Simmelova kritika moderne

Author(s): Spahija Kozlić / Language(s): Bosnian

This book represents a result of a longstanding research of the German thinker Georg Simmel’s philosophical-sociological standpoints and his influence on the twentieth century social thought. The approach to the research of Simmel’s philosophical image of the world is primarily of monographic character, and there are two reasons for that. First, Georg Simmel’s name is almost unknown in philosophical, and even sociological, circles in the broader space of the Balkans. Presentation of his entire opus was thus in itself the imposed task. Second, decoupage of Simmel’s standpoints out of many postmetaphysical currents from the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, even though being a hard task represents a big challenge for a researcher. Because, this thinker, although often partially said and full of allusions, by opening the new horizons through analysis of phenomena of everyday life in modern era, directed the philosophical interest into multiple new currents, but also adhered to the analysis of philosophy from the angle of critique of its foundational concept. Simmel’s influence on the Frankfurt School’s speculative starting points, existentialist philosophy, phenomenology and, of course, establishment of specialized sociological disciplines aren’t thus surprising.

O ogledalima, ružama i ništavilu. Koncept vremena i prolaznosti u kulturi baroknog doba

Author(s): Jelena Todorović / Language(s): Serbian

O ogledalima, ružama i ništavilu je prvo sveobuhvatno, interdisciplinarno razmatranje velike, a skoro zanemarene teme kulturne istorije, pitanja vremena i prolaznosti u baroku. Autorka jasno pokazuje da je barokni čovek egzistirao u razmeđi dvaju velikih vremenskih polariteta, između večnosti i prolaznosti. Knjiga obuhvata izuzetan opseg: istorija umetnosti je konstantno obasjana poređenjima sa savremenom poezijom.

Theoretical frameworks in the study of press advertisements: Polish, English and Chinese perspective

Author(s): Adam Wojtaszek / Language(s): English

There are several aspects in which the present book is unique. First of all, it tests the analytic potential of theoretical concepts and constructs which have not yet been applied to the analysis of the advertising discourse, although such a possibility was envisaged by some of the authors (e.g. Giora, 2003). Secondly, it offers a comparative elaboration of advertising corpora from three different cultural backgrounds: Polish, British and Chinese; a combination which has not yet been, to the best of my knowledge, covered in literature. Finally, it is also heavily biased towards critical methodological reflection, exposing many aspects of making certain choices vis-à-vis the analytic perspective and material. It was possible, thanks to the application of such a viewpoint, to unmask and appreciate the contribution of the observer effect in the study of the advertising discourse. Especially in the context of application of the Politeness framework to the analysis of commercials the book has managed to demonstrate how big may be the impact of the way of viewing. The evaluation of the practicality, usefulness and common sense of such applications is left to the readers, who may disagree with the author in this respect. The book unfolds in three stages. In the first chapter the contributions of particular types of selective focus applied in the study of advertisements are presented and critically evaluated. In particular, the impacts of choices pertaining to the object of the study, the preference for the approach (bottom-up versus top-down) and the alternatives implicit in opting for the content analysis or the investigation of responses were examined. The second chapter elaborates on an attempt to look at the advertising discourse from the perspective of Politeness Theory, as a peculiar forms of communication between the advertiser and the recipients. Following an extensive discussion of the applicability of the framework and the necessary methodological modifications, a two-step study is presented in which Polish, British and Chinese participants were reflectively commenting on a selection of press advertisements from three corresponding corpora. The subsequent comparative investigation of their responses allowed for identification of language- and culturerelated idiosyncrasies. The third chapter, which is the most extensive, is divided into two major parts. The first one draws upon Giora’s (2003) Graded Salience Hypothesis in proposing the constructs of static and dynamic salience which are subsequently used in the analysis of the corpora, followed by the investigation of Optimal Innovation Hypothesis applied to selected advertisements. In the second part of the third chapter, Kecskes’s (2008) model is applied to the description of advertisements from Polish, British and Chinese newspapers and magazines. In particular, the notion of context is decomposed into several distinct sub-categories, conveniently summarising and explicating the contributions offered by each of them.

