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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY: EVIDENCE FOUND AMONG VISEGRAD COUNTRIES

Author(s): Ondřej Dvouletý,Jan Mareš / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following study is focused on the relationship between the registered business activity and unemployment rate in Visegrad countries over period of years 1998-2014. The aim of there search was to investigate whether in the periods of higher unemployment rate, individuals engage into entrepreneurial activity, no matter if they are opportunity or necessity driven entrepreneurs. Our data set consists of data collected from national statistical offices, World Bank, Eurostat and other sources. Panel regressions were employed and econometric models with dependent variable registered businesses per economically active inhabitant were estimated. Econometric models estimated with fixed effects and lagged variables confirmed positive relationship between the entrepreneurial activity and unemployment rate. The increase of unemployment rate led to increase of overall entrepreneurial activity. The positive impact on registered business activity was also found for GDP per capita, growth of share of population with tertiary education, growth of business freedom and growth of R&D expenditures. Negative relationship was confirmed for the amount of days required to set up business. Finally, the increase of registered business activity led to decrease of unemployment rate.

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ИЗВЪРШВАНЕ НА СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРАНИ ПРОУЧВАНИЯ И ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ ЗА ОЦЕНКА НА РЕЗУЛТАТИТЕ ОТ ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕТО НА НАЦИОНАЛНАТА СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ДЕТЕТО. Окончателен доклад

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The objective of surveys commissioned by State Agency for Child Protection was to register changes in the first three years of implementation of the National Child Strategy to summarize assessments of target groups and the general public on the key priorities of the National Strategy, to establish whether they meet the support and understanding by the general public and of specific groups associated with its implementation, to recognize the knowledge and progress in achieving the main objectives of the overall policy on child protection.

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Prison System in Serbia in 2011

Author(s): Ivan Kuzminović,Ljiljana Palibrk / Language(s): English

Over the past ten years, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (HCHRS) has conducted dozens of visits to prisons in Serbia, with the aim of making an assessment of the human rights conditions for imprisoned and detained citizens. Since 2001, the HCHRS has visited all 28 institutions for the execution of criminal sanctions, many of which several times. In a vast number of reports, the HCHRS has conducted analyses and noted non-compliance with solutions prescribed by national legislature and international law on the one hand, and with common practices in the system of execution of criminal sanctions on the other. During the first visits to prisons in 2001, it was determined that human rights conditions were extremely poor. At that time, there were around 6,500 convicted and imprisoned persons in Serbia. Ten years later, resulting from vast efforts by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations (OSCE, UN, CoE), but that of the state as well, the human rights conditions in prisons have been significantly improved, primarily when the decreasing practice of torture and introduction of new (contemporary) legal solutions in the field of criminal sanctions are concerned. The implementation of the institute of alternative execution of criminal sanctions has finally begun in 2011. It includes the possibility of serving a sentence in home confinement (with or without electronic monitoring) for persons serving prison sentences of up to one year, or the conversion of the prison sentence to community work. However, the number of sentenced and detained persons in prison has nearly doubled over the same period of time.

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Socioeconomic changes and the subjective well-being of Polish society 1991–2011

Author(s): Piotr Michoń / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Three main questions are asked in the paper. Firstly: how has the sense of ‘life satisfaction’ and happiness of Poles changed over the period of twenty years between 1991 and 2011? During this period Poland has experienced substantial growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but is Polish society becoming happier and more satisfied with life? Secondly: what is the level of subjective well-being individuals commonly perceived as losers (older, poorly educated and unemployed) in comparison with people who objectively appear to be winners (well-educated, in low middle age, employed)? Thirdly: how has the subjective well-being of unemployed, older and poorly educated people changed during this twenty year period between 1991 and 2011? Some authors suggest that because happiness became something everybody want, it is a core value of society, and it lays the basis for our modern welfare state. Because happiness represents an individual right, individual and societal aim, it is crucial to discover and scrutinise relations between the individual level of happiness, and the impact on it resulting from a variety of factors. It might be true that simple application of happiness economics to policy making would be unreasonable. But still if we agree that happiness constitutes a good life for individuals and thereby also a good society, it is important to collect, analyse and include this type of information for the purpose of policy making.

