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Technological development, including the popularization of the Internet, has resulted in the transfer of many activities to the digital space. Currently, access to the Internet is not only a facilitation, but also a necessary condition for full participation in social, cultural and professional life. Older people, i.e., those after the age of 65, use new technologies to a lesser extent than young people do. Digital exclusion of older people in the face of an increasing number of seniors in the population may in the future be a serious social problem, and, in addition, a loss of a large market for suppliers of goods and services. The purpose of the article is to indicate the reasons for both the lack of interest and the lack of use of an online sales channel by people over 65 years of age. Focus studies showed the growing role of soft factors in the e-purchase exclusion of older people. At present, in Poland, lack of access to a computer or the Internet is not a basic barrier to making purchases over the Internet by seniors. The most frequently indicated reasons for not choosing to make purchases through this sales channel were the lack of the ability to make a transaction, being used to the traditional form of shopping, security concerns, and distrust shown to sellers.
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Financial exclusion is defined by the European Committee as a situation in which a person encounters difficulties in both access to as well as the usage of financial products and services at the level required to meet his/her needs. The idea beyond is also to enable them to lead a normal social life. It is necessary to point out that the access to financial products is understood as a possibility to use them under reasonable economic conditions. Among those most endangered by financial exclusion are, inter alia, elderly people because their reluctance to accept new technologies and opportunities provided by financial markets is much bigger than that one of younger generations. There is much evidence for that statement, some of it being the ratio of underbanked elderly people which in Poland for the aged 55-64 and over 65 is 32% and 57% respectively, with the average for the whole country population - approx. 23%. The question arises as for the reasons for such a situation and that is why the aim of this paper is to analyse the existence of barriers in the access to financial products and to verify their influence on the diagnosed higher level of financial exclusion of the generation 50+. To analyse the factors influencing behaviours of senior citizens on the financial markets, the research in the form of questionnaire sent to the group of approx. 380 citizens of the Lublin region in Poland was conducted. The results indicate that, while cooperating with financial institution, elderly people are aware of the barriers they meet such as modern technology, a professional and incomprehensible language, extensive or scarce range of banking services ,etc.
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Although the Polish economy, labour market and retirement system have been going through serious changes over the last thirty years, the effective retirement age in Poland is still relatively low. The aim of the paper was to evaluate if the main reasons to retire among Polish pensioners have been changing through time. The analysis is based on the qualitative research carried out in November 2017 in a form of individual in-depth interviews (IDI) with seniors in different age groups (65-74; 75-84; 85+) for whom the old-age pension is a main source of income. Preliminary results have shown that seniors, despite of their age, tended to retire as soon as possible. Respondents aged 65-74 often indicated that during retirement they were continuing economic activity for a few years and some of them, who quickly retired and did not continue their work, expressed the opinion that from the perspective of time it was a wrong decision. Seniors in older ages (75+) reported disability or health problems as an important reason of early retirement and leaving the labour market (transition from disability pension to old-age pension was treated as a natural path). This factor was less visible in opinions of younger retires. Few of them pointed out that they retired as they wanted to take the advantage of a leisure time. A retrospective look at pension decisions indicated as the results of the conducted study may provide some interesting conclusions for public policies in the field of pension systems.
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İnsan hayatının son gelişim basamağı olarak kabul edilen, büyüme ve gelişme tamamlandıktan sonra doku ve organların yıpranması olarak da tanımlanan yaşlılık, kişiye göre değişen bir dönemi ifade etmekte olup doğum ile ölüm arasında evrensel bir süreçtir. Yaşlanmanın biyolojik ve kronolojik olarak ikiye ayrıldığı görülür. Kronolojik yaş tüm bireyler için aynı iken biyolojik yaş kişilere göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda yaşlanma durumunda olan bireyler fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden incelenmektedir. Günümüzde yaşlılık konusu geriatri ve gerontoloji bilimleri tarafından incelenmektedir. Geriatri yaşlılık ve hastalıklarını, gerontoloji yaşlanma olayını konu edinmektedir. Yaşlanma fizyolojisi olarak da tanımlanan gerontoloji bilimi yaşlanmanın bireylere yönelik olarak fizyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik ve toplumsal etkilerini incelemektedir.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate the subjective aspects of the quality of life and local conditions for living in the area of the Local action group Podhůří Železných hor. In order to achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Also interviews with selected actors and discussion meetings with the public were used. Where participatory methods of public involvement were used. Participatory methods of public participation were useful in the discussion meetings. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Standard methods were used for evaluation - basic statistical and thematic analysis. Thanks to the used methods, the local context was included in the evaluation. The highest rated area was nature and natural environment. Conversely, interpersonal relationships were the worst rated. According to the results, most need to improve are non-motorized transport and social services for seniors.
