„Rame di Pollana" Spišsko-gemerská meď vo Flámsku a v Benátkach v prvej tretine 14. storočia

Author(s): Martin Štefánik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

Exporting of copper from eastern Slovakia through Poland and the Hanseatic ports on the Baltic coast to Flanders is documented from the 1320s and 1330s at a time when convoys of galleys operated between Venice and Flanders. As a result of its transit through Poland, it was called “Polish copper” (Rame de Pollana). It represented one of the important types of copper on the market at Bruges, from where it was transported in the form of rectangular plates to Venice. According to documents preserved in Venice from the papers of the copper merchant N. Paolini, he sold 108 centnars (= c. 5.15 tonnes) of Rame de Pollana in 1324. In the Venetian foundries, it is mentioned in 1334 as one of the five basic types imported to the city. These records show that this trade was profitable in spite of the long voyage around Europe.

Верска политика Стефана Драгутина Немањића у светлу српске и хрватске историографије

Author(s): Nemanja Cvitkovac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

This paper analyzes the attitudes of Serbian and Croatian scientific historiography from XIX century until present days, regarding the Serbian King Stefan Dragutin’s religious policy. For about 150 years, in which these two historiographieshave been dealing with the personality of Stefan Dragutin, judgments on these issues were given within uneven number of references. Majority of those references were provided by Serbian authors. Altogether, there are a few dozen scientific papers of unequal value which with more or less attention treated the theme of our work. Dragutin’s religious policy is most perceived through its relation towards three main segments: heresy, Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The most interesting issue that is occupying the attention of Serbian and Croatian historians is the last one, because it raises the question of Dragutin’s potential transit in the Roman Catholic faith. It must be noted that contemporary serbian historiography is approaching this issue with more attention, which has resulted in a better explanation of the problem and more complete works. On the other hand, considering Dragutin’s move towards the Roman Catholic faith, Croatian historiography is showing a small degree of criticism and its arguments are in a complet disproportion to the claims. It is also very symptomatic that since XIX c. Croatian historigraphy is observing Dragutin as a Catholic until today, even though some of the historical sources, undoubtedly in favor of his belonging to the orthodoxy church, which are well known for over a centrury and a half, are being completelly ignored. The most of the conclusions of the nineteenth century historiography, which dealt with his attitude towards heresy and Orthodoxy are valid until today and essentially did not encountered serious reviews apart from a few details. In most cases Dragutin’s zeal in favor of the Orthodox church and the Christian faith, together with the fight against heresy is recognized. By objective examination of the scientific literature, one comes to the same conclusion.

Coluccio Salutati állami levelei és Magyarország. Történeti adalékok egy kritikai kiadáshoz

Author(s): Armando Nuzzo / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

Batılı Kaynaklara Göre XIV. Yüzyıl Salgınlarıyla Birlikte Karantina Uygulamasının Ortaya Çıkış Süreci

Author(s): Tolga Han Karaimamoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The quarantine, known as an application of the modern era, must go back to the medieval times when the emergence period is considered. The development that revealed the quarantine originating in Italy in terms of name and origin was the Black Death process. During the Black Death, one of the biggest pandemics in history and destroying millions in Europe, the isolation policies that were tried to be developed in the Italian city states started the quarantine process. After these developments, which can be considered as the pioneering steps of quarantine application, by 1377, a legal legislation was prepared by determining the quarantine policy for the first time. As a result of the suggestions of Ragusa's (today's Dubrovnik) chief physician Jacob of Padua, the Grand Council passed the law stating the launch of the quarantine application for the first time on July 27, 1377 for thirty days. Understanding that the isolation applied by the state cuts the pace of the epidemic was the development that started the quarantine process permanently. Increasing the isolation process from thirty to forty days after a short time enabled the quarantine to become a standard practice in terms of name and concept and move it to the modern period. At this point, the research focuses on explaining the process leading to quarantine application and when, where, how and why this application was launched chronologically.