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Social work and social workers in Poland

Author(s): Marek Rymsza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this chapter is to endeavour a summary of the road travelled in the space of two decades after 1989 (with all the political and economic transformations and modernisation which they brought) by social work in Poland within the meaning of a qualified service provided by social workers within the structure of the social welfare system. And likewise to ponder the current situation and condition of social workers as a professional group.

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Russia’s Demographics: Is the Boat Sinking Again?

Author(s): Stanislav Secrieru / Language(s): English

The record high outflow of capital from Russia in 2014 is the most obvious consequence of the Kremlin’s military intrusion into Ukraine. But it is not only investors who resent the regional security crisis and economic uncertainty. Preliminary data for 2014 and early 2015 show that Russian citizens are leaving the country in greater numbers, while Russia does not attract as many migrants as before. Shrinking human capital, coupled with a massive cash exodus will, if they continue for a long period, weaken the Russian economy and might shatter its power position in the post-Soviet neighbourhood.

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Badanie opinii mieszkańców Poznania dotyczących rozwoju funkcji turystycznej

Author(s): Agnieszka Niezgoda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Procesy konkurencji w układach regionalnych i lokalnych zmuszają do poszukiwania rozwiązań wynikających z przyjęcia zasad i reguł zapewniających większe powodzenie w osiąganiu celów rozwojowych jednostek przestrzennych. Jednym z najważniejszych celów w takim ujęciu jest dobrobyt społeczności zamieszkującej miasto. Kategorią uwzględniającą stopień satysfakcji pewnej grupy obywateli (np. mieszkańców gminy, miasta czy regionu) z całokształtu egzystencji jest jakość życia. Jej poziom zależy m.in. od działalności gospodarczej miasta i związanych z nią efektów ekonomicznych. Jedną z funkcji gospodarczych miasta może być turystyka. Jednak zależności pomiędzy procesem podnoszenia jakości życia a rozwojem turystyki mają charakter bardziej złożony. Przyczynia się do tego złożoność produktu turystycznego danego obszaru oraz rola mieszkańców w jego kształtowaniu.

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Możliwości nabywcze młodych osób na lokalnym rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych

Author(s): Łukasz Strączkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the purchasing power (housing affordability indicators) of young people (up to 35 years old) on the local housing market. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted a critical review of the literature on the economic situation of young people in terms of the possibility to meet their needs on the housing market. The author has taken into account the problems resulting from the situation of young people on the labour market and their housing preferences. Furthermore, the article also presents the situation on the local residential real estate market. Findings: Based on the results of the analysis of the situation of young people on the labour market, their income and the data illustrating the situation on the local residential real estate market, it may be concluded that dwellings in urban areas are relatively expensive, which means that only a small group of people can freely meet their housing needs. For most young people, buying a preferred dwelling becomes an overwhelming challenge. The indexes reflecting purchasing abilities may explain the choice of suburban locations as places of residence. Originality and value: Research concerning young people on the residential real estate market usually focuses on their needs and preferences. Additionally, it is indicated that young people constitute the largest age group among buyers. On the other hand, the media image of the residential real estate market focuses on growing prices and purchases, ignoring the difficult situation of many people under the age of 35. Therefore, the study attempts to fill this gap and indicates the need to discuss the consequences of the current state of affairs (e.g. limiting housing purchases, parents and adult children living together for long periods of time).

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Koszty utrzymania mieszkań przez emerytów i rencistów na tle innych gospodarstw domowych w latach 1993-2019

Author(s): Anna Górska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the costs of maintaining a dwelling by retirees and disability pensioners compared to other households in the years 1993–2019. Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine the amount of housing costs for retirees and disability pensioners as well as for other households, the author has collected data on the costs between 1993 and 2019 based on the publication of the Central Statistical Office (now known as Statistics Poland) entitled “Budżety gospodarstw domowych” (Household budget survey). Findings: The costs related to the maintenance of a dwelling constitute the second largest group of expenses following consumption. The cost analysis in the period between 1993 and 2019 showed a constant increase in housing costs, with the largest group of costs being those related to heating. On the other hand, the highest cost growth dynamics was related to water expenditures. The housing expenditure of retirees and disability pensioners was the highest or one of the highest among all the surveyed groups of households, which results, among other things, from the lack of adjustment of the living conditions of seniors to their needs (in terms of the number of rooms, flat area or architectural solutions), as well as from the poor technical condition of the dwellings, which also translates into higher maintenance costs. Originality and value: The issue of the cost of maintaining a dwelling by seniors is not frequently discussed in the scientific literature. The main areas of research concerning the elderly in the context of housing resources are most often related to architectural maladjustments. However, the topic of increasing housing costs in senior households is an important social problem and should be the subject of more research and analysis.

