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A review of Robert K. Zawadzki’s book on Laurentius Corvinus (Wawrzyniec Korwin, Lorenz Rabe, 1470–1527). The book consists of a detailed study of this important humanist’s life and work and of an edition of his major writings, accompanied by their Polish translation. Though not free of errors, Zawadzki’s work will be the fundament of future research on Corvinus.
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The article analyzes the interesting relic discovered in the village of Brzezie near Opatów, that is a half of the lead impression of a papal bull. Such artifacts are usually kept in archives; in Poland only about 10 papal bulls have been found with the use of archeological methods, always near churches, and Brzezie is the only place where a bull was found despite the fact that there has never been a church there. Sigillographic analysis has allowed identifying the bull as Antipope John XXIII’s one. He was deposed during the Council of Constance in 1415, but he issued a number of documents concerning Polish lands and the Church of Poland including the Sandomierz and Opatów Church institutions and clergy that are discussed in the article. The authors (a sillographer, an archaeologist, and a mediaevalist) also point to the conditions under which the bull might find itself in Brzezie. In the article profiles are presented of three clergymen who had close relations with that place, or with the Lipńskis’ estate that does not exist today, on the area of which the bull was found. The clergymen were: the Dean of the Opatów Chapter Rafał of Brzezie (his name occurs in the years 1412-1438), the Canon of many Chapters, the royal secretary and diplomat Aleksander Brzeski (died 1650) and the Rector of the Virgin Mary Church in Opatów Karol Targowski (died 1942).
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Ottoman occupation of Albanian lands favoured intentions of Republic of Sain Mark to install their rule over some coastal towns to wich it had long time relations and merchant links. In this regard, the Republic of Venetia captured town of Durres, progressing afterwards with other coastal towns as: Lezha (1393), Shkodra and Drisht (1396), then Ulqin and Tivar (1405). Venetian Signoria (Lordship) aspired expanding in all these towns with potentially large interests to raise profits and incomes not only through trade, but land ownership by employing new feudal practices as seen on Shkodra region. As inherited tradition of Byzantium law, land belonged to Sovereign, be it individual (emperor or king) or collective (in this case Venetian Republic). This is how duties were imposed on population by the central ruler in payments of agricultural products wich represented a part of levy for the state. Other part of feudal duties belonged to specific individuals – representatives of top social class in local economic and political life. On these forms of duties has been raised and acted Byzantium feudal institution known as Pronia, which become modified because of Western feudalism practiced from Venetian in Shkodra region, sustaining significant changes making it an inherited and unconditioned property. In 15th century, pronia in area of Shkodra had no resemblance or association to Byzantium pronia. Venetian authorities used services of local feudal classes administrating its properties represented by landlord, chief and commander. In discrepancy to Byzantium landlord, his position in the Shkodra region during Venetian rule had become mostly inherited and unconditioned by military service. Agrarian affairs were highly developed in Shkodra region as the consequence of Western feudalism applied by Venetian.
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This study deals with fourteenth and fifteenth century (1360–1470) literary compositions which originated in the Czech Lands and deal with the education and instruction of children of royal and noble birth. The works of Emperor Charles IV, Tomáš Štítný ze Štítného (Thomas of Stitny), Pavel Žídek (Paulus Paulirinus de Praga), and Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini are compared and placed in context of the time when they were written. Emphasis is placed on features these works share regarding their contents, form, and genre.
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This article deals with instructions for preachers authored by the Viennese Dominican Leonard Huntpichler. In 1467, Huntpichler sent to the chaplain of Reinprecht von Walsee a letter where he formulated instructions regarding the preaching of a crusade against heretics in Bohemia. The contribution includes an edition of the historical document, clarifies the historical circumstances in which it was written, and presents some ideas about the form which preaching guided by these instructions may have taken.