Külföldiek a magyarországi káptalanokban (1375–1424)

Author(s): Norbert C. Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The research of the middle ranks of the Hungarian church hierarchy is still based on the thesis of Elemér Mályusz, who thought that the proportion of foreign canons in the Hungarian chapters remained fairly high until the early fifteenth century, thanks to their university education. Consequently, the canons of “Hungarian” origin were virtually forced to reoccupy the benefices with the help of king Sigismund’s 1404 decree. In the present paper, I have contrasted the evidence about the origins of beneficiaries in thirteen cathedral and collegiate chapters – those of Bács, Bosnia, Eger, Esztergom, Győr, Kalocsa, Kő/Szerém, Nyitra, Pécs and Vác, Pozsega, Pozsony and Titel – with the thesis of Mályusz. The research has clearly proved that the views of Mályusz, already nuanced by József Köblös, have to be radically modified in the light of the new evidence. As neither the proportion nor the number of foreign beneficiaries was considerable in the period investigated, there was no need to officially restrict their access to Hungarian church benefices, and nothing hindered the local clerics from obtaining them. Thus, the royal decrees enacted in the decade between 1394 and 1404 were clearly not motivated by such aims.

Olasz–magyar diplomáciai kapcsolatok (1301–1550). Új források a Vestigia projekt keretében

Author(s): Armando Nuzzo / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Unexplored material related to diverse aspects of Hungarian history is still considerable in Italian archives and libraries. Although eff orts have already been made at unearthing such material, the use of the discovered sources is greatly hindered by the lack of any systematization. The project running under the name of Vestigia (www.vestigia.hu) between 2010 and 2015 accordingly aimed at simultaneously exploring new material and presenting it in a systematic manner. Yet an inherent feature of any such auxiliary study is the fatal shortness of the available time span to carry the project to complete fruition, while no Hungarian project can be planned ahead for more than five years. The research of Hungarica material necessitates continuous work, and the Vestigia – in case it could be continued – aims at completeness with regard to collections in Florence and Venice. Italy in general, however, will still off er a great amount of evidence for the researchers of Hungarian history.

A szíriai partvidék a keresztes háborúk után. A felekezetek egymás mellett élése a mamlúk és az oszmán korban

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Zsidai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

The Syrian coastal region, which had always played an important role in the history as the “gate” between the East and the West since the Metal Age, flourished for the last time before the modern history in the age of the Crusades. In the course of the Mamluk conquest and during the period following it, from the point of the Syrian coastal region we can see many irreversible processes that further on had a very hard effect on the life of the region. This article points at the Mamluks’ and Ottomans’ politics relating to the Syrian territories that was essentially determined by their fear of the crusaders’ return. At the same time, the author gives an overview about the most important events of these periods, and sketches the region’s governmental structure and its various religious communities’ history. On the basis of available evidence, it can be argued that the Mamluks failed to integrate the Syrian coastal region and its population completely into the Mamluk Sultanate. Moreover, this once densely populated, economically and commercially flourishing area began to fall into decay

Lovagi kultúra a késő középkori Litvániában

Author(s): László Pósán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

The relationship between the Teutonic Order and Lithuania in the 14th century was on the final count determined by mutual hostilities and military actions launched against each other. Despite an almost constant state of hostility, certain cultural interaction, and the transfer of moral and intellectual values, were evidently also part of their relations. The most spectacular and certainly most completely documented element of this transfer was the adoption by the Lithuanian elite of European chivalric warfare, thanks to which by the mid-14th century chivalric culture had also become rooted in the last realm of Europe to adopt the Christian faith.

