ELITELE MEDIEVALE ROMÂNEȘTI LA ELE ACASĂ.LOCUINŢA NOBILIARĂ ÎN SECOLELE XIV-XVI

Author(s): Cristian Nicolae Apetrei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2020

Using the statistical method, this paper identifies a type of medieval dwellings common to the social elites (princes, boyars, high clergy, and urban patricians) in the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th to the 16th centuries. Built of wood, masonry or in a mixed system, the house combines a cellar partially raised above the ground level and a high ground floor, resulting in a structure with a tower-like appearance. Its origins can be traced back to medieval Hungary, whence it was brought and imposed by the Romanian and German elites who emigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th century. The author considers that its adoption by the Romanian medieval elites resulted as a compromise between the elites’ need to assert their social prestige, the relatively low construction costs of this type of dwellings and the practical needs of everyday life.

Changes in the Townscape of Lampertszásza (Berehove/Beregszász) in the 13th–15th Centuries

Author(s): László Zubánics,Attila Józsa / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

Across the River Tisza, there lies a town, Berehove (hereinafter also referred to as Beregszász [Hu]), situated on the north-eastern edge of the Great Hungarian Plain with the wind swaying ears of wheat, on the flatlands surrounded by rustling oak forests, gold-sweating trachyte mountains, and rivers subsiding upon reaching the plain. It is a veritable fairy garden, a small piece of the realm that out foremother, Emese, dreamt of back in the day. Places, just as people, have their own destinies: they emerge, evolve, thrive, and then, if they are destined so, disappear from the stage of history. The very first mention of Berehove dates back to early 1063, recorded under the name Lamperti, as the estate of Prince Lampert, son of Béla I of Hungary. Prince Lampert founded the later town. At the time, a small settlement must have been situated here with the prince’s countryseat inhabited by the garrison and the household servants. Residents of the house were mostly the gamekeepers and huntsmen of Bereg Forest County.To fully uncover the past is not possible – at the very most, some attempts can be made at its reconstruction by drawing on contemporary sources and relying on archaeological research. The mediaeval layout of the settlement is known from the available sources and serves as a basis for the present study in its efforts to reconstruct the settlement image of the historical town centre and to find out why Lampertszásza did not embark on the path of the ‘classic, city wall/fortification’ type of settlement development. The parish church is the only building of the mediaeval townscape that hasActa Univ. Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies, 19 (2021) 88–97DOI: 10.2478/auseur-2021-000689Attila JÓZSA, László ZUBÁNICSsurvived partially, which, however, provides us with indications about the contemporary buildings of the one-time reginal town and the related ‘block of church buildings’.

The anonymous Parisian prologue to Averroes’ De substantia orbis from the end of the 13th century

Author(s): Łukasz Tomanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article examines the anonymously preserved prologue to Averroes’ De substantia orbis dating to the end of the 13th century (manuscript Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 14246, ff. 16r–v, 19rb) and presents its edition. Along with commentaries by Fernand of Spain and Giles of Orléans (lost), this work is a rare witness of the still scarcely known commenting practice of Averroes’ work at the Faculty of Arts in Paris in this period. The codicological and paleographical examination conducted on the manuscript led to establishing the approximate dating and origin of the prologue. Additionally, the doctrinal analysis allowed us to place this opusculum within the context of other similar prologues and commentaries produced in this period. Of significant importance are similarities between the anonymous author and Fernand of Spain, whose prologue to his commentary on De substantia orbis provides an important context for the Anonymous Monacensis. Both works often employ the same examples and consider De substantia orbis the supplement to De caelo et mundo, which was an unusual addition to traditionally established divisio librorum naturalium.

Personel kancelarii księcia Bernarda świdnickiego (1307-1326)

Author(s): Tomasz Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 88/2022

The paper is devoted to the staff members employed at the chancellery of Duke Bernard of Świdnica. All of those scribes are listed, also with the aid of paleographic analysis of surviving original documents.

Władza królewska ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uprawnień prawodawczych monarchy w Królestwie Danii epoki Waldemarów. Analiza na podstawie wybranych źródeł prawa z I poł. XIII w.