ROZKOSZ ZEMSTY

Author(s): Lech M. Nijakowski / Language(s): Polish

Książka poświęcona jest ludobójstwom, czystkom etnicznym i masakrom. Autor stara się wyjaśnić, w jaki sposób dochodzi do tych krwawych aktów zbiorowej przemocy – jak mobilizowani są ludzie i zasoby. W pracy opisano i porównano 12 różnych przypadków ludobójstw totalnych i częściowych – od ludobójstwa Indian w drugiej połowie XIX-wieku w Stanach Zjednoczonych po rzeź Tutsi i Twa w Rwandzie w 1994 roku. Jest to pierwsza praca polskiego autora przedstawiająca tak rozległą socjologiczną komparatystykę ludobójstw. Wypracowany w niej model wyjaśniania został odniesiony do przypadku zemsty na Niemcach po II wojnie światowej. Autor pokazuje dlaczego – mimo różnych zbrodni i okrucieństw – nie doszło do ludobójstwa Niemców. Wykorzystuje w tym celu m.in. 60 wywiadów pogłębionych i narracyjnych ze świadkami epoki. Silną stroną książki jest transdycyplinarność i odwołanie się w niej do szerokiej perspektywy dziejowej, właściwej socjologii historycznej.Jako historyka zainteresował mnie odnotowany przez Autora wpływ ludobójstwa na dalszą historię społeczności – co jest fragmentem szerszego tematu oddziaływania przeszłości na przyszłość. Idzie nie tylko o zjawiska demograficzne. Idzie także o punkt odniesienia społeczności, o traktowanie przeszłości jako czynnika jednoczącego grupę. Te zagadnienia Autor przedstawia wysoce interesująco. (...) Zdecydowanie popieram ideę publikacji omawianej pracy. Uważam, że może mieć ona duże znaczenie dla dalszego kierunku rozwoju polskiej humanistyki.

MODI MEMORANDI. LEKSYKON KULTURY PAMIĘCI

Author(s): Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska,Robert Traba,Joanna Kalicka / Language(s): Polish

Nie ma tego rodzaju leksykonu w literaturze polskiej i światowej. Opracowało go wspólnie 101 autorów, wśród których są historycy, socjologowie, kulturoznawcy i przedstawiciele innych dyscyplin nauk humanistycznych i społecznych, pracujący w kilkudziesięciu ośrodkach naukowych w Polsce i za granicą. Przedmiotem 180 haseł tej publikacji są język i tradycja badań pamięci. Leksykon porządkuje wiedzę na temat form reprezentacji historii, jej kulturowego znaczenia oraz obecności przeszłości w teraźniejszości.

PRZESTRZEŃ PUBLICZNA A PRZEMIANY MIASTA

Author(s): Małgorzata Dymnicka / Language(s): Polish

Przestrzeń publiczna, której rodowód sięga czasów starożytności, należy do tych obszarów miejskiej struktury, o których można powiedzieć, że pozwalają na doświadczanie obecności Innych. Dzięki takich cechom, jak otwartość, dostępność, czytelność, można się w niej znaleźć z osobistym bagażem biografii, niebędącym przeszkodą dla pozostałych jej użytkowników. W ostatnich latach sporo miejsca w dyskursie publicznym zajmuje kwestia zaniku, upadku, ale też odrodzenia przestrzeni publicznej. Dynamika kapitalizmu i związana z nim globalizacja, zawrotne tempo przemian w dziedzinie technologii informacyjnej i komunikacji powodują, że dawny porządek oparty na sztywnych podziałach prywatne–publiczne traci powoli na znaczeniu. Odrzucając dwa skrajne stanowiska: z jednej strony apokaliptyczną wizję upadku przestrzeni publicznej, z drugiej zaś – bezkrytyczne jej odrodzenie, w książce podjęto próbę pokazania, że każda z tych perspektyw rodzi różne konceptualizacje, transformacje i rekonstrukcje o charakterze przestrzennym, społecznym i kulturowym, wpisując się w szerszy projekt kształtowania współczesnych tożsamości miasta.