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Older adults are the group vulnerable to various form of exclusion including – among others - the workplace, in the healthcare system, the insurance system, in culture or in digital world. Inclusive actions which – due to the demographic trends - are undertaken globally, have been limited due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The coronavirus has touched – directly or non-directly – every single person, forcing them to modify, to stop or to undertake new activities. In many areas its consequences are negative - the pandemic deepened the existing inequalities in such areas as: medical (difficulty in treating conditions other than COVID-19, increasing crisis in the health care system), socio-cultural (limitation of social contacts and in the use of cultural goods and services), economic (job losses and increasing unemployment, bankruptcy of companies, financial state interventions), religious and spiritual (isolation, difficulty in participation in religious ceremonies), political (deepening of socio-political divides du to restrictions, changes in national and international arrangements of political powers). The pandemic increased social isolation of older adults, which they had very often previously experienced. From the beginning, media broadcast underlined that older adults are particular group of people, that should be protected. Thus, many restrictions and recommendation have been implemented, which eventually has led to loneliness. In the paper we present selected results of the study on psychosocial and health consequences of isolation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic among persons aged 55+. The data will show, how the pandemic has changed the situation of respondents in the area of social activity and social contacts being – to some extent – a factor of social exclusion.
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the longevity economy in terms of two critical demographic trends – one is related to the increasing number of older people worldwide, and the other is associated with the lengthening of human life (a.k.a. longevity) driven by advancement in medicine and health care. Both trends have a profound impact on the economy and society. Based upon demographic statistics and other relevant economic data, the paper will bring to the attention selected age-related issues such as labor market and retirement, productivity, consumption, finance, etc. By investigating these issues, busting myths about older persons and their negative impact on the economy along the way, we are considering this cohort of people to be a resource, not a burden to the economy and society, providing that government becomes more proactive in designing policies that are inclusive and supportive of older people. The same holds for the business sector when considering the goods and services provided for older people and by older people. Acknowledging the potential of older people, one can consider longevity beneficial to current and future economic prosperity.
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For more than 15 years, I have been working with different organizations to help them develop their purpose and business based on the positive and negative implications of increased lifespan, which I call the longevity dividend. From what I see worldwide, as the result of a global network of contacts, I understand very clearly the implications of people’s increasing lifespans. I understand that it is essential for countries to have a strategy that goes far beyond the social inclusion of older people and that has a strong economic component and global competitiveness. In this article, written based on my professional experience, I intend to reflect on these implications to promote a broader, practical, and strategic view on the themes of longevity and aging as a way of guaranteeing, as far as possible, social sustainability, and the economic development of countries.
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The paper poses the following research question: Can palladium be part of a stock portfolio to diversify, hedge, reduce risk, or increase return? If so, which of the above can be applied? Since the paper is part of the broader research on various possibilities of retirement investments, the analysis is conducted in the long run. It aims to show that not only gold or silver can be helpful in retirement portfolio management but also less appreciated kinds of precious metals like palladium. Usually, scientific papers are devoted to one of the two most popular metals, i.e., gold or silver, and the authors treat others concisely. The strength of this paper is that palladium is studied in detail and not just as one of many precious metals. As a result, the paper gives a new insight into long-term investments.
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The aging population and older entrepreneurs represent society’s greatest demographic and social changes. The older population today is much more vital and educated, and they have more community-funded educational opportunities than in the past. Their experience from previous jobs and the expertise they have gained throughout their working lives give them a boost and a belief in success. Although researchers are interested in this topic, there is a lack of an overview of the work published over the past decade and guidelines for future research. This paper aims to identify and systematize the knowledge of scholars who have researched entrepreneurship among older adults using mixed methods that will provide a complete picture of this topic. One of the assumptions in this paper was that the primary goal of market implementation of an entrepreneurial idea among older people is usually not related to earnings but to the need to continue being useful to their family and society. Some start their entrepreneurial activities later because they finished their professional career earlier or are unemployed. However, some want to realize their dreams that they could not have realized during their working life. The study’s limitations are a small number of papers published on this topic and the availability of the papers, as many of them are not freely available.