Author(s): Andrzej Gaca,Hubert Bąk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The period in Danish history which began with the accession of power by Valdemar I in 1157 and ended with the death of his youngest son, Valdemar II (1241), known by posterity as the Victorious or the Lawgiver, is considered in Danish historiography as a time of significant social, political and legal changes. It is sometimes even named as the golden period of the Kingdom’s history in the Middle Ages, the so-called “Valdemar Era”. After years of internal struggles for power, real feudal fragmentation, and recognition of the emperor’s fief sovereignty, the nearly 100-year reign of Valdemar I and his two sons brought a re-consolidation of the state that included an expansion of royal authority, including the legislative powers of the rulers. This process was accompanied by cooperation between the state and the Church, whose support and approval led not only to a series of territorial conquests, the ordering of the treasury and the administrative apparatus, but also to the writing of the laws in force. It should be noted that beginning with the issuance of King Canute’s Law of Murder in 1200, the monarch begins to act as an independent legislator, which, given the customary legislative powers vested in the district councils (ting), is a significant innovation. As a culmination of the increased legislative activity of the rulers of the „Valdemar Era”, in 1241, the first Danish law on the Jutland district, Jyske Lov, was „given” with royal sanction. This law is preceded by a prologue, which can be regarded as a sui generis fundamental statute indicating, among other things, the scope of the monarch’s rights and duties, including the king’s legislative powers. The analysis of selected royal decrees from the first half of the 13th century, including especially the prologue to Jyske Lov, will allow, taking into account the political background, to present the scope of royal authority of the rulers of the ≪Valdemar Era≫”, with particular emphasis on the monarch’s legislative powers.

Historia Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400 Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności: historiograficzne studium przypadku

Author(s): Oleksandr Pestrykov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2022

The article reconstructs the social, political, and intellectual conditions in which the first aca- demic monograph on the history of Silesia was written, Historia Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400 [History of Silesia from the Oldest Times to 1400] (Krakow, PAU, 1933). The author extensively uses the metaphor – the ‘historiographical field of tensions’ created by the previous research tradition, the active patronage of the state, and the overt and covert audience for whom the History of Silesia was written.The author lists three primary ‘fields of tension’. The first relates to the international situation: Polish authors were expected to write a work representing Polish expert opinion on the Silesian question. The second is related to disputes over the status of Silesia in the administrative system of the Polish state. The third pertains to attempts by Polish scholars to compete academically with German historians.Based on an analysis of archival materials, the author concludes that, despite the importance of all three ‘fields of tension’, the leading role was, in fact, played by the desire of Polish historians to produce a competitive text that would be highly regarded above all by their German colleagues.

ПЕЧАТ(И) СА ЛИМСКЕ ПОВЕЉЕ КРАЉА УРОША ВЕЛИКОГ И ФЕНОМЕН ПРЕМЕШТАЊА СРПСКИХ КРАЉЕВСКИХ ПЕЧАТА НА ИСПРАВАМА ИЗ АРХИВА МАНАСТИРА ХИЛАНДАРА – СИГИЛОГРАФСКИ ОСВРТ

Author(s): Benjamin Hekić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/2022

The Lim charter seals are not the only gilded seals in the Hilandar Archives that have been relocated, and that cannot, therefore, be attributed to a specific Serbian king with certainty. Using only the name of the king from the seal inscription for seal attributions does not give conclusive evidence, since more than one ruler bore the regnal names of Stefan or (Stefan) Uroš which is how the names are given in the seal inscriptions. And with inconclusive attributions, there can be uncertainties whether some seals were relocated or not. That is why we have decided to analyse all the gilded seals of Serbian kings from Hilandar Archives, comparing the technique and style in which they were made, their epigraphic styles, and the full content of their inscriptions, which allowed us to form several groups of similar seals that we then attributed to kings Dragutin, Milutin, Stefan of Dečani and Dušan (with one seal maybe belonging to king Vukašin). In doing so, we consider to have shown that the Lim charter seals and several other seals belonged to Stefan Dušan during his reign as king, which further shows that all these seals were relocated, as were several other seals of kings Milutin, Dragutin and Stefanof Dečani; in fact, only one seal of king Stefan of Dečani seems to still be attached to a charter issued by the ruler that it claims to belong to.

Unsuccessful Attempts at the Incorporation of Cities in the District Duchy of Greater Poland in the 13th Century

Author(s): Zbyszko Górczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the second half of the 13th century, the process of incorporation or institution of cities (a.k.a. the process of granting municipal rights) under German law began in Greater Poland. By 1314, i.e. until the end of the existence of a separate district duchy of Greater Poland, 51 successful city incorporations were carried out in its area, by princes and clerical as well as secular feudal lords At the same time, there were also 8 unsuccessful incorporation initiatives (14%). An unsuccessful settlement is a settlement that did not lead to the creation of a town or a settlement that had to be repeated after some time, especially with the consent of another ruler or another settlement owner. The article discusses these failed ventures while attempting to analyse the specific reasons for the failures. The following factors or their combinations can be pointed out: periodic unrest and political instability in the region, limiting the circle of potential settlers only to newcomers from abroad (with the exclusion of the locals), unclear legal and ownership status of the settlement being incorporated, competition from a nearby, stronger center, lack of sufficient support from the feudal owner (especially in the case of clerical and private feudals). At this early stage in the development of urban life, it is also possible to see a clear advantage of monarchical incorporations, which usually had a greater chance of success and further successful development. A similar distribution of unsuccessful and successful granting of municipal rights to towns (15%) has been noted by the literature in medieval Silesia.