In Search of the Self: Reconciling the Past and the Present in Immigrants’ Experience

Author(s): Larisa Fialkova,Maria Yelenevskaya / Language(s): English

This book is a follow-up to our project devoted to personal narratives of ex-Soviets in Israel. Our original plan was to collect previously published articles dealing with immigration issues but differing from the main themes of our book Ex-Soviets in Israel: From Personal Narratives to a Group Portrait (Fialkova & Yelenevskaya 2007). The themes of immigrants in the city, attitude to law, immigrants’ literature and humor were touched upon but not developed in depth in that volume.They were researched in a number of papers written later (Fialkova &Yelenevskaya 2006, 2006a, 2011, 2012, Yelenevskaya & Fialkova 2006,2008) and discussed in our presentations at 11 scholarly conferences.However, when we re-read the articles we realized that the situation in the Russian-speaking community was so dynamic that studies conducted three-five years ago should be seriously revised and updated.

WARTOŚCI I ZMIANY

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish

Procesy przekształceń ustrojowych w Polsce oraz integracji i rozszerzania Unii Europejskiej skłaniają do stawiania pytań, jak zmieniają się w tym czasie wartości Polaków, ich przekonania o tym, co jest cenne, dobre i ważne, a także o tym, w jaki sposób można i należy te wartości osiągać. Autorzy zebranych tu prac podjęli zadanie sprawdzenia hipotez przewidujących różne kierunki zmian wartości w Polsce i w innych krajach Europy. Odwołując się do danych z międzynarodowych badań porównawczych europejskich wartości (European Values Study), pokazują zarówno wspólne trendy zmian, jak i odstępstwa od nich, wahania i załamania. Odkrywają złożoność relacji między zmianami gospodarczymi, społecznymi i politycznymi zachodzącymi w Polsce i innych krajach europejskich a przekształceniami wartości i postaw ich mieszkańców. Ujawniają sprzeczności, niespójności i rozbieżności w tych procesach, stanowiące potencjalne źródła napięć i konfliktów.

KOBIETY (W) NAUCE

Author(s): Aleksandra Derra / Language(s): Polish

Przyglądam się krytycznie nauce, bo zależy mi, by jej praktyki były lepsze. Życzę sobie, naiwnie i utopijnie, by jej wytwory, niezaprzeczalnie obdarzone potencjałem emancypacyjnym, można było wykorzystywać do naprawiania świata, a przynajmniej jego kawałków.Feminizm rozumiany jako interwencje jest dobrą ilustracją zamiany pierwszoosobowego doświadczenia wykluczenia na działania, które służą poszerzaniu wolności innych, pomnażaniu wspólnego dobra. Jest doskonałym dowodem na to, że teoria filozoficzna może nie tylko usensawniać świat i współtworzyć kulturę, lecz także zmotywować do zmiany życia zbiorowego i panujących w nim praktyk.

Perswazja w telewizyjnej reklamie społecznej. Studium socjologiczne

Author(s): Ewa Kurzeja / Language(s): Polish

The book is devoted to the phenomenon of persuasiveness in television public service advertisements. The said type of advertisements is aimed at prompting particular socially desirable attitudes or persuading members of the audience to cease their socially undesirable behaviour. Therefore, such campaigns serve to transform currently existing reality and disseminate knowledge related to social phenomena and to engage audience in social matters.The monograph is composed of seven chapters, complemented with introduction and summarising section, along with an extensive bibliography, and the lists of tables and figures appearing therein. First four chapters, written on the basis of rich literature on the subject in question, are of theoretical character. In a form of an outline, they present the history of advertising and its defining features, fundamental issues involving contemporary advertisements and their role in shaping public opinion; but also important questions falling into the scope of public service marketing, its origin, devices, and functions performed by it. Another discussed issue are the methods of exerting influence by mean of a message contained in an advertisement, which are synonymous with persuasion and targeted at changing the members of the audience’s attitudes. The chapter concluding this part of the publication deals with persuasion in public service advertisements directly. Polish public service advertisements, characterised according to their problematic, are presented in the said chapter, along with the discussion of the means of persuasion used in them, particularly: the formal concept, auditory, verbal and visual layers, and a type of protagonists featured.Part two of the book, which is empirically oriented, presents the author’s own research relating to the public service advertisements broadcasted in Poland in the years 2005–2010. The proper research sample (n = 99) was obtained on the basis of the probabilistic random sampling method. The formulated research problem is the role of public service advertisements in the process of shaping social awareness as well as the members of the audience’s attitudes. What was set as the research aim, was the analysis of particular advertisements’ contents and the comparative analysis thereof. Chapter five discusses the research method used (content analysis), the technique devised by the author (categorization key), and the implemented methods of analysis and interpretation of the obtained data. Chapter six, in turn, presents a model analysis of the phenomenon of persuasion in television public service advertising. Additionally, it gives a demonstration of research material collected in the course of the study, subsequently ordered in accordance with suitable criteria and complemented with commentaries constituting an attempt at comprehensive overview regarding the collected data. The final chapter contains both the analysis and the interpretation of the conducted research. By means of categorization keys, the chapter provides a description of distinctive themes present in the analysed advertisements, as well as the issues addressed in them. The advertising spots were classified with reference to their length, the period in which the campaigns containing them were conducted, and the territorial scope of their broadcasting (all-Poland, regional, local). What is more, the analysis of the advertising spots’ contents wasperformed, taking into account: the addressee thereof, the means of expression used, and a type of protagonist featured. Crucial part of the chapter is a detailed discussion of particularmeans of persuasion devised in the advertising spots under analysis. The presented researchresults were supplemented with relevant commentaries, indicating the weighty aspects of agiven question along with the presentation of selected examples and the author’s own interpretation of the observed interrelations. In concluding remarks, the research results and the their analysis were summarised and confronted with the initially forwarded hypotheses.

