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The article analyzes the interesting relic discovered in the village of Brzezie near Opatów, that is a half of the lead impression of a papal bull. Such artifacts are usually kept in archives; in Poland only about 10 papal bulls have been found with the use of archeological methods, always near churches, and Brzezie is the only place where a bull was found despite the fact that there has never been a church there. Sigillographic analysis has allowed identifying the bull as Antipope John XXIII’s one. He was deposed during the Council of Constance in 1415, but he issued a number of documents concerning Polish lands and the Church of Poland including the Sandomierz and Opatów Church institutions and clergy that are discussed in the article. The authors (a sillographer, an archaeologist, and a mediaevalist) also point to the conditions under which the bull might find itself in Brzezie. In the article profiles are presented of three clergymen who had close relations with that place, or with the Lipńskis’ estate that does not exist today, on the area of which the bull was found. The clergymen were: the Dean of the Opatów Chapter Rafał of Brzezie (his name occurs in the years 1412-1438), the Canon of many Chapters, the royal secretary and diplomat Aleksander Brzeski (died 1650) and the Rector of the Virgin Mary Church in Opatów Karol Targowski (died 1942).
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Ottoman occupation of Albanian lands favoured intentions of Republic of Sain Mark to install their rule over some coastal towns to wich it had long time relations and merchant links. In this regard, the Republic of Venetia captured town of Durres, progressing afterwards with other coastal towns as: Lezha (1393), Shkodra and Drisht (1396), then Ulqin and Tivar (1405). Venetian Signoria (Lordship) aspired expanding in all these towns with potentially large interests to raise profits and incomes not only through trade, but land ownership by employing new feudal practices as seen on Shkodra region. As inherited tradition of Byzantium law, land belonged to Sovereign, be it individual (emperor or king) or collective (in this case Venetian Republic). This is how duties were imposed on population by the central ruler in payments of agricultural products wich represented a part of levy for the state. Other part of feudal duties belonged to specific individuals – representatives of top social class in local economic and political life. On these forms of duties has been raised and acted Byzantium feudal institution known as Pronia, which become modified because of Western feudalism practiced from Venetian in Shkodra region, sustaining significant changes making it an inherited and unconditioned property. In 15th century, pronia in area of Shkodra had no resemblance or association to Byzantium pronia. Venetian authorities used services of local feudal classes administrating its properties represented by landlord, chief and commander. In discrepancy to Byzantium landlord, his position in the Shkodra region during Venetian rule had become mostly inherited and unconditioned by military service. Agrarian affairs were highly developed in Shkodra region as the consequence of Western feudalism applied by Venetian.
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Sts Apostles Peter and Paul’ is a 15th century Turnovo cathedral church where on the Deisis composition is written a text on the scroll of St. John the Baptist, which in itself is quite remarkable in terms of mural epigraphy, enlivened by an Old-Bulgarian apocrypha called “Bartholomew Seeking Answers from the Holy Mother about the End of the World”. The text however, reveals a period of great artistic variety when reflecting the anticipation of the Last Judgement. One out of many autographs belonging to icon-painter Nicholas is placed within the Prayer Composition (on the maphorion of the Holy Mother, just above the tassels),thus adding much more meaning to the apocryphal text. The decisions of the Florentine Union (1439) has probably influenced the master to make his own interpretations of the mysterious words said by the Holy Mother in Greek, in order to express his attitude towards the apostates from the Orthodox religion. The contents of the apocryphal text are connected by separate themes treating the iconographie programme.
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The article examines the documents of the late 15th — the first third of the 16th centuries about relations between the Crimean khans and the Grand Dukes of Moscow about paying tribute from "Odoyev's cities". These payments were a relic of independent relations of the princes of the Novosil House with the Crimean Khanate, which existed until the end of the 15th century. Later on, when the Novosil-Odoyev principality became a part of the Russian state, the Grand Dukes of Moscow were forced to pay Odoyev’s tribute to the Crimean khans for some time.