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Komercyjne domy seniora w Polsce a gerontechnologia – wyniki badań

Author(s): Marcin Boruta / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to present the concept of the silver economy and basic solutions in the field of gerontechnology utilised in senior housing, as well as to depict the situation in commercial retirement homes in Poland in terms of the use of devices related to gerontechnology. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted literature studies in the field of demography, the concept of the silver economy and gerontechnology. Additionally, an empirical study has been carried out with the use of a standardised questionnaire. The research population consisted of institutions providing round-the-clock care for disabled, chronically ill or elderly people. These institutions operate as part of business activity or paid statutory activity from at least January 1, 2017, with minimum 75% of the total population being people aged 65 and older. Findings: The sector of private retirement homes in Poland takes advantage of technological solutions to improve the quality of life of residents and the level of services provided. However, the catalogue of existing solutions is significantly limited and used primarily to support and monitor health. Solutions for the automation and control of the home environment are applied to a small extent, and the use of solutions for the exchange of information and recreation is marginal. Originality and value: The demographic changes taking place in Poland, as well as the growing costs of supporting older population groups and meeting their diverse needs may raise concerns about the productivity of the economy, its competitiveness and the condition of public finances. However, the existing scientific studies and foreign experience allow to conclude that if the silver economy is considered as a field of strategic activities, the existing threats can be perceived as opportunities. Gerontechnology is a vital element of this economy, and modern technological solutions aimed at seniors are an inherent and increasingly popular element of senior housing and will become one of the basic directions for improving the real estate market.

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Polski Ład z perspektywy progresji podatkowej i rozwiązań prorodzinnych

Author(s): Edyta Małecka-Ziembińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the research is to identify, structure and evaluate changes affecting the progressivity and family-friendly nature of personal income tax in Poland, introduced in 2022 as part of the Polish Deal socio-economic program. The analysis takes into account the legal status as of January 1, 2022 (Polish Deal) and changes introduced from July 1, 2022 or January 1, 2023 (Polish Deal 2.0). Design/methodology/approach: The chapter is dominated by a normative approach, but not limited to textual-dogmatic analyses. The aim was to identify the systemic significance of the introduced changes, and the creation of tax law was also analysed. The chapter consists of three points. In the first point, the most important changes to the Polish Deal and its adjustments under the Polish Deal 2.0, which affect the progression and family-oriented nature of personal incometax, were identified and grouped in the table. In the second point, both the nature and the method of implementation of changes in the progressivity of the tax under consideration were assessed. In turn, in the third point, an analogous assessment was made with regard to changes in the pro-family elements of this tax. Findings: The changes introduced to the personal income tax under the Polish Deal and the Polish Deal 2.0 lowered the burden of this tax not only for people with the lowest income, but also for those with medium and high income. These changes, however, have to be considered together with the burden resulting from the health insurance contribution, which until the end of 2021, in part of 7.75% of the contribution base, was tax deductible. As a result, only the lowest-earned taxpayers benefit from the combined changes, for some of them the reduction in income tax becomes neutral, and for high-earned taxpayers – it does not compensate for the additional burden of health insurance, thus exacerbating the tax and contribution progression. Inevitably, the reduction of personal income tax results in lower revenues to the state budget, and moreover, increases the pressure on its expenses in order to compensate local government units for the loss of income due to the percentage share in this tax. In the face of the chronic budget deficit, in the conditions of historically high public debt and rising costs of its servicing, and the accompanying rising inflation, a natural question arises as to how this loss of budget revenues will be compensated. Knowledge of the answer to this question will allow to estimate the full redistributive effect of changes in the socio-economic program of the Polish Deal.

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Участие на населението в доброволни формирования за защита при бедствия

Author(s): Daniela Baleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents the activity of the volunteer formations for disaster protection. The types of volunteers and the specifics of their use are examined. The results of a survey of the disposition of the population towards participating in volunteer formations for disaster protection in municipalities. The activities that the participants in the survey would like to perform, the stimuli, that would potentially increase the participation of the population in such formations and the potential reasons for its limited participation are presented.