Українська народна культура: християнський вимір

Author(s): Polina Evaldivna Gerchanivska / Language(s): Ukrainian

Монографія присвячена дослідженню актуальної проблеми культурології — народної релігійної культури, як важливого детермінанта стабілізації і консолідації української спільноти. Увага фокусується на теоретичних і практичних аспектах: осми¬сленні змісту і ролі цього феномену в соціокультурній регуляції суспільства; його етновизначаючій, соціалізуючій і інкультуру- ючій функціях у процесі соціоґенезу. Окремий напрямок дослі-дження — функціонування народної релігійної культури в архі¬тектоніці глобалізації. Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і магістрантів, а також всіх, хто цікавиться проблемою української народної релігійної культури.

Західноєвропейська духовна пісня на Східнослов’янських землях у XVII-XIX століттях

Author(s): Olga Leonidivna Zosim / Language(s): Ukrainian

Монографію присвячено малодослідженій у сучасній музичній науці проблемі західноєвропейських впливів у східнослов’янській (і, зокрема, українській) духовній пісенності. У центрі уваги автора – жанр духовної пісні, що розглядається у широкому контексті як явище художньої та церковної культури. Значну увагу приділено літургічному чиннику як одному з провідних у процесі створення східнослов’янського духовно-пісенного репертуару. Багато явищ церковної музичної культури набули нової інтерпретації. Вагому частку становить новий текстовий та музичний матеріал з історії східнослов’янської духовної пісенності. Як підсумок багаторічної роботи джерелознавчого та текстологічного характеру у монографії подано створений на основі українських, білоруських та російських рукописних пісенників XVII-XIX століть системний інципітний каталог західноєвропейських духовних пісень, що увійшли до східнослов’янського духовно-пісенного репертуару. Для музикознавців, культурологів, філологів – мовознавців та літературознавців, літургістів, а також для широкого кола читачів, що цікавляться українською культурою XVII–XIX століть.

Соціологія музею: презентація на тлі простору і часу

Author(s): O. Aheyeva,O. Anufriyev,N. Babenko,S. Hrinchenko,Ya. Lyah,N. Kapustina,Viktor Vasylovych Karpov,T. Kucayeva,A. Nebeska,O. Pohodyashha,H. Rudyk,N. Horska,N. Cymbalyuk,L. Chuprij,T. Yacechko-Blazhenko,L. Hrifen,Viktor Konstantynov,O. Tytova,S. Curkan / Language(s): Ukrainian

У монографії оприлюднені наукові результати дослідження соціології музеїв відомих у соціологічній науці та музеєзнавстві авторів. Мета монографії полягає у презентації нового наукового напряму – соціології музеїв, що дозволить об’єднати множинність розрізнених знань про музеї, напрацьованих у сучасній гуманітаристиці, у єдину систему, виокремити новий напрям наукового знання, а також визначити соціальну місію та перспективи розвитку музеїв у новому українському суспільстві.