Prezența Hoardei de Aur la gurile Dunării (sec. XIII-XIV). Argumentul arheologic

Author(s): Aurel-Daniel Stănică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

The extensive process of installing and controlling the region at the mouth of the Danube by the Golden Horde is a topic that has not been dealt with in accordance to its importance. Archaeological researches provide important data and represent the starting point for understanding the vast complex of the political events and the socio-economic evolution of the area from the mouth of the Danube in the 13th and 14th centuries. In this study, we approach the ceramic materials attributed to the Golden Horde, an approach based on the observations of the archaeological material in northern Dobrogea and on a single discovery in the south of the province. The study of the ceramics attributed to the Golden Horde is at the beginning. The archaeological researches from Tulcea, Tichileşti, Enisala-Cetate, Enisala-Palanca, Nufăru, Isaccea, Isaccea-Noviodunum and Păcuiul lui Soare, the random discoveries from Jurilovca, Slava Rusă and Babadag revealed red-yellowish or grey ceramic fragments, decorated with a wheel, ceramics worked in patterns or enamelled, typical of the material culture of the Golden Horde in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Клады Войнешть (Румыния) и Черемно (Польша) и некоторые специфические черты ювелирного убора населения Восточной, Юго-Восточной и Центральной Европы в XIII – начале XIVвв.

Author(s): Svetlana Reabţeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

We can distinguished in the component of Voineşti hoard (Romania) three groups of items made in different jewelry traditions. The group of decorations of Old Russian origin from this hoard has very close analogies in the compositions of two treasures from Cheremno (Poland). The cessation of the hordes from Voineşti and Cheremno took place in the second half of the 13th – early 14th centuries. The complexes from Cheremno are the ones of the western places of discovering Old Rus’ ornaments, some of which came from the workshops of the Galician lands. The finds from Voineşti make the southwestern border of the distribution of such objects, while this complex was supplemented with items, characteristic for the jewelry production of the Carpathian-Balkan region.

Vase de piatră descoperite în situl medieval de la Costești-Gârlea (r-nul Ialoveni)

Author(s): Vlad Vornic,Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău / Language(s): Romany Issue: 2/2019

The present paper addresses the problem of the spreading of stone vessels in the urban settlements east of the Carpathians, controlled by the Golden Horde in the 14th century. Two artefacts discovered in the well-known archaeological site at CosteștiGârlea (Ialoveni district) are studied as an example. The purpose of the paper is to provide new data on this category of vessels recovered during the archaeological excavations in the perimeter of the important Djuchid settlement from Botna Valley in the autumn of 2017. The presented vestiges were found in the filling of a lightly deepened in the ground dwelling, located on a platform on the left side of the Botna river valley, strongly affected by the landslides. The assemblage was represented, along with the fragmentary stone containers, by the numerous and various categories of findings, such as various types of clay vessels, fragments of glass vessels, numerous faunistic remains, items made of iron, bronze, stone, burnt clay and bone, as well as 10 Djuchid copper coins, dated back to the 14th century. The vessels discussed here were made of gray stone (steatite), with the surface decorated in several levels with straight, zigzag and oblique incisions. The information obtained as a result of studying these original discoveries for our territory will complement the database on the morphology and provenance of the stone vessels, the territorial limits of spreading of this category of artefacts, as well as certain views regarding the economic life in the western part of the area subjected to the Gold Horde in the 14th century.

Производство стеклянных изделий (по материалам ремесленных мастерских Киевского Подола ХII – первой половины XIII века)

Author(s): Elena Zhurukhina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The article considers features of glassware production (jewelry at the first place) relying on archeological materials from glassmaking workshops from the 12th – the first half of 13th centuries in trade-handicraft district of Kyiv. The problem of local glassmaking production existence is generally considered, basing on morphological, chemical and technological aspects.

A minőségbiztosítás régészeti emlékei a közép- és kora újkorból

Author(s): Bence Péterfi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Mordovin Maxim: Textilvégek védjegyei. A textilkereskedelem régészeti emlékei a Magyar Királyság területén. Bp., MTA BTK Történettudományi Intézet, 2018. 355 p. (Magyar Történelmi Emlékek. Adattárak.)