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For the purpose of definition of the sources devoted to the Russian-Crimean relations of the 1580th — the 1620th of articles of the Novyiy letopisets of the senior edition the last are compared with other documentary and narrative monuments of that time known to us. This work unlike other compositions of the same genre noted by steady interest in military opposition or peaceful contacts of two countries, allowing to judge estimates of bilateral ties in an environment of the tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the patriarch Philaret, almost in all relevant articles has a documentary basis or imprinted oral tradition.
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The paper deals with Gerays graveside on the island of Rhodes in the context of Murat Reis architectural complex. It describes the complex and provides selective bibliography and concise history of studying it. The author lists all Gerays burial monuments of the complex discovered to date, shows the possibilities and prospects of their further examination.
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Preconditions for the emergence of Lithuanian-Crimean relations formed back to the beginning of the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh. They were due to the fact the Grand Duchy of Lithuania included the Russian lands, which were also depending on the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde. Later, this led to the fact that while the Golden Horde was collapsing, the grand Dukes of Lithuania played an active role in the formation of the Crimean Khanate. In this study highlights the attempt to form an independent state in the Crimea in 1420-1424 years.
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In the first part, the author tries to present an outline of the political and military hierarchy of the medieval society, highlighting the consequences of the confrontation between the Christian European countries and the Islamic Ottoman Empire, the place and the role of Romanians as defenders of the “Gate of Christianity from the Lower Danube” and, in the second part of the article, he makes a brief description of the categories of armature used during those times; the article constitutes a technical discussion of the mail shirts used by Romanian warriors (examples of which can be found in the cultural patrimony of the museum).
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Prema dosad poznatom Vuk Petković pripada značajnijim trgovcima sa područja Pljevalja iz druge i treće decenije XV. stoljeća. Mali broj podataka koji govore o Vuku Petkoviću, skoro isključivo kreditnih ugovora, uslovio je njegovo pominjanje i poznavanje samo u osnovnim potezima koje diktira beživotni kancelarijski formalizam dužničkih knjiga. Njegova pozicija apostrofirana je u dosadašnjim istraživanjima, naročito kod Desanke Kovačević-Kojić u pionirskom pristupu prilikom sagledavanja ukupnog zaduživanja trgovaca iz srednjovjekovne Bosne i Ruže Ćuk kroz zasebno prilaženje trgovcima pljevaljskog kraja. U vezi sa Vukom Petkovićem trgovcem iz Pljevalja do sada je govoreno o ukupnoj sumi zaduživanja koja se vrijednovala i demonstrirala kroz dva približno slična računa. Prema prvom ukupna zaduženja Vuka Petkovića mjerena su iznosom od 323 dukata, 72 perpera i 65,5 groša2, a po drugom 323,5 dukata, 47 perpera i 50,5 groša.
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Piri Reis (Ahmet Muhittin Piri) je bio turski mornar koji je živio u 15. i 16. vijeku. Rođen je 1470. godine u Gelibolu, a umro je 1554. godine u Kairu. Sudjelovao je u pomorskim putovanjima kao kapetan osmanlijske flote na Mediteranu. Karakteristike mjesta, podaci iz moreplovstva i stečena iskustva zapisana su u knjizi “Kitab-ı Bahriye”, u periodu od 1525. do 1526. godine. Knjiga koja je napisana da bi koristila turskim moreplovcima kao priručnik o Mediteranu, predstavljena je i sultanu Sulejmanu Veličanstvenom (Zakonodavcu). Djelo “Kitab-ı Bahriye” je značajno sa aspekta geografske istorije, sa temama i informacijama koje su vezane za fizičku i humanu geografiju Mediterana. Zadatak ovog rada je da se istraže informacije iz knjige “Kitab-i Bahriye”, osmanlijskog kartografa, moreplovca, geografa i admirala Piri Reisa, koje su vezane za Crnogorsku obalu, i da se uporede sa sadašnjim stanjem.
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Usprkos golemoj i teško savladivoj poteškoći—slaboj očuvanosti izvorne građe — što se još uvijek postavlja kao prepreka konačnoj ocjeni franjevačke djelatnosti, osnovni sud, da su franjevci srednjovjekovnu Bosnu oplemenili zapadnoeuropskim kulturnim sadržajima, i pored toga ne može biti doveden u pitanje.