Музички жаргон младих и Молодежный музыкальный сленг. Компаративни поглед

Author(s): Sofija Miloradović / Language(s): Serbian

This monograph considers a type of the youth slang which refers to the world of music as one of the very important interest areas of the young people (some of whom are deeply involved in it while others are just gathered around it), and which also labels them as members of the particular social group, serving them too ― which is here less important ― as a tool for affirming themselves within the group. Namely, it is about the young adults whose way of speech witnesses the way how they feel, experience and interprete the musical reality. This heterogeneous group of the young people, who may differ in social background and educational level, do share, however, a common communication code (lexicon) relative to the musical context. The monograph presents how the slang lexemes listed in the appended Serbian and Russian music mini-lexicons have been created or, in particular, (1) the models of their structure formation, including the productivity and frequency of some suffixes, their meaning/function, as well as characteristic details from the derivation point of view; (2) their semantic motivation for naming certain entities. The chapter entitled Obratni muzički pogled na žargonizme [A "Reverse Musical View" on the Slang Lexemes] analyses the slang use of musical terms for naming various non-music entities and concepts. Finally, a comparative analysis of the two mini-lexicons has been undertaken on a synchronic perspective in order to highlight the basic structural correspondences between the music slangs of the young people from the two Slavic milieus.

Еластичен (пост)секуларизъм

Author(s): Anna Krasteva / Language(s): Bulgarian

Interkulturni (kon)tekst bosanskohercegovačke interliterarne zajednice

Author(s): Šeherzada Džafić / Language(s): Bosnian

The interculturality advocated by philosophers from ancient civilizations is gaining even more importance nowadays, because the deletion of borders and striving for global unification require the strengthening of cultural communities and their interaction with others. The cultural communities that went through the unification phase in their past and then the disunion, those that converted from large multicultural communities into less intercultural and interliterary communities are South Slavic literatures. The intercultural study of the South Slavic interdisciplinary community has its foundations in Slovak literary historiography where the concept of intercultural study is offered and elaborated by the Slovak comparativist Dionyz Ďurišin. Looking up to the German cultural and literary practice, Ďurišin introduced the terms intercultural and interliterary in the literary theory and elaborated the interliterary communities, pointing out that one of the forms of literary-historical synthesis of general creations such as the interliterary communities is the study of their individual components under the conditions of their reciprocity. In the central South Slavic interliterary community (especially in Bosnian and Croatian literatures), looking up to some aspects of German and Slovak literature, Zvonko Kovac supports such an approach and emphasizes – Kovac believes that this cultural dialogue, or literary production, has taken place more and more in internationally-dependent societies – in specific interliterary communities – through a specific interliterary process. In this regard, we come up to two possible directions in the diachronic and synchronic study of literature. The first direction leads us to national concepts in which culture (including literature and other arts) closes into its own circle, not allowing to expand and enrich. Contrary to it, the second direction allows interaction that liberates culture and makes it accessible. The first concept in the practice until now has left cultures poor, while the other has been directed towards enrichment and spreading of ideas and cultural values. This book aims at pointing to the common past, which still gives writers the right to opt for double affiliation and even multiple affiliation to certain cultures within the community, especially in Bosnian culture and literature (on the example of writers such as Mesa Selimovic, Ivo Andric, Branko Copic, Skender Kulenovic, Mirko Kovac and Irfan Horozovic).

Zvol si mou cestu!: Edukační aktivity subkultury freeganů ve veřejném prostoru

Author(s): Kateřina Lojdová / Language(s): Czech

The monography examines freegan subculture as an educator in public space. Freegans are people who employ alternative strategies for living based on limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption of resources. They are active in public space and represent environmental activism through demonstrations, happenings, using online media etc. The research goal was to analyse educational activities by subcultures in public space. The research design is ethnography. Data collecting methods were in-depth interviews with 16 people defining themselves as freegans and participant observation. The researcher spent more than a year in freegan subculture, visiting their activities in public and private sphere and making field notes. Text reveals concept of public pedagogy, which reminds multifarious ways in which the public space can be viewed as a site of educational discourse and defines public pedagogy of freegan subculture. The final part expounds subcultures as unofficial educational agents, acting outsider educational institutions.