Dante, a hithős

Author(s): Kristóf Hajnóczi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

The sixteenth century was an interesting time from the point of view of the luck of the works of Dante Alighieri. The Monarchia has had a bit different story from the vernacular works of Dante. Barbi in his work of four hundred pages devotes two pages there. The latin text, under the ecclesiastical ban for almost two centuries, it seems, does not arouse much curiosity from the part of the humanists of late fifteenth, early sixteenth century. The situation changed in the midsixteenth century. The reorganization of ecclesiastical institutions in defence of the orthodox Catholic faith, as first compilation of various regional lists of books for now discouraged or prohibited by reading marks the beginning of a different era especially compared to the two previous decades, years in which, on the contrary, first in Venice, but also in smaller cities such as Ferrara, Modena or were printed many works of heterodox matrix. The first attempts to compile such lists, the first and the second Mlilano in Venice by the Apostolic Nuncio to the Republic of Venice, Msgr. Giovanni Della Casa, focus almost exclusively on the works of dubious origin or heterodox obvious matrix Protestant, recently released. Thus, in the Catalogo of Della Casa in 1549 there is not any reference to works previously already condemned by the Church, such as the Monarchia of Dante. The Florentine list however, at the end of 1552, lists among the works to avoid the “Monarchia Dantis,” ban that will be repeated in the list of Venice of 1554 and will have a further confirmation in the Roman Index in 1559, in the latter place with a brief explanation. The first printed edition of the Monarchia was released in October 1559 in Basel, work of Johann Oporinus, even not as an independent work, but in the appendix, with three other texts, titled De formula Romani Imperii Libellus by Andrea Alciato. So in Florence in 1552 was banned a manuscript text yet. This manuscript, however, has disappeared as a result, so it seems according to research by Gian Paolo Renello, prior to the new edition of Dante to the next anniversary of the Florentine poet. To draw attention to the appearance in the various lists of banned books of Dante’s Pier Paolo Vergerio (1498–1565), recently deposed bishop of Capodistria, which in the same period in 1550 in his Swiss exile tries to fight the Catholic Church, inventing the genre of “controindici” or “corrected indexes”, correcting, completing and reviewing the Catholic lists always personally. When, at the end of the proceedings of the Council of Trent Roman exits the central list of banned books in his response Vergerio does not leave without words that the Monarchia of Dante is always present in. We do not know, what was his role in bringing the manuscript to prevent Basel, which is based not only on the edtio princeps but also the conteporary German version by Heroldt, nor how the other Istrian, Matja Vlacic, latinized as Flacius Illiricus (1520–1575), one of the closest associates of Martin Luther, has entered into possession, if not through his friend Vergerius, of Dante’s work, for use it in his Catalogus testium veritatis (1566), a turning point in the history of the European reception of the Monarchia, while convinced that the author was another Dante, a friend of Poliziano.

István ifjabb király és Erdély

Author(s): Attila Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3-4/2005

The history of the dynasty of the Árpáds was frequently disturbed by armed conflicts between the members of the royal family. The last of these clashes took place in 1264–1265 between King Béla IV (1235– 1270) and his elder son, Prince Stephen, the future Stephen V (1270–1272), who governed Transylvania from 1260. The present study scrutinises the beginnings of the war. On the basis of the available sources it is clear that the war must have started on the first days of December 1264, so the wedding of Prince Béla – the younger son of King Béla IV – on 5 October 1264, contrary to previous opinions, was attended by Prince Stephen, as it is suggested by the chronicle of Ottokar von Steier.

Szécsényi Tamás erdélyi vajda familiárisairól

Author(s): András W. Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3-4/2005

The article presents a few completions and emendations of the archontological lists published by Pál Engel (Magyarország világi archontológiája 1301–1457 [The secular archontology of Hungary]. Budapest: MTA Történettudományi Intézet, 1996, 2 vols). These completions and emendations are based on the 2nd volume of the new corpus of medieval Transylvanian documents (Zsigmond Jakó, ed., Codex diplomaticus Transsylvaniae. Diplomata, epistolae et alia instrumenta litteraria res Transsylvanas illustrantia. Erdélyi Okmánytár. Oklevelek, levelek és más írásos emlékek Erdély történetéhez, vol. 2 [1301–1339]. Budapest, Magyar Országos Levéltár, 2004) and refer, on the one hand, to the office bearings of some 14th century Transylvanian officials, such as vicevoivodes, castellans, comites, while on the other hand – in two cases – it comes to the result that the respective office bearers belonged to other families than what was specified by Engel.