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Влиянието на миграционните процеси върху социеталната сигурност в Европа

Author(s): Elislav Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report analyzes the rapidly developing processes in the changed geostrategic environment, which with the beginning of the new century are being activated, changing and emerging as increasingly contradictory. The ever-increasing geopolitical contradictions, both in the global and regional aspects, which pose a threat to the Bulgarian geo space, are investigated. These processes also affect Bulgaria, as a participant in the international security system. For this reason, clarifying their genesis, driving forces and motives would help to build an adequate vision and behavior of the country in an increasingly complicated geopolitical and geostrategic situation. Constantly increasing security threats, risks and challenges have a significant impact on societal security, which is directly dependent on the development of the war in Ukraine and migration processes in Europe.

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Стратегическо значение на Република България – проблеми и предизвикателства

Author(s): Kiril Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Bulgaria occupies a strategic territory playing an important role in the formation of world politics. The challenges arising from this fact outweigh the advantages. Imperial interests intersecting on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, both now and in history, is forced to wage a constant struggle for independence and sovereignty. The post-socialist period allowed the emergence of organized crime, which subsequently grew into international organized criminal groups, the influence of which continues to grow to this day. The positions that the Republic of Bulgaria occupies in the international rankings related to economic indicators, corruption, demography, crime, etc., show that the society is experiencing enormous difficulties in the transition to a Parliamentary Republic and the building of democratic traditions.

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Роля на институционалното образование, алтернативните образователни форми и самоподготовката на обучаемите в системата за национална сигурност

Author(s): Stoyan Cherveniakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The system of generally speaking “standard” and additional or “alternative” education (training), and the form of self-training characteristic of the armed forces, form a complex result necessary for building, maintaining and developing over time the capabilities of the troops and forces with a direct impact on national security. The concept of national security is extremely broad, which is why the current development emphasizes on the specific role of training and especially on the self-training of the personnel. Deduced is the dependence between the level of education and the results in the quality of activity of the systems, and hence the overall level of preparation.

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Жизненият стандарт като критерий за провеждането на успешна икономическа политика в България

Author(s): Yana Stoencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Thе present report has a goal to reveal the territorial differences in the living standards of the population in the districts of the country. To achieve this goal, various indicators are used that reflect the material well-being of the population. The results of the study show that the country has a sustainable economic policy leading to an increase in living standards.

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"Сребърната икономика" в Европа и ролята на социалните иновации за подобряване качеството на живот на потребителите на социални услуги

Author(s): Tanya Vazova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The growing trend of an aging population in Europe highlights the challenges, innovations and new policies needed to improve the lives of older people. The development and use of the available labour potential of all people of working age is an important task to address demographic challenges. We need to prepare and adapt to reality by accepting people over 60+, and sometimes over 50+, as a resource important to society, not a burden. In the conditions of the modern changes two tendencies in relation to the aging population stand out: the opportunity to be useful both for themselves and for society in the new realities, taking into account their activity and "common sense"; the development of the "silver economy", which includes all economic activities related to production, health, social, educational and other services designed to meet the needs and improve the quality of life of older people. The impact of population aging is presented in this report; the concept of the "silver economy" is considered, including a wide range of activities that meet the needs of older people as consumers and presents good innovative practices developed and implemented in some EU member states.

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Подкрепа на Украйна и приносът на България в актуалната стратегическа рамка на НАТО

Author(s): Georgi Stoichkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents the changes in the military-political environment and the emergence of new threats to the North Atlantic alliance that have not existed since the Cold War. It examines NATO’s position on the conflict in Ukraine and the possibility of comprehensive assistance to the country, NATO’s response to the threat, position of Bulgaria. The existing options and order for Ukraine’s accession to the Alliance are discussed. The support provided by Bulgaria, as a member of NATO, through its military-industrial complexes.

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Развитие на системата за поуки от практиката в НАТО – поглед отвътре

Author(s): Dimitar Valkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents the results of the review and update of the NATO Lessons Learned System and the organization of the overall capability development process.

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Възможности за провеждане на дистанционно обучение и квалификация в НАТО

Author(s): Ivaylo Ignatov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article provides an overview of the organization and procedure for conducting training to improve the qualifications of military personnel from NATO member countries. The emphasis of the study is placed on the possibilities of conducting

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