of the patient and consequently his health. In an ideal world every doctor besides treating a patient would also love him. In this text, there will be examined two fundamental ethical imperatives that can be applied in the doctor – patient relationship. On the one hand the position, do not do unto others as you would not like to do unto you, on the other hand the positive formulation of that sentence which is, do to others whatever you would like them to do to you. The first of those two positions can be found in the ancient oath of Hippocrates, whereas the second position is the basis of the Golden Rule of Christian ethics. These two ethical imperatives will be examined in the context of modern bioethics as well, since the benefit of the patient is the major concern of two of its basic principles, namely the principle of beneficence and that of non-maleficence. The oath of Hippocrates moves in the realm of the moral idea that you should not do to others what you do not want to be done to yourself. The above position is based on the affirmative propositions that are imprinted within the oath. On the other hand, the Golden Rule of Christian ethics consists of a positive exhortation, to do to the other what you would like to happen to you. Each Christian is called to love his fellowman as he loves himself, since the supreme good in Christian morality is the love of God and fellowman that fulfills the purpose of man’s existence, which is the communion with God. Both positions examined in the text have relevant content, aiming at the benefit of the patient, the patients good, either by a direct positive obligation, or by preventing the doctor from harming the patient.

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Социалното предприемачество като механизъм за интегриране на уязвими групи към икономическите процеси в условията на пандемия

Author(s): Teodora Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In times of social and/or economic crises, the most vulnerable members of the society face more significant difficulties than the rest of the population. Comprehensive and strategic measures are needed to reduce social exclusion and marginalisation. Mainstreaming and promoting social entrepreneurship is important for the development of an inclusive economy. The social impact is configured by investing the revenues generated in supporting vulnerable groups on the 'margins' of socio-economic processes to engage in economic activity and create opportunities for professional and social integration. Long-term value added from economic activities leads to cost reduction and the reduction of the effects of inequalities and poverty.

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Приложение на изкуствения интелект за защита на данни в здравеопазването

Author(s): Rositsa Roumenova Rogova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Modern technologies and mechanisms of communication through them are occurring at a rapid pace in the field of healthcare. This definitely leads to taking strict measures to strengthen the protection of the data used and protect it from cyber attacks. More and more medical institutions use various technologies to communicate with their patients, as well as to store medical information and documentation, in compliance with all regulatory requirements for non-violation of human rights. In recent years, hospitals have increasingly relied on modern artificial intelligence systems to facilitate their day-to-day medical and administrative practice, while also taking care to prevent any violations of patients' rights.

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Urban identity and the impact of COVID-19

Author(s): Mahmoud Al-Turkmani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on cities around the world, transforming the way urban dwellers live, work, and interact with each other. As a result, the pandemic has also affected the identities of cities, or how urban areas are perceived by their residents and visitors. In this paper, we will explore the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban identity, looking at how the pandemic has changed the way people relate to cities and how cities have adapted to the pandemic.

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DISINFORMATION AND THE PROTECTION POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN CITIZENS

Author(s): Rita Palaghia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The rapid global technological evolution, the deficit of training and endowment in the information field, the existent disagreement in social and political systems, the resources, technical solutions and the different means, make the EU a dysfunctional body, for the time being. Nevertheless, the European Union has proven to be the World’s leader in adopting General Data Protection Regulation standards (GDPR). The next step of the EU Strategy is to structure public health policies, in conjunction with the protection of personal data. This generates differentiated types of actions for the State of Normality and the State of Emergency. The experience generated by the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to accelerate the coordination of Common Security and Defence Policy and strategies at the European level. The lessons learned after the “STUXNET” crisis, now followed by the“COVID-19 Pandemic” should convince us that the current situation has other valences and that the chaos created by incompetence, lack of training, resources, clear and congruent plans and strategies can have dramatic effects on Humanity.

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THREE FAMILIES OF CRISES SUPERPOSED, INTERDEPENDENT AND MUTUAL INTERFERING IN THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Iulian Chifu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Coronavirus or Covid-19 pandemic has launched a health crisis with an important impact by accelerating three categories of crises: the dormant and rampant ones that were here long before this crises; the correlated crisis coming from the pandemic explosion and the ways to limit its impact; and the independent crisis, not directly related by Covid-19 but prompted and accelerated by the pandemic. As a result, this lead to a maximum complication for the decision makers since it created overnight premises for a completely different International Relations Perspective. The scenarios for the world of tomorrow and the possible arrangement for a global governance are the aims of our study.

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THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Viorel ORDEANU,Lucia Ionescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Transmissible infectious diseases are caused by living biological agents that can be transmitted in different ways from the source, causing outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics. The current epidemiological situation, the COVID-19 pandemic is serious due to its rapid transmissibility, strong complications, and the fact that it is an unknown disease. Given its characteristics, similar in parts to a biological agent used as a disabling weapon, in this paper, we will address the current COVID-19 pandemic as an ongoing “situational experiment” in order to simulate a targeted biological attack (on a strategically important locality) with infectious effects that extends nationally and internationally. This type of pandemic has destructive potential through the created health crisis, followed by the economic crisis, aggravated by the information crisis (infodemics) and finally the social crisis with unpredictable consequences

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DIGITAL DISINFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 AND THE IMPACT ON GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH

Author(s): Dana Drugă (SÎRBU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to analyze, based on the scientific literature, the main effects on global health security of the spread of disinformation about COVID-19. At the same time, this article illustrates how digital disinformation poses the risk of canceling credible sources, which can lead to mass public confusion and an increased risk of spreading and transmitting the virus. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current trends and insights into disinformation activities related to COVID-19/Coronavirus.