Történetírás és történetírók az Árpád-kori Magyarországon (XI–XIII. század közepe)

Author(s): Dániel Bácsatyai / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Történetírás és történetírók az Árpád-kori Magyarországon (XI–XIII. század közepe) [The writing and writers of history in Árpádera Hungary, from the eleventh century to the middle of the thirteenth century]. By László Veszprémy. Budapest: Line Design, 2019. 464 pp.

SENJSKI LOBKOVICOV PSALTIR IZ 1359. GODINE

Author(s): Marija Pantelić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

In the article the author analyzes the distribution of psalms in Lobkovic's psalter of 1359 (Lob) on certain services of days and weeks. The psalms are usually preluded by the oldest psalm antiphonies. Appart from these two most stable constituent elements of every hour Lob does not register other parts which form the physiognomy of the hour as: hymns, responsories, capitularies and orations, which were found in separate collections. The division of psalms on hours correspondsto their distribution in liturgy books of the Western church from the sixth century on. Lob is written over the whole page. This is characteristic for the old way of codex writing. Large initials mark the beginning of psalms, their traditional ornaments remind us of the Romanic decoration of Latin codices thus giving Lob the patina of great antiquity. In Lob codex the psalms are divided into common services for holidays of saints of all categories. They contain all elements which form a corpus of certain hours so that part of Lob, f. 99v-159v Commune sanctorum, shows the Franciscan redaction of the breviary of 13th century, in which all old collections of elements of certain hours were integrated. Ps 113 is replaced by Ps 116 on I. Evening, the ninth responsory of the Morning is replaced by the hymn Te Deum while all hours have only one final oration. Such a structure is seen in 17 services in Lob, in the services which honour saints who have no office of their own. Nevertheless the service in the honour of Saint Trinity differs from others as it has an older composition of hours with three long hours: I. Evening, Morning with laudations and II. Evening. These hours have their own orations. Two of them, the first and the third have been extinguished. The first and the second have been recorded by old Roman and Ambrosian sacramentaries of 9th century. Saint Trinity office contains language rarities such as: Spasb instead of Isus, prefix vi instead of iz, p repositioning instead of po. This implies that Lob belongs to the oldest Krk i. e. Vrbnik cycle of Glagolitic liturgic codices. More Glagolitic fragments of the breviary of older redaction with many extinguished orations (Vrbnik and Trst fragments of 13th century) originate from this cycle. These prayers obviously connect Croatian Glagolitic liturgic codices with Cyrillo-Metho-dian literary liturgic fond of 10th or at the latest 11th century when a translation of Old Church Slavonic sacramentals, the books of the oldest mass prayers common to Old Church Slavonic liturgy books, existed.

МАЛОВІДОМИЙ ТИП НАСЛІДУВАННЯ ДИРХЕМА З «КНЯЗІВСЬКИМ ЗНАКОМ» ВОЛОДИМИРА ОЛЬГЕРДОВИЧА

Author(s): Oleksandr Potyl’chak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