Historiograficzne inicjatywy związane z odnowieniem Królestwa Polskiego

Author(s): Wojciech Drelicharz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The unification and revival of the Polish Kingdom in the late 13th and the early 14thcenturies, an event of great political significance, was accompanied by a remarkable develop-ment of medieval Polish historiography. It was the first time that historiographic works cov-ered so many parts of Poland, almost simultaneously. In the chronicles produced at that time,great significance was attached to the reasons for the division of the Polish Kingdom, as wellas identifying the prince who had the right to unite the Polish state and finally legitimise theroyal power. This issue was equally addressed by hagiographical and strictly historiographicworks (yearbooks and chronicles). This article deals with devising an ideological programmefor the unification of Poland and discusses the various historiographic works in which this pro-gramme, formulated in different ways, was taken up. In the case of historiography, the politicalimportance of the revival of the Polish Kingdom is evident both in the number of works onpolitical themes and in the fact that unification ideas appeared several decades before the royalcoronation of Vladislaus the Short, which sealed the process, as well as during the unificationstruggle, and even after the actual revival of the regnum Poloniae.

Popioły i fundamenty. Jak katedra krakowska wyglądała 20 stycznia roku 1320?

Author(s): Piotr Pajor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The paper focuses on the Krakow cathedral at the time of coronation of Vladislaus the Short (1320). The ceremony probably took place in the western choir of the old cathedral because the western part of the church had been demolished due to some unsuccessful building campaigns.

THE CRAFT OF THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES IN THE ACADEMIC WRITINGS OF MARIA BOGUCKA

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 127/2023

Maria Bogucka (1929–2020) is one of Poland’s most outstanding representa- tives of historiography in the period after the Second World War. She dealt with a myriad of areas, such as the history of trade, everyday life, the problem of the position of the bourgeoisie in the social structure of pre-partitioned Poland and various aspects of the history of early modern culture. In the earliest period of her academic career (the 1950s and 1960s), under the guidance of Marian Małowist, she took up the subject of the development of crafts in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, with her research focusing primarily on Gdańsk, the largest city in pre-partition Poland. In her research, she sought to isolate the features of early capitalism in the relations of production of the city’s craftsmen, and she also focused her interest on artisans operating outside the guild system. Bogucka explained the changes in the economic situation in crafts, examining the relationship between this form of production and agricultural production and trade development.

“because of a certain woman… claiming these goods as her fief ”. Women’s Fiefs in Saxon Diplomatic Sources in the High Middle Ages

Author(s): Jan Zelenka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The following text examines fief holding by women in the surviving charters from Saxony from about the 11th to the beginning of the 14th centuries. Specifically, these are the areas around Harz delimited by the five bishoprics of Meissen, Naumburg, Hildesheim, Halberstadt, and Merseburg. The basis for analysis is collections of charters from these dioceses supplemented by the collections of charters from the two most significant noble houses active in this area — the houses of Ascania and Welf. The selection of sources and region is not a coincidence: It is probably where Eike von Repgow lived most of his life and wrote his Saxon Mirror (Sachsenspiegel), which significantly influences the modern study of medieval law. Through an analysis of the terminology associated with fiefs and feudal institutions in general, as well as through specific examples of fief holding by women, this study attempts to show that the limitations on a woman holding a fief as defined by Eike in the Saxon Mirror and largely accepted in the contemporary literature are not entirely consistent with the testimony of these diplomatic sources.