«На одно крыло — серебряная, На другое — золотая...» - Памяти Светланы Рябцевой

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Russian

This collection of selected papers is dedicated to the memory of Svetlana S. Ryabtseva (1966—2019), a very pure soul, scholar, archaeologist, leading student of the history of medieval gold-work, costume and jewelry set of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. As both Russian and Moldovan researcher, she took a unique place in science: her stuides became a ‘bridge between East and West’, i.e. between studies of Eastern, South-Eastern and Central Europe. Her life was short, but she left a very good heritage. It consists not only of her outstanding academic writings, but also her true and positive inspiration, which emanated from her and was shared between her family, friends and colleagues. The volume contains papers written by researchers from Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, France and the United Kingdom.

Класици, изгнаници, емигранти

Author(s): Lyubka Lipcheva-Prandzheva / Language(s): Bulgarian

No literature is so big or so small as to exist in one language only. Translation both as an independent research field and as an effective analytical lens lies at the core of this study. The introductory part outlines the wide range of theoretical models which are related to the study of translation transfer (or of translation “paraphrase” should we choose to employ romantic categories). It introduces the concept of translation memory that aims to encompass the complexity of information which a text in translation yields. On one hand these are the particularities of the two contexts in which the translation occurs (the field of literary sociology), on the other these relate to those stylistic choices in the act of translation as an act of interpretation which shape the quality of the cultural transfer (the realm of the poetics of translation). The goal of the study is to demonstrate how efficient the activation of this translation memory is, and can be, for national literary history through the German translations of Bulgarian authors. The case studies included in the book cover nearly 140 years of literary history in Bulgaria – from the first attempts towards constructing a new national literature in the 1880s to current literary events. The approach undertaken here follows and traces the trajectory of dynamically widening readings of national literature. The study bounces off the epicenter of those texts which shape its canonical body(Vazov, Yavorov, Yovkov), then it touches upon the intentional and/or forced residence of authorial texts within the linguistic world of others (Kiril Hristov, Hristo Ognyanov, Dimitar Inkyov in the German speaking context) and concludes with the polyphony of bilingual and/or multilingual writing aimed at multilingual reading (Dimitar Dinev and Iliya Troyanov among a number of others).The translations are discussed through a dynamically changing analytical prism. The case studies rely on the personal archives of the authors as well as their translators and the records of publishing houses; the analysis recruits facts that appear in memoirs and correspondence. The interpretation offers synchronous reading of journalistic, political and literary texts. At times the comparative reading of authorial and translated texts includes the so-called “back” translation which allows us to throw in stark relief the interpretative will of the translator. In some cases comparisons are drawn between translation storylines in other linguistic contexts: Russian, Czech, Croatian, French, etc. When awoken and semantically decoded, translated memory allows for a multifaceted reconstruction of cultural overtones at the respective temporal junction. What is more, it builds visions that are surprisingly different from the familiar (internally contextual) historiographical stories about the same periods (for instance the 1890s, the 1930s or the 1990s). This gradually widening its scope reading focuses on literary identity and its translated construction. The book follows the storylines of those textual/linguistic/cultural transfers which carve the status of the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature for IvanVazov; which lead to the inception of the Tatar-Bulgarian and his coveted Slavs and dream-like or real Germany (in the plural) with Kiril Hristov; which preserve the language of the symbolists so that the Bulgarian biographer of St. Francis could find his tongue (Hristo Ognyanov); which create dissidents, agents, and collectors of worlds… That is, all those figures of Bulgarian literary history that were born in the overtones between at least two languages .

Critical Posthumanism Cloned, Toxic, and Cyborg Bodies in Fiction

Author(s): Pelin Kümbet / Language(s): English

Focusing on three representation of posthuman bodies as cloned bodies in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go (2005), toxic bodies in Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People (2007), and cyborg bodies in Justina Robson’s Natural History (2004) from the theoretical perspectives of posthuman definition of what it means to be human, this study discusses the changing concept of the body. In this context, the integral and dynamic connection between a human body and the world is of special significance, which opens up new possibilities to reconfigure the human body that is no longer conceded separate from the nonhuman world but embodied in it. Each of the novels significantly displays the in-betweenness of humans by making them interact with chemical substances, machines, and other nonhuman entities, and shows how clear-cut distinctions between the human and the nonhuman bodies have collapsed.