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In this paper I pose some questions and try to answer them: how important and how widely diffused were sermons against vanity within the general fifteenth-century preaching campaign? How did the numerous questions implied by those vanities fit into a larger project of reform? I will consider the following texts: an unpublished sermon by Gregorio d’Alessandria dating from the first half of the 15th century, which does not focus on the theme of vanity but has several references to it; another unpublished sermon from the same period by a hermit of Saint Augustine who was familiar with the work of Bernardino of Siena; a sermon by Giacomo della Marca; two sermons from Bernardino of Feltre; and — looking outside Italy — some passages from a collection of sermons called Navicula sive speculum fatuorum by Johannes Geiler of Kaysersberg. These sources show a variety of themes, the originality of certain arguments, and the recurrence of others. Above all, the sermons demonstrate the wide range of social, economic, personal and collective consequences of vanities shown by the different preachers. Preachers sought to “root out” vanities through decisive and concrete intervention, to inspire people and to support new legislation.
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The paper deals with the perambulations of land estates and disputes over the boundaries of the village communities and noble estates in the Kingdom of Poland during the 15th and 16th centuries. It investigates the perambulations of estate boundaries as a complex process of conceiving of and transforming the physical space through the procedures and norms of law, and to highlight the role they played in forging and reshaping the local tradition.In spatial terms the project will focus on Galicia, known also as Red Ruthenia or Halych Rus'. This historical region constitutes the territory of the present-day south-eastern Poland and western Ukraine. Since the forties of the fourteen century Galicia was under the control of the kings of the Piast, Anjou and Jagiellonian dynasties.This study starts with an outline of the legislation regulating the boundary law in the Kingdom of Poland in the 14th–16th centuries. It also introduces readers to the emergence and spread of the concept of linear boundaries of estates and villages in late medieval Halych Rus’ as well as to interrelations between the practice of perambulation and the consolidation of the nobility’s rights of lordship in that period. It further provides a short overview of the local officials endowed with the power to conduct perambulations. The main focus of the analysis is on the interplay of literacy and oral communication in the perambulations, and its influence on the process of constituting and reshaping local traditions. It has sought to demonstrate how various forms of the local knowledge, which were transmitted through oral communication, were not only exploited, but also adjusted and reshaped due to the complex influence of the institutions and practices of law, lordship and royal governance, based on the new kind of pragmatic and administrative literacy which became widespread in the Kingdom of Poland during the 15th and 16th centuries. The paper further explores how the attempts at accommodating and reshaping the local tradition by means of institutional practices like perambulations were marked by their own inconsistencies and ambivalence. Finally, it highlights how “the game of tradition”, as Gadi Algazi puts it, in which the perambulations were implicated through the procedures of adjudicating, erecting markers, and record-making, was inextricably interwoven with and affected by the public enactment of the written record as well as by the complex process of dispute settlement.
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According to the scholarly literature, the Romanians from Transylvania, followers predominantly of the Orthodox rite, did not pay tithe to the Western Church in the 13th–14th centuries. However, it is considered that two groups of them – those living on church properties and those who had moved on settlements formerly inhabited by Catholics (terrae Christianorum) – were obliged to pay this tax starting from the 1400s. This study deals with the issue of the first group, analyzing the only source that would support the thesis in question, namely a partially dated letter of King Sigismund of Luxembourg (which in some editions was dated to 1398, in others to 1425 or 1426). Although the facts described in the document would correspond to realities from 1426, the contradictory date-formula, the confusing language, and the absence of the original (the earliest manuscripts of the text are from the 18th century) arouse suspicions. Even if we accept it as authentic, the phrase decima Volahorum cannot be interpreted as ordinary tithe, but only as a royal tax. Nor the late medieval registers of revenues of the Alba Iulia chapter, neither the urbaria of the estates of the Transylvanian bishopric support the thesis of the tithes paid by Romanians living on church properties.