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THE DIGITAL SCARS LEFT BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Ion Alexandru Manoliu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Correlating the economic prosperity of a nation with the quality of its cyber infrastructure is not a game of chance. Improving cybersecurity in society, the industrial system and public administration will become increasingly stringent. The lack of security professionals makes companies, organizations and social services more vulnerable. As the global health emergency from Covid-19 taught us, coordination from the top of the chain of command is important. Whether it is to minimize intrusions, data loss or the spread of malware, the collaboration of all state institutions and private sector is essential. Developing new capabilities and tools to improve the cyber security of the country system is a challenge of the utmost importance for the growth and well-being and security of all. Cyber security education in the conscious use of the network therefore will play a central role in both the defense and development of a country.

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THE EVALUATION AND DETECTION “A MAN IN THE MIDDLE” CYBERATTACK

Author(s): Meda UDROIU,Mihail Dumitrache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Abstract – How common is a man-in-the-middle type of attack in the wild today and how can it be detected and prevented? What is the security impact of HTTPS interception given that more and more organizations and antivirus products intercept and inspect traffic? This paper aims to provide an answer to these questions by presenting results and conclusions of the study conducted to detect man-in-the-middle attacks on a number of popular internet websites.

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MEASURING GOVERNANCE AND ASSESSING TRENDS IN DEMOCRACY DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC

Author(s): Alexandra SARCINSCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bringing to attention the main theoretical landmarks regarding the national governance is a necessity since there are heated debates on the role of the state in the management of phenomena that transcend its borders such as international migration and the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the paper aims to carry out a non-exhaustive analysis, but focused on recent trends in the study of governance, correlating them with the latest events and determining phenomena that manifest themselves in the international security environment. The goal is to determine whether or not and to identify how the pandemic has influenced governance as a whole, the decline of democracy in particular, as well as national security, especially in the case of European states.

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THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY FORCES FACING BIOLOGICAL THREAT

Author(s): Iulian-Constantin Manailescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that both state structures and citizens have not been prepared to face up a biological threat. The hesitant way in which, at first, action was taken to limit the spread of the new virus led to the emergence of situations that changed the relationship between the state and the population. The trust of a part of the citizens in the state structures has been altered, especially because of the restrictions imposed to limit the spread of the virus. Those who are in direct contact with citizens and who apply these restrictions are the law enforcement and other forces protecting public order and safety. At present, the countries of the world are in a position to think over some strategy meant to restore the confidence of their population in these forces. This distrust, along with conspiracy theories, endangers national and regional security because it is the ground for the proliferation of populism and extremism. The paper presents the sticking points of the relationship between the citizens and the law enforcement and public safety forces that a strategy at the state and regional level should solve in order to restore a level of trust at which security is ensured.

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PARTICIPATION OF THE MILITARY SANITARY SERVICE AND BY DEFAULT, OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM, IN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

Author(s): Viorel ORDEANU,Benoni ANDRONIC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Multi-domain operation is an US military advanced concept of approaching future military action,superior to joint operation, able to optimize the way the military force adapts to the specifics of new risks and threats to the security of states and alliances. The participation of the Military Sanitary Service and implicitly of the National Health System, as well as other military and civilian components, in multi-domain operations is important for maintaining the combat capacity of the staff and Forces, for caring for the sick and wounded, for coordinating medical countermeasures in operational situations, thus contributing to the success of the operation by minimizing health losses. The National Health System (NHS) includes all national, regional, local and individual entities that aim to maintain health, regain it and prevent disease in the entire population,including the Armed Forces of that state. The NHS includes state and private organizations, all of which work together and co-operate as needed to address local or national health crisis situations or engage in international aid (e.g. Red Cross). Moreover, the field of Human Medicine is integrated, through the new and realistic “One health” concept, with Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry, Agronomy and Environmental Protection.

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Yapısal Kırılmalı Durağanlık Testi ve Granger Nedensellik Analizi: Türkiye’de Kadın İntihar Oranının Ekonomik Değişkenler ile İlişkisi

Author(s): Hayriye Esra Akyüz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

In this study, it was aimed to examine the causality relationship between female suicide rate, fertility rate, female unemployment rate, inflation and gross domestic product between 2000-2022 in Turkey. In the examination of stationarity, Augmented Dickey and Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), Kwiatkowsky-Philips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) and Dickey-Fuller generalized least squares, Zivot and Andrews one structural break test were used and Granger causality test was conducted to investigate the causality relationship. According to the results of ADF, PP and KPSS unit root tests, it was determined that all series were stationary at the first difference. A bi-directional causality relationship was found between female suicide rate and fertility rate, and unidirectional causality relationship was found from female unemployment rate to female suicide rate and fertility rate. On the other hand; it has been determined that female suicide rate, female unemployment rate and GDP per capita are the causes of inflation and there is a unidirectional causality relationship from these variables to inflation. According to Granger causality test results, there is no Granger causality relationship between female suicide rate and GDP per capita.

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