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As the global population is aging and there are no signs of a trend reversal, research on senior entrepreneurship is emerging and becoming more eminent in scientific literature. On the practical side, policymakers are attempting to better utilize the under-represented senior entrepreneurs for economic growth and development. One promising way to achieve this goal is to better understand why some senior entrepreneurs establish and manage high-technology firms. On such a basis, several studies have been published that represent the first steps toward understanding such a complex matter. This chapter is part of the research stream that explores the relationship between senior and technology entrepreneurship. It does so by looking at the specific entrepreneurial context present in Slovenia and Croatia. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey data, ordered logistic regression analysis shows that senior entrepreneurship is not a significant antecedent of technology entrepreneurs. In addition, among the significant predictors, managerial skills and fear of failure have discrepant effects on technology entrepreneurship. Despite the inherent limitations of the dataset, the general conclusion about the importance of context in the development of senior entrepreneurship and technology entrepreneurship is valid. Subsequent research can test the hypotheses presented in this chapter in other contexts and develop theories about why the observed effects differ from a macro and micro perspective.
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According to the latest census of 2021, 22.45% of the population of the Republic of Croatia is 65 years and older. This age structure is fully in line with the trends on the global market. The question arises as to whether the trends in tourism for the elderly in the Republic of Croatia follow the global trends. The available time of the elderly population opens up significant opportunities for the tourism and vacation sector. The question is to what extent the older population segment is recognized as a segment with the potential for developing a specific marketing strategy and whether these data can extend the tourist season in the Republic of Croatia and/or offer new products intended primarily for this market segment. The first part of the paper gives a scientific overview of research in the field of tourism of the elderly population. Based on the analysis of the conducted research, a questionnaire was developed, the research was conducted, and the applicability of the research on the territory of the Republic of Croatia was checked. Finally, concluding thoughts are made on how travel agencies and hotels should deal with the elderly population as a potentially increasingly important market segment.
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According to the latest research, the number of users of digital technologies, the Internet, and social networks grows yearly. Among them are many older people. In January 2023, there were 5.16 billion Internet users worldwide, 64.4% of the global population. Of this total, 4.76 billion, or 59.4% of the world’s population, were social media users (Statista, 2023). The number of Internet users aged 50 to 64 in Croatia from 2014 to 2022 has grown from 31% to 59%. Statista (2012) states that “the European questionnaire on Information and Communication Technologies Data reveals a disparity between the Internet usage of people from different age groups. Although present in most countries, this disparity differs widely in its severity. In 2020, 99% of users in Croatia between 16 and 24 years used the Internet daily. Furthermore, 98% of people between the age of 25 and 34 used the Internet daily, according to the survey. Ninety-two percent of people between 35 and 44 also use the Internet daily. The share of people between 45 and 54 and between 55 and 64 were lower than among the other age groups, with 80% of the first and 59% of the oldest age group using the Internet daily.” With the significant and rapid increase in Internet users, there is also the question of their knowledge of the functioning of media and digital technologies, which is related to issues of digital and media literacy, which is becoming one of the essential topics in the 21st century. Therefore, the present article deals with the habits of people of the third age using digital technologies. It is based on research in which people aged 60 to 85 were examined by an online survey from March 15 to April 23, 2023. The research was carried out with the help of Matica umirovljenika Hrvatske and other institutions and associations for older people. One hundred forty-seven respondents participated in the research, who answered questions related to the level of their technical (digital) competencies related to the use of digital media technologies, and to questions related to the level of media and information literacy among citizens of the third-age of life in the Republic of Croatia.