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This article attempts to answer the question regarding the existence and usage of county protocol and county seal in medieval Transylvania. In 1547, Mihály Damokos of Cernatu de Jos/Alsócsernáton, the supposed descendant on the mother’s line of László Bogáti, presented the transcript resuming the contents of an undated document which, allegedly, had been copied by the officials of Turda/Torda county from their protocols in the year 1494, at the request of the Transylvanian voivodes Ladislas Losonci and Bartholomew Drágfi . Data referring to the conveyance of the estates mentioned in the transcript do not appear in any other medieval documents; the transcript is undated and does not mention the names of the issuers but contains a number of typical diplomatic formulae. The sixteenth-century charter which preserved all these earlier documents is not authenticated with a seal. Except for this questionable case, Transylvanian county protocols from this period are not known. Reliable data confirming the keeping of such protocols can be produced only from the second half of the sixteenth century. The original seal of Hunedoara/Hunyad County, allegedly from 1490, is missing at present and it does not appear on any county documents issued before 1542. The impression of this seal is known from nineteenth-century collections of seal impressions and drawings; based on the stylistic features appearing on these drawings and seal impressions, the seal is not from the medieval period.
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Enes Karic has lists in this article the most important facts about life and intellectual development of Galal al-Din al-Suyuti. The article is about al-Suyuti’s origin, his family, teachers, education and the beginning of his scientific career. It is written on the occasion of the five centuries from his death (1445-1505). He is rightfully considered to be among the famous commentators of the Qur’an and Hadeeth, as well as a prominent encyclopedist, historian, linguist, lexicographer, bibliographer...
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This paper will review the historical facts about Polimlje(Middle and Lower) at the time of Herzog Stjepan Vukcic Kosaca. The term Polimlje refers to the space of medieval parishes: Black Stone (the territory of the municipality of Prijepolje, Serbia) and Dabra (includes the municipality of Priboj in Serbia and Rudo in Bosnia and Herzegovina).The most important document about the settlements and fortresses of this area is the Charter of Herzog Stjepan Vukcic Kosaca which was twice released by Aragon and Naples King Alfonso V of Aragon (1444, 1454) and one by German "Roman" Emperor Friedrich III of Habsburg (1448). According to the plans of towns in these charters,the defense system of the Herzog Stjepan's area and all fortified towns with military crews which were protecting important roads and passes in the Herzog's authority can be seen. A special review is given to towns and fortresses: Milesevac, Kovin, Ostrik, Klek, Severin and Hrsovac.Based on archival documents, diplomatic materials,and relevant historical literature we show the boundary between Kosaca and despotate. In October 1448, Sjepan takes the title of Herzog. In the charter dated 6 April 1449,especially prominent is the cult of Saint Sava. The Herzog emphasized through Mileseva monastery (with the relics of Saint Sava) his countries' relationship with the old Serbian state and dynasty of Nemanjic. The title was showing Saint Sava as protector of Kosaca and their possessions.After this title 'Herzog' the country was named Herzegovina,and that name has been preserved until today. Prijepolje in Polimlje had a special role in the caravan traffic: it became the most important commercial and economic center. According to the dynamics of the station wagon ride in Polimlje there were two groups, the first included those that were active at the end of XIV and the first two decades of the XV century: Bukovica, the church of St. Nicola in Banja, Ivanje, Ravno and the church Mili.The second group included Breza and Drenova that havereached their peaks in the 20-ies and 30-ies of the XV century. In the early summer of 1465 the vicar of Sultan Isa Beg Ishakovic began with the conquest of Herzegovina.On this occasion Prijepolje, Milesevac and Lower Polimlje were occupied.
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Turkish danger influenced the origination of several concepts, whose authors are people actively effecting political life. French scholar, political economist and royal adviser Antonius Marini, under the leadership of the Emperor and the Pope, wanted to create an anti-Turkish coalition of all Christian states. His project, like the concept of Pierre Dubois, has some connection to the peace project which is, from our - Czech – perspective, undoubtedly the most significant. It is the peace project of the Czech King George of Poděbrady of the years of 1462 to 1464.
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In the short on the medieval history of Sokol, and surroundings, the proof has been found at the archaeological monuments,published resources, less from the unpublished material in Dubrovnik (Ragusa).All the available facts point out to a medieval settlement; it is difficult to make some definite conclusions excerpt that at time of Radivoja Ostojica a great deal happened concerning the political and religious life.
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