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Kiratsa-Maria, daughter of the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexandăr (1331–1371) and a consort of the Byzantine prince, heir apparent Andronik IV became a Byzantine empress and was later imprisoned in the dungeons of Constantinople. At the end of her life she was a nun. Her life is depicted by the Spanish author Ruy González de Clavijo in his itinerary Embajada a Tamorlán from the 15th с.
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The paper examines the 15th century South Slavonic manuscript N 1/108 from the State Scientific Library in Odessa. The codex is a convolute consisting of different manuscripts. The last of them contains a collection of proverbial sayings unexamined so far. The author shows that the collection is actually a short excerpt from the Byzantine gnomologium “Melissa”. The textological analysis leads to the assumption that this manuscript preserves a South Slavonic translation of the Greek “Melissa”. In all likelihood the translation was made on Mount Athos.
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In the article 56 short documents of a register with entries of the Venetian State Archives – Archivio di State di Venezia – Duca di Candia, busta 11. Actorum (1368–1415) are published, translated in Bulgarian and analyzed. The documents report the legalisation of the status of slaves of Bulgarian origin brought to the Island of Crete. In their majority these slaves were from places in Macedonia, Moesia and other regions of the Balkan Peninsula. Observations are made on the way they were enslaved, on their place of origin, anthroponymy and religious allegiance. The value of the newly discovered register as an important source for Bulgarian history during the second half of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century is emphasised.
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Sts Apostles Peter and Paul’ is a 15th century Turnovo cathedral church where on the Deisis composition is written a text on the scroll of St. John the Baptist, which in itself is quite remarkable in terms of mural epigraphy, enlivened by an Old-Bulgarian apocrypha called “Bartholomew Seeking Answers from the Holy Mother about the End of the World”. The text however, reveals a period of great artistic variety when reflecting the anticipation of the Last Judgement. One out of many autographs belonging to icon-painter Nicholas is placed within the Prayer Composition (on the maphorion of the Holy Mother, just above the tassels),thus adding much more meaning to the apocryphal text. The decisions of the Florentine Union (1439) has probably influenced the master to make his own interpretations of the mysterious words said by the Holy Mother in Greek, in order to express his attitude towards the apostates from the Orthodox religion. The contents of the apocryphal text are connected by separate themes treating the iconographie programme.
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The article examines the documents of the late 15th — the first third of the 16th centuries about relations between the Crimean khans and the Grand Dukes of Moscow about paying tribute from "Odoyev's cities". These payments were a relic of independent relations of the princes of the Novosil House with the Crimean Khanate, which existed until the end of the 15th century. Later on, when the Novosil-Odoyev principality became a part of the Russian state, the Grand Dukes of Moscow were forced to pay Odoyev’s tribute to the Crimean khans for some time.
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For the purpose of definition of the sources devoted to the Russian-Crimean relations of the 1580th — the 1620th of articles of the Novyiy letopisets of the senior edition the last are compared with other documentary and narrative monuments of that time known to us. This work unlike other compositions of the same genre noted by steady interest in military opposition or peaceful contacts of two countries, allowing to judge estimates of bilateral ties in an environment of the tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the patriarch Philaret, almost in all relevant articles has a documentary basis or imprinted oral tradition.
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The paper deals with Gerays graveside on the island of Rhodes in the context of Murat Reis architectural complex. It describes the complex and provides selective bibliography and concise history of studying it. The author lists all Gerays burial monuments of the complex discovered to date, shows the possibilities and prospects of their further examination.
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Preconditions for the emergence of Lithuanian-Crimean relations formed back to the beginning of the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh. They were due to the fact the Grand Duchy of Lithuania included the Russian lands, which were also depending on the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde. Later, this led to the fact that while the Golden Horde was collapsing, the grand Dukes of Lithuania played an active role in the formation of the Crimean Khanate. In this study highlights the attempt to form an independent state in the Crimea in 1420-1424 years.