Albán migrációs hullám a görög területeken a 14‒15. században

Author(s): Ádám Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Reflection of one episode of Georgian history in the 14th century Syrian chronicle – „History of Mar Yahbalaha and Bar Sauma“

Author(s): Gvantsa Evaniseli / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The Catholic Western world exhibited a heightened interest in establishing contact with unfamiliar populations following the emergence of the Mongols on the global stage. The Papal authority entertained aspirations of effecting the conversion of the Tatars to Catholic Christianity through the deployment of missionary endeavors. The Catholic Church embarked on a vigorous proselytization campaign within the Mongolian uluses. In pursuit of this objective, Georgia, distinguished by its amenable disposition toward Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, emerged as a strategically valuable foothold for this mission. Conversely, the Mongols made efforts to persuade the Papal authority of their earnestness, with the intention of forming an anti-Egyptian coalition. Following this goal, they dispatched envoys to Western regions, often including Christians, to engage in negotiations; among these envoys were the Nestorians, who had established themselves within the Tatar domain long before andpropagated the heretical beliefs censured in Western Europe. Rabban Sauma, a notable itinerant clergyman, was among those who embarked on a journey to the Western world in the years 1287-88. He attained such a distinguished accolade not solely due to his proficient mastery of the Latin language, but also by virtue of his sanctified actions. These included a life of asceticism, enduring numerous trials, and an ardent yearning to undertake a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Together with Rabban Sauma, his disciple, the future patriarch Yahbalaha III, also embarked on the most difficult path with the desire of repentance in about 1275-77. It was within the course of this expedition that the monks arrived in Georgia, where they were informed that, notwithstanding the benevolence of the Ilkhan Khan-Abaqa, they would encounter impediments preventing them from advancing further on their journey. A chronicle attributed to an anonymous author from the first half of the 14th century documents that the monks’ travel to Jerusalem was thwarted due to the presence of marauders and malefactors within the territory of Georgia. The apostasy of Samtskhe from the the Ilkhan rulers must have been a contributing factor in the situation. The resistance of Georgians must have been caused by the earthquake that happened on April 10, 1275. The latter, along with the rest of Georgia, especially affected Samtskhe. The substantial loss of life, widespread damage to infrastructure and edifices, coupled with the imposition of Mongol levies and military obligations, likely contributed analogous transformations within Georgia. This information brought into the scientific area and its analysis is of paramount importance, because the chronicler, in his accounts,primarily addresses the political ramifications of the earthquake and notes the departure of father and son-Sargis and Beka, from allegiance to the Ilkhan rulers. The excerpt from Syrian anonymous author’s chronicle, as sited in the article, serves to complement the chronicler’s narrative by shedding light on the pertinent social aspects of the earthquake consequences.

Veridicitatea datării cu anul 1395 a bisericii armene din Iași

Author(s): Arsen ARZUMANYAN / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2022

Discussions regarding the establishment date of the Armenian church in the Romanian city of Iași have been ongoing for a long time within Romanian and Romanian-Armenian scientific circles. There are numerous facts supporting the authenticity of the date 1395, which have been highlighted in red on the church՚s oldest inscription. These facts have not been thoroughly examined until now. The establishment of the Armenian church in Iași in 1395 is supported by the comparison of two inscriptions found in the church. These inscriptions reveal that in 1803, during the church՚s renovations, the renovators had access to more information about the church՚s construction in 1395 and its founders. Furthermore, references to Armenian churches in the Principality of Moldova (including Iași as an important city) can be found in the kontakions of 1379, 1388, 1398, and 1409, as well as in Prince Alexander the Kind՚s edict of 1401. Additional significant evidence includes the donations of the New Testament and Lectionary (Chashots) to the Armenian church of Iași in 1451 and 1460, along with a stone inscription from 1456 found within the church. The work of the Armenian historian M. Bjshkian in 1808, as well as the writings of renowned Romanian historians, hold particular importance in confirming the existence of the Armenian church in Iași during the 14th century and suggesting 1395 as a probable date for its construction.

Нумизматические находки на городище Кышкала (Республика Казахстан)

Author(s): Madiyar E. Eleuov,Pavel N. Petrov,Dokey A. Taleev,Arkhad A. Moldakhmet / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2023

The Kyshkala settlement is located 30 km south of the city of Kyzylorda, near the village of Kogalykol. The settlement is identified with the medieval city of Barchin. Systematic excavations were carried out at the settlement from 2018 to 2022. The structure of the cultural layer consists of 3 tiers. Numismatic finds include 33 coins (14 coins in situ, 19 coins as stray finds). The purpose of the study is to clarify the composition of the coin mass recorded during archaeological work at the Kyshkala settlement. We have established that the bulk of the coins belong to the issues of the last third of the 14th century; 45% of the coins were minted by the Barchin Mint. The youngest coins mark the last stage of the medieval city’s life by the end of the 780s A.H. / 1380s A.D., possibly the 790s A.H./ 1390s A.D.