The purpose of the article is to introduce into the scientific circulation, attribution and research until recently unknown to the numismatists, a rare and little-studied type of local imitation of Khan Toktamysh dirhems (1380–1399) of the minting of Prince Volodymyr Olgerdovych of Kyiv (1362–1394). The author examines the circumstances and geography of coin detection, analyses the results of metrological research of findings, raises questions about the eminent, the causes of this type of imitation, the period of minting, the specifics of circulation, and offers own version of the attribution of the “princely sign” on the obverse of the coins. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientific, historicism, objectivity, methods of analysis, classification, generalisation, historical-genetic and historical-typological, method of stamp analysis. Scientific novelty. A probable prototype for imitation could be the dirhem of Khan Toktamysh of the mint of Saray al-Jadid with the date 794. At present, four coins of this type engraved by one stamp for an obverse and two different stamps for reverse known from the numismatic literature. The main argument that allows us to link the investigated coinage with Volodymyr Olgerdovych is the stylistic identity of the “princely sign” on the obverse of imitation with the heraldic element known to the numismatists of the denariuses of that particular prince. The date (794 AD), which is present on the coin, as well as the historical circumstances of the displacement of Volodymyr from the Kyiv table by Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas Keistutovich, make it possible to outline the period of minting of this type of coins 1392–1394. Comparison of metrological indicators of the studied coins, synchronous in time of regular coinage dirhems and previously known types of imitation, shows that dirhems with the “princely sign” occupy an intermediate place in this series, inferior to the weight and diameter of the Horde emissions, but far outweighed by these indicators, the known denariuses of Volodymyr Olgerdovych. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the coin alloy showed a very high silver content and low impurities of gold and copper. The oval shape of the coins indicates the use of “wire” coinage techniques and the relative accuracy of the reproduction of the Arabic text on the coin stamps proves their production by a professional, which is either understood in the Kufic font, or has seen a coin prototype. Mapping of places of detection of coins’ imitations with the “princely sign” of Volodymyr Olgerdovych (along the broad line of the Lithuanian-Tatar border within the southern, eastern terrains of the Kyiv apanage principality and the neighbouring southern lands of the Principality of Siver). The numismatic sources introduced into the scientific circulation and the updated source information allow us to assume that economic motives were the primary purpose of the studied coinage. Namely, it was the filling of the local money market within the Kyiv principality by the coin mass. Existing numismatic sources do not sufficiently confirm the involvement of this mint in trading or paying tribute to the Horde. However, it does not deny the possibility of the sporadic penetration of Kyiv dirhem imitation with the “princely sign” into the vast expanses of the Lithuanian-Horde border, mainly through retail trade and money transactions. We suppose that one of the reasons for the coinage of this type of imitation by Volodymyr Olgerdovych could have been provoked by the complex military-political realities in the region, the prince’s desire for broader political autonomy and revisiting in the future his status as a tribute and vassal in relations with the Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author’s observations suggest stylistic connection of the “princely sign” of our coin with the generic emblems of the Kyiv princes of the X-XI centuries. The precise spatial orientation of this heraldic element on the coins studied makes it possible to raise the issue of revising the idea of the spatial orientation of the “princely sign” on the Kyiv denariuses of Volodymyr Olgerdovych. The Conclusions. A preliminary study and attribution of a numismatic monument discovered gives grounds to claim that we are dealing with a new, little-known and currently unknown type of imitation of the coins of Khan Toktamysh by PrinceVolodymyr Olgerdovych of Kyiv (1362–1394). The presence on the attributed coin a heraldic element in the form of a “princely sign” may indicate to the formalised coinage and its affiliation with the regular regional imitation of Juchid coins.

La folie royale dans la Estoria de España d’Alphonse X le Sage (1252-1284)

Author(s): Soizic Escurignan / Language(s): French Issue: 9/2021

This article proposes to study the royal madness in the Estoria de España, a chronicle retracing the history of Spain from its origins, written at the end of the 13th century under the aegis of the King of Castile and León, Alfonso X the Wise. In the Middle Ages, the paradigm of madness was clearly codified and referred to a certain number of topics, such as illness, sin, or specific physical attributes, which could concern all categories of the population. Nevertheless, the royal figure is normally excluded from this paradigm because madness and all the disturbances it entails would undermine the very essence of royalty. Strictly speaking, the king can be associated with other forms of misconduct assimilated to insanity, such as sin or divine retribution, but not with mental illness as such. In this context, how does the Estoria de España, which narrates the history of Spain through its kings, reconcile the image of the madness of certain kings - particularly the Roman emperors - inherited from its sources with the conceptions of the 13th century? After a reminder of the conception of madness in the Middle Ages, I analyse the concept of madness under the reign of Alfonso X, through the study of the legal code of the Siete Partidas, and the Estoria de España in order to understand its meaning and function in the narration of historical facts.