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The new media age and contemporary media platforms have raised the valorization of youth and the term “anti-age” to a new level. It is suspected that external factors such as the images shown in the media, the possibility of photo editing, and the unrealistic presentation of one’s appearance on social platforms are responsible for the increasing presence of anxiety disorders related to the fear of aging. This type of anxiety disorder is often referred to in academic literature as gerontophobia, gerascophobia, and midorexia. This research examines the contribution of the media and social networks to aging anxiety in women aged 30 to 50 years. The paper also explores the influence of the media and social networks on hostility toward the elderly, or gerontophobia. Fear of aging, gerascophobia, and midorexia as pressures to maintain a constant appearance of physical youth, regardless of age, were also examined. For this work, a pilot study was conducted with two focus groups. This pilot study is the basis for a survey to be conducted as part of future research that would explain the relationship between cultural and aesthetic standards set by modern media and the increase in anti-aging pressures on women.
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This paper is a message to all to ensure that older people can age with dignity and equality in a healthy environment. Let us change the views and thoughts about aging to promote healthy aging and improve the lives of older people. Our society is living faster and the population is aging at a galloping pace. Are their needs being met, and to what extent? Do they have access to all the resources necessary for a dignified life? What are the barriers that prevent their full participation in society? The answers should be sought globally, in their communities and families! Let us raise our voices and adapt the communities physically and economically to the elderly! Talk about preventing ageism in the media, which is according to research, more biased toward younger people. How can the gap between younger people and “OK Boomers”, a famous example of ageism, be bridged internationally? Let us look at social isolation, ignorance, and activities through data collection, definition of goals, and outcomes in the in-home care setting. Ask yourself: What have I done about the above? This paper aims to raise awareness and encourage reflection on stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory behaviors related to ageism and aging that we all face.
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A network is a collection of points joined in pairs by lines. In graph theory, the points are called vertices, and the lines are called edges. Also, a network is a representation that reduces some systems to an abstract structure containing only the required properties we want to provide. Vertices and edges in a network can be labeled with additional information, such as names or weights, which determine the system more precisely. This paper reviews the application of graph theory and mathematical methods to model biological networks and to study the aging process. Aging is a complex phenomenon that occurs at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, and understanding the mechanisms that drive aging requires a system-level approach. Biological networks, including protein-protein interaction networks, genetic regulatory networks, and metabolic networks, play a critical role in aging. Graph theory provides a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing complex networks, and mathematical methods can be used to simulate the dynamics of these networks during aging.
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The research topic of this paper is social welfare for older people. Social services in the social welfare system improve the quality of life for socially vulnerable groups. The fact that people aged 65 and over made up 20.6% of the population of the Republic of Croatia in 2019, with a projected increase to 30.2% by 2050 (MROSP, 2021), shows the importance of research on older people. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the availability of social services within the Croatian social welfare system for older people. Data in this paper were collected from secondary sources (databases of relevant institutions and their publications, as well as books, articles, and online sources in the field of social policy). The research results can serve as guidelines for future action and the development of policies tailored to the needs and welfare of older people.
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Death represents the end point of aging and life is an inherent part of nature. However, it is also of great importance in many areas of law. As a legal fact, death is essential in civil law and in legal relations governed by civil law. In bioethical scientific circles, the final point of life has come to the fore, which is of the utmost importance for civil law. In civil law, it is crucial to determine the exact moment of death because since Roman law, death has been a fact that determines the end of a person’s legal subjecthood, causes legal affairs mortis causa to take effect, is one of the main prerequisites of inheritance law, and causes certain uninheritable rights and obligations to cease. The first part of this paper will focus on particular bioethical, legal, and medical issues concerning death. The second part will focus on the civil law regulation of death in Roman (private) law. Finally, the third part will deal with the consequences of death in certain parts of contemporary civil law, as well as with natural persons and their legal subjecthood.
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The aging of the world’s population is an issue of concern to people worldwide. Therefore, in our paper, starting from theology, we will try to explain why our population is getting older. At the same time, we will attempt to give some solutions to reduce the aging of the population. The starting point for our analysis, and thus the methodology of the paper, will be the theological analysis of selected parts of the Bible that can shed some light on the problem of population aging. In addition to biblical texts, our paper will use insights from other theological disciplines such as pastoral theology. Hence, we believe that the cause of population aging is first of all the state of mind of a nation. Aging is a self-explanatory sociological phenomenon that greatly affects people’s spirituality.
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