Anonymous Oxonian Dubitationes on Aristotle’s De sensu et sensato (Prague, Metropolitan Chapter, Ms. M. 80, ff. 131vb–132vb)

Author(s): Monika Mansfeld / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The incomplete commentary on Aristotle’s De sensu et sensato found in Prague, Metropolitan Chapter, Ms. M. 80, ff. 131vb–132vb was composed around 1250 in Oxford. Its author, whose identity is yet to be discovered, drew heavily on the so-called Oxford Gloss and Robert Grosseteste. It must have been originally designed for teaching purposes, presumably at the Faculty of Arts. Its peculiar form — dubitationes — indicate a divergence from literal explanations of source texts, leading to a more independent formulation of research problems. For this reason, it emerges as an intermediary form between expositions and question-commentaries. These dubitationes are divided into two thematically distinct blocks beginning with short lemmas. First seven of them deal with the relationship between an organism viewed as a psychophysical unity and its various operations, such as sensations and emotions. The other block contains five short dubitationes on animal senses and a longer one on whether celestial bodies have colour. This neat composition is, however, interrupted by an independent note regarding the order of the powers of the soul following the first dubitatio in the second block.

The anonymous Parisian prologue to Averroes’ De substantia orbis from the end of the 13th centur

Author(s): Łukasz Tomanek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article examines the anonymously preserved prologue to Averroes’ De substantia orbis dat- ing to the end of the 13th century (manuscript Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 14246, ff. 16r–v, 19rb) and presents its edition. Along with commentaries by Fernand of Spain and Giles of Orléans (lost), this work is a rare witness of the still scarcely known commenting practice of Averroes’ work at the Faculty of Arts in Paris in this period. The codicological and paleographical examination conducted on the manuscript led to establishing the approximate dating and origin of the prologue. Additionally, the doctrinal analysis allowed us to place this opusculum within the context of other similar prologues and commentaries produced in this period. Of significant importance are similarities between the anonymous author and Fernand of Spain, whose prologue to his commentary on De substantia orbis provides an important context for the Anonymous Monacensis. Both works often employ the same examples and consider De substantia orbis the supplement to De caelo et mundo, which was an unusual addi- tion to traditionally established divisio librorum naturalium.

Who Were the Slavs who Destroyed the Fortress on the River Trave in 1181? The Origins of the Imperial-Pomeranian Alliance in the Early 80s of the 12th Century

Author(s): Marek Smoliński / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

An analysis of the accounts of Arnold of Lübeck, Saxo Gramatik and German Annales, es- pecially those of Pegavian, allows us to formulate a hypothesis regarding the participation of Slavs in the battles between the Saxon-Bavarian prince Henry the Lion and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1178–1181. Initially, due to their political dependence, Slavs, in- cluding Pomeranians, fought on the side of Henry the Lion. Their support was shaken by the political situation of the prince, in which Henry found himself in the second half of 1180. The Slavs (the Polabians, living in the former Wieleck territories and part of the Pomeranians) left Welf after the death of Casimir I of Pomerania in the autumn of 1180. After his death, the Pomeranian duke Boguslaw I, who inherited his brother’s lands, began negotiations with the imperial party. At stake was the recognition of the political position of the Pomeranian duke, who was to be exclusively an imperial fief. Saxo Gramatik claimed that Boguslav ob- tained the title of Duke of the Slavs from the Emperor. This titulature reconciled Danish and Brandenburg claims to rule over Slavic lands. The attack of the Slavic army on Travemünde in the summer of 1181 can be considered a testimony to the agreement reached. The greatest opportunity to do this was the Polabian (Vagrian) Slavs. The destruction of this castle made it possible for the Danish fleet to enter Trave, which headed for a camp near Lübeck. The fall of Travemünde made it possible to close Lübeck with a siege ring in the summer of 1181. At the Lübeck camp, Boguslaw I of Pomerania paid tribute to the emperor. In the Lübeck camp, Boguslaw I of Pomerania paid tribute to the emperor. The prince was probably not the only Slavic ruler who found himself in the Lübeck camp. Some researchers claimed that in addition to him, princeps Niklot appeared before the emperor. It is possible, however, that in addition to Boguslaw I of Pomerania, his eldest surviving adult son, Racibor, also appeared before the emperor.

АРХЕОЛОГІЧНІ ПАМ’ЯТКИ ЛЮБЕЧА

Author(s): Olena M. Veremeychyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

The archaeological heritage of Liubech (Lyubech, Chernihiv region, Ukraine) includes various monuments and objects from the Bronze Age to early Modernity (2000 BC – 17th century) with small time gaps. Archaeological surveys in Liubech began in the late 19th century and have continued until today with certain interruptions. Despite the close attention paid by scholars to the archaeological monuments of Liubech, it should be noted that the area of the city within its administrative boundaries (both the floodplain part of the Dnieper River and the densely developed part of the town) has not been sufficiently studied.