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In the first part, the author tries to present an outline of the political and military hierarchy of the medieval society, highlighting the consequences of the confrontation between the Christian European countries and the Islamic Ottoman Empire, the place and the role of Romanians as defenders of the “Gate of Christianity from the Lower Danube” and, in the second part of the article, he makes a brief description of the categories of armature used during those times; the article constitutes a technical discussion of the mail shirts used by Romanian warriors (examples of which can be found in the cultural patrimony of the museum).
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Prema dosad poznatom Vuk Petković pripada značajnijim trgovcima sa područja Pljevalja iz druge i treće decenije XV. stoljeća. Mali broj podataka koji govore o Vuku Petkoviću, skoro isključivo kreditnih ugovora, uslovio je njegovo pominjanje i poznavanje samo u osnovnim potezima koje diktira beživotni kancelarijski formalizam dužničkih knjiga. Njegova pozicija apostrofirana je u dosadašnjim istraživanjima, naročito kod Desanke Kovačević-Kojić u pionirskom pristupu prilikom sagledavanja ukupnog zaduživanja trgovaca iz srednjovjekovne Bosne i Ruže Ćuk kroz zasebno prilaženje trgovcima pljevaljskog kraja. U vezi sa Vukom Petkovićem trgovcem iz Pljevalja do sada je govoreno o ukupnoj sumi zaduživanja koja se vrijednovala i demonstrirala kroz dva približno slična računa. Prema prvom ukupna zaduženja Vuka Petkovića mjerena su iznosom od 323 dukata, 72 perpera i 65,5 groša2, a po drugom 323,5 dukata, 47 perpera i 50,5 groša.
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This article analyzes the emperorship of Sigismund (1368–1437) as a particular configuration of rule in the fifteenth century. Research on the medieval Holy Roman Empire in the Latin West has traditionally focused on the great emperors from the ninth century to the thirteenth. In contrast, imperial coronations and imperial rule in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have received much less attention. The article first presents the structural features of the Holy Roman Empire and then focuses on the significant changes to this structure in the late Middle Ages. Discontinuities made imperial rule the exception rather than the rule. Long intervals between imperial coronations always required reinventions of traditions, which led to situational negotiations among popes, authorized cardinals, and emperors. In 1433, Sigismund was the first emperor since 1220 to receive his coronation from the pope himself in Rome. The article makes it clear that Sigismund was a master in the creation of new rituals and symbols. During his reign, the imagery of the empire expanded significantly. Alongside unity (unitas) came diversity (diversitas). The article shows how differently the imperial coronation of 1433 was perceived and narrated by contemporaries in Italy and Germany.
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Dvořáková, Daniela: Barbara of Cilli (1392–1451). A Hungarian, Holy Roman, and Bohemian Queen. Leiden–Boston, Brill, 2021. 258 p.
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There is no doubt that for as long as the world has existed, there have been those who have not hesitated to dig up the graves of individuals, cemeteries of communities or even entire settlements from decades, centuries or even millennia ago in search of treasures. At most, we know of only a few cases where historical and archaeological data together provide evidence of attempts to loot earlier burials or even settlements covered with soil. A particularly fascinating case is that of Giosafat Barbaro, a Venetian diplomat, merchant and adventurer-traveller, who had one of the most colourful and interesting careers of the 15th century. According to some accounts, Barbaro arrived as an envoy of the Venetian Republic in the city of Tana (nowadays: Azov). Barbaro and his partners hired around a hundred and twenty workers and carried out two cycles of exploration on the hill called Contebe, near the river Don. Although no treasures were ultimately found, Barbaro made almost modern excavation observations at the site. Alexander Alexandrovich Miller, former director of the Russian Museum and leader of the so-called North Caucasus Archaeological Expedition, which started in 1922, initiated an excavation near the village of Kobjakovo on the banks of the Don River in the mid-1920s, nearly five hundred years after Barbaro’s venture. During the excavation, the Russian archaeologist discovered the remains of a very important settlement of many periods. The site, known as the ’Russian Troy’, was eventually identified as the site of Barbaro’s excavation.
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