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„Ни на кого надеи не маю, толко на милосердного Бога да на вашу милость“: Lietuvos kilmingųjų laiškai, adresuoti valdovo raštininkui Jonui Bogdanaičiui Sapiegai, [1507]–[1515] m.

Author(s): Andrej Ryčkov / Language(s): Russian,Lithuanian Issue: 42/2018

Rimvydas Petrauskas prieš porą metų pasirodžiusioje ir didelio populiarumo sulaukusioje knygoje, skirtoje Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės diduomenės giminėms, kiekvienai aprašomai giminei priskyrė po konkretų epitetą, kuris atspindi tos giminės istoriją. Pavyzdžiui, Manvydus jis siejo su riterių kultūra, Alšėniškius – su heraldika (giminės heraldiniu simboliu – kentauru), o iš Smolensko žemės kilusius rusėnus Sapiegas apibūdino kaip „raštininkų giminę“ ir net „raštininkų dinastiją“. Iš tiesų ankstyvoji Sapiegų giminės istorija, ypač XV a. antrojoje pusėje–XVI a. pradžioje, neatsiejama nuo didžiojo kunigaikščio kanceliarijos. Pirmasis žinomas Sapiegų dinastijos atstovas – Simonas Sapiega, 1440–1450 m. valdovo kanceliarijoje ėjo raštininko pareigas. Regis, jo pastangomis valdovo kanceliarijoje savo karjerą taip pat pradėjo du jo sūnus – Bogdanas ir Jonas. Anot R. Petrausko, kanceliarijos darbo patirtis ir asmeninis santykis su valdovu leido vienam iš brolių pasiekti karjeros aukštumų. Jonas Simonaitis Sapiega ne tik tapo rusėniškojo kanceliarijos skyriaus vadovu ir Aleksandro Jogailaičio žmonos Elenos dvaro kancleriu, bet ir pirmas iš giminės gavo vaivados (Vitebsko ir Palenkės) bei maršalo pareigas. [...]

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Konflikte zwischen lutherischen und katholischen Reichsfürsten in der Berichterstattung für die böhmischen Adeligen (1542–1545)

Author(s): Kateřina Pražáková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2017

The study analyzes three unique news sources which informed Bohemian noblemen aboutthe complex confessional and political situation in the Holy Roman Empire between years 1542–1546. The first of these is represented by a hand-written pamphlet from 1542or 1543 whose author strived to render the situation to significant imperial princes, dukesand bishops with help of biblical quotations. The writer took the side of Lutherans towhom he predicted success, whereas the leaders of Catholic fractions were threatenedand sneered upon. The second important source is represented by a comprehensive hand--written newspaper describing an attempt of Henry II, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttelto reconquer his lost domain. The reporter, who took part in fights on the side of Muriceof Saxony, depicted all affairs from the first clashes until the capture of Henry II, dukeof Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and dissolution of his defeated army after the battle of Bockelomon 21st October 1545. The third source is a satirical pamphlet sharply attackingHenry II, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Although this text had been written probablybefore the capture of the Duke in 1545, it was obviously delivered to Bohemia as an attachementto the above mentioned hand-written newspaper.

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Die Ungnads von Sonnegg – der lutherische Adel in der Habsburgermonarchie um die Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Václav Bůžek / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2017

In the 1530s there were coming German-speaking followers of Lutheran reformationfrom Austrian lands to the South of the Kingdom of Bohemia whose life careers have notbeen paid attention by researchers. Also the Ungnads of Sonneck, who came from Styriaand Carinthia to settle down in the South of the land before the half of the 1530s, professedto the Lutheran confession. In 1534 Ondřej Ungnad of Sonneck gained the manorof Frauenberg which was given to him from Jan of Pernštein into lien possession. In thesame year Ondřej Ungnad of Sonneck married Bohunka of Pernštejn who was a daughterof Jan of Pernštejn’s youger brother Vojtěch. There were born four children of their marriage– sons Adam and David and daughters Mariana and Anna Marie. Ondřej Ungnadof Sonneck became one of significant patrons of moralistic and religious literature inthe Kingdom of Bohemia during the 1530s till 1550s. At the instance of him there weretranslated texts by Anton Corvinus, Johann Brenz, Johann Spangenberg, Filip Melanchtonand other reformers into the Czech language.The way of the new lien owner of Frauenberg towards Lutheranism was opened tohim probably by his older brother Hans Ungnad of Sonneck who in spite of spreadingof reformation ideas had taken up the office of land commissioner in Styria in year 1530.Because of theological disputes with Lutheran theologists he left to Urach in 1557 wherehe settled down under the protection of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg who belongedto most important supporters of reformation in the Holy Roman Empire in the halfof 16th Century. Hans Ungnad of Sonneck together with a Slovenian reformer PrimožTruber prompted translations of the Luther’s Bible into Croatian, Italian and Slovenianlanguages as well as its printing and distribution in Urach.The life of Ondřej of Ungnad of Sonneck’s sons used to be left without any attention.There has been partially researched only the career of his younger son David who studiedby Filip Melanchton in Wittenberg and became famous as a diplomat and military commanderin services of the Habsburgs. Some closer events of the short life of his elder sonAdam were noted by Bohemian warrior Pavel Korka of Korkyně in his memoirs. Thesetwo noblemen could have met each other during chivalric tournaments at the court ofArchduke Ferdinand of Tyrol. Their mutual relationship was deepened after the deathof his father when Adam Ungnad of Sonneck became the lien owner of Frauenberg. Thepossession of this manor had also been steadily attempted by Jáchym of Hradec, the chiefchancellor of the Kingdom of Bohemia.At the beginning of February 1561, Adam Ungnad of Sonneck was taken off the lienpossession of Hluboká manor. A year later there was written a record in the Land tablesaccording to which Ferdinand I of Habsburg granted the manor of Frauenberg to Jáchym of Hradec for the redemption of his financial claims into Jáchym’s hereditary possession.Some of related court meetings concerning the withdrawal of the right of lien to themanor of Frauenberg were attended by Adam Ungnad of Sonneck and Pavel Korka ofKorkyně who temporarily worked in Sonneck’s services. He was very likely involved alsoin his marriage with Elizabeth Thurzo of Bethlenfalva, a widow after Jaroslav of Pernštejn,which took place probably on 2nd November 1561 in Freistadt an der Waag, where thebride was seated.Allegorical wedding celebrations of Adam Ungnad of Sonneck marriage with ElizabethThurzo of Bethlenfalva were reflected in a Latin poem by an unknown humanisticauthor. Its verses praised graceful qualities of both the spouses through simple ancient andbiblical motives and there was also reminded the Christian mission of their mutual lifein marriage. The poet introduced the basis of Lutheran view of the God’s created bondbetween a man and woman which was theologically in accordance with the religiousattitudes of Adam Ungnad of Sonneck. Also Elizabeth Thurzo of Bethlenfalva had beenraised in Lutheran belief because her father belonged to the early followers of reformationin the Kingdom of Hungary. After the death of Adam Ungnad of Sonneck the widowedwoman got married for the third time with Julius I of Salm in year 1565.Although Ferdinand I of Habsburg was supporting transnational wedding alliancesof Catholic aristocratic men and women, the marriage of Adam Ungnad of Sonneck andElizabeth Thurzo of Bethlenfalva proved that there were without Ferdinand’s influencerealized also transnational weddings of noble spouses who confessed Lutheranism in theCentral-European monarchy around the half of the 16th century. The merits of such newlyformed broader relationships contributed to social development because there were arousedmutual travels, cultural exchange in the Danubian area and also language educationof the noble persons. These transnational relationships of aristocratic families contributedlast but not least also to developing awareness of commonly shared life space in the DanubianMonarchy with its rising power center at the royal court. There were more andmore common the meetings of mutually related aristocrats from different countries of theHabsburg composite state who appeared there in duty of administrative or court serviceswithout any regards to their confession.

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Der Adel und die Reformation Mährische Herrschaften der Herren von Boskowitz in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Josef Hrdlička / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2017

The study researches the role of nobility in encountering and spreading ideas of GermanReformation in Bohemian lands. It deals with its conditions in Moravian estates of theLords of Boskovice in details in the second half of 16th Century. The Lords of Boskovicesympathized with thoughts of the German Reformation and supported it on their manorsand that was among others reflected in their efforts to constitute higher levels of Lutheranadministration there. The support of the German Reformation by the seigniorial authoritieswas successful because the parish administration of all significant towns owned bythe Lords of Boskovice was Lutheran after the half of 16th Century. However, this didnot mean that all their subjects tended to the German Reformation. There were living alsoUtraquists and minorities of Catholics and also confessors of some radical reformationmovements – especially the Anabaptists. The Lords of Boskovice tolerated their variousconfessions and did not authoritatively intervene in their mutual coexistence

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Die Frühe Neuzeit in der russischen Geschichtsschreibung – gestern und heute

Author(s): Andrei Yuryevich Prokopiev / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

The article considers the main stages in the study of history of the early modern period inRussian historiography from the era of Peter the Great to the present day. At the centerof attention are influence of foreign historical schools and public concepts. The points ofview of Russian historians are studied mainly with reference to the example of the historicalschools of St. Petersburg and Moscow.

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Věřitelé Ferdinanda I. ze zemí Koruny české v letech 1526-1547

Author(s): Josef Čížek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

The article explores the issue of credit as one of the instruments used by Ferdinand I in his interior policy during the first half of his reign (1526–1545). It discusses the methods used by the sovereign in dealing with the recognition of debts of his predecessors towards his supporters and his antagonists. The research focuses on the client networks that originated from the financial ties between Ferdinand I and representatives of Bohemian nobility. The article defines the main types of creditors who provided loans to the sovereign in the first half of 16th century and uncovers also their motivation for doing so.The article explores the issue of credit as one of the instruments used by Ferdinand I inhis interior policy during the first half of his reign (1526–1545). It discusses the methodsused by the sovereign in dealing with the recognition of debts of his predecessorstowards his supporters and his antagonists. The research focuses on the client networksthat originated from the financial ties between Ferdinand I and representatives of Bohemiannobility. The article defines the main types of creditors who provided loans to thesovereign in the first half of 16th century and uncovers also their motivation for doing so.

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NEPOTIZMUS A KARIÉRA KRÁĽOVSKÉHO ÚRADNÍKA V 17. STOROČÍ. (Michal Partinger – radca a pokladník Uhorskej komory z pohľadu genealógie)

Author(s): Frederik Federmayer / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

This study presents the life, career, and family connections of a senior official of the Royal Hungarian Chamber, Michal Partinger (†1686), a native of Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia), which was then the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary. The primary aim of this study is to discuss nepotism at royal offices in the Kingdom of Hungary during the early modern period. It highlights the importance of genealogical and archontological research in its analysis of this phenomenon.

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USKOCI I OTOK KRK

Author(s): Mihovil Bolonić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1980

Svrha je ovog kraćeg prikaza da na temelju arhivskih i drugih pisanih izvora prikaže odnose uskoka prema otoku Krku. Ovaj prikaz pokazat će i neke uskočke negativnosti, tj. uskočko naličje, jer uskoci »navikli na pljačku, .. . nisu štedjeli ni svojih sunarodnjaka na mletačkim i turskim posjedima ...«! Ovo naličje, dakako odudara od romantičarskog prikazivanja uskoka — u narodnim pjesmama i književnim djelima kao što su npr. Šenoina pripovijest »Čuvaj se senjske ruke« i Kranjčevićeve »Uskočke elegije«. Međutim, svaka stvar ima svoje lice i naličje.

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Праца гарадзенскага магістрата ў другой палове ХVIІ ст.

Author(s): Natallja Slіž / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 6/2021

This article is devoted to activities of the Hrodna magistrate in the second half ofthe seventeenth century. The diffi cult period of the war of 1654–1667 provoked theproblems connected with the restoration of the work of the magistrate. The researchis based on the books of the court’s records. In the postwar period, the role of thevoyt increased. He attended meetings and oversaw the work of the magistrate. Themagistrate faced a number of problems. Moscow troops severely damaged the courtarchives. The town was ruined. The population of the town decreased. Townspeoplebecame poor. Hrodna was in fi nancial crisis. The cases of corruption were betweenoffi cials. It took long period of time to set up the work of the magistrate and to introduceorder in the town.

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Un furt în districtul Hațeg la începutul secolului al XVI-lea

Author(s): Maria Frînc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 60/2021

Theft is an illegal act committed since ancient times and encountered in all social structures. The poverty or the pursuit of wealth has led many individuals to commit such transpassings. The nobles from the Hațeg district have also faced thefts countless times. This article presents one of the thefts that took place at the beginning of the 16th century in the Hațeg district. This illegal act from Fărcădin attracts the attention of historians through the abundance and diversity of the precious goods taken. This article will try to highlight the importance and role of these valuable objects for the owner and to trace possible paths of their origin.

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Reformacja w Prusach a polska reformacja na Mazurach

Author(s): Janusz Małłek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

This article consists of four parts. In the first part that is entitled the “Word of Lord in the mother tongue of the Masurians”, the author stresses the importance of a sermon delivered by Jerzy Polentz – the bishop of Samland and the first Lutheran bishop in history – in the royal cathedral on 24 December 1523, in which he admonished that the Word of God should be preached in the native tongue of the believers, in the case of Masurians – the Polish language. The second part, entitled “Official introduction to Lutheranism in the Duchy of Prussia”, discusses the documents issued by Prince Albrecht, in which he established the principles of faith and conduct in the Lutheran Church of the Ducal Prussia. These included: 1. “Reformation Mandate” of 6 July 1525, demanding that priests preach “pure” Word of God, which according to the contemporary terminology meant preaching the Gospel based on the teaching of Martin Luther; 2. “Church Ordinance” and “Agenda or articles about ceremonies”, both documents published on 10 December 1525; 3. “Visitation instruction” of 13 March 1526, containing regulations regarding the transformation of Catholic parishes into Lutheran ones. The third part is entitled “Polish pastors in Masuria” and lists the names of first Lutheran priests active in the southern part of East Prussia. They were usually former Catholic priests who converted into Lutheranism. Many of them were Polish. Finally the fourth part entitled Polish Lutheran books in Masuria” is devoted to Polish religious prints (Catechism, New Gospel, Posil, Augsburg Confession, etc.). The author quotes here Władysław Chojnacki who claimed that more Polish prints were published in the 16th century in the Ducal Prussia (Königsberg and Lyck) than in entire Poland: 104 prints appeared in Polish, 183 in German and 90 in Latin. Most of them contained Lutheran religious writing. Usually, one parish owned at least a copy of the Bible, Postil, Catechism and a Polish Hymnal. One copy of Catechism allowed the community of believers to learn the Ten Commandments, while one copy of Hymnal enabled them to memorise many sacred songs.

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Podíl české katolické šlechty při utváření náboženských poměrů v Čechách ve dvacátých letech 17. století

Author(s): Josef Hrdlička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2021

This study analyses the role of the Czech nobility in the first years of the post-WhiteMountain counter-reformation in the Kingdom of Bohemia. It follows this from the endof 1620, when, soon after the Battle of White Mountain, the first proposals to adjust thesituation in the rebel territory began to appear. The upper limit is the middle of 1627, notonly for political reasons but with special reference to the issuing of a patent by FerdinandII on 31 July 1627 in which he first proclaimed an attempt to catholicize the Czechnobility and at the same time reiterated that he did not intend to tolerate anyone in thecountry who would not be willing to align himself with his landlord in faith. The firstpart of the article deals with the ideas of certain Bohemian Catholic noblemen about thefuture religious development of the kingdom, which they embodied in proposals whichcame into being on the initiative of Ferdinand II or on their own initiative. Other passagesfocus on the efforts of the landowner and governor of Bohemia Charles of Liechtensteinto influence, through normative measures, the religious situation of the aristocratic estatesbefore July 1627. In conclusion, attention is paid to the efforts of certain BohemianCatholic lords who advocated a fight against non-Catholic beliefs on their own estates,which they justified by the requirement for their subjects to align themselves in faith withtheir landlords.

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Din istoria tiparului parizian din epoca Renaşterii: familia Du Pré (I)

Author(s): Elena Damian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16-17/2018

Le fondateur de la famille Du Pré, Jean Du Pré, typographe et libraire, a joué un rôle important dans l’histoire de l’imprimerie parisienne de la fin du XV-ème siècle et dans l’évolution du nouvel art. Les beaux ouvrages illustrés, religieux ou laïques, qui ont été réalisés par lui ont des gravures en bois, ensuite, c’est lui qui a introduit la gravure en métal. Il a été l’initiateur des Livres d’heures. De même il a été bien doué pour le commerce avec le livre et ses affaires ainsi que ses collaborations se sont étendues dans toute la France. Avec Jean Du Pré apparaît un nouveau type de libraire dont les entreprises couvrent un grand territoire du pays et qui fournit le matériel aux imprimeurs d’autres villes. Pour ses réalisations il mérite pleinement une place d’honneur dans l’histoire de l’imprimerie française de Paris à l’époque de la première Renaissance.

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Robert Wingfield angol követ, a Német-római Birodalom és a Magyar Királyság (1514–1515)

Author(s): Attila Bárány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2021

Sir Robert Wingfield was the first resident ambassador of England delegated by to the court of Emperor Maximilian I. He regularly sent a great number of dispatches, letters and relations to King Henry VIII and Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for seven years, which are to be seen as important evidence for the history of Hungary. Wingfield spent most of his times following the Emperor’s more or less itinerant court and government from Bavaria and Lower Austria to Carniola in the years of 1514 and 1515, also staying for days just a few miles from the Hungarian border. He provided first-hand information of the peasant uprising led by György Dózsa in 1514 and was himself present at the congress of Vienna between the sovereigns of Hungary, Poland and the Holy Roman Empire, arranging for an inheritance treaty. The envoy notified the Chancery of the affairs of Hungary and the Turk – letting the Cardinal know of János Szapolyai’s schemes – which became vital for early Tudor foreign policy as Wolsey wished to have a dominant role in the power constellation. Wingfield was almost uniquely well-informed and had most appropriate knowledge of the workings of Hungarian politics.

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Multiple Loyalties in Habsburg-Hungarian Relations at the Turn of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century

Author(s): Bence Péterfi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In this essay, I examine how people with business and political interest on both sides of Austrian–Hungarian border, sometimes even in royal courts, could survive in spite of the rather capricious relationship between Hungarian kings and Habsburg rulers in the second half of the fifteenth century and the early sixteenth century. Most of them sought a solution that would enable them to keep the estates and the positions they had already acquired. This “double loyalty” was practically impossible in the midst of the war between Matthias Corvinus and Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor: very few of the figures in question managed to maintain attachments to both sides. A window of opportunity opened with the Peace of Pressburg in 1491, when the two parties recognized the possibility of service in the neighboring ruler’s service. Although the peace treaty did not alter the significant shrinking of the camp supporting the Habsburg claim to the throne, which had been relatively large in the time of the 1490–91 Austro-Hungarian War, from the 1490s on and in strikingly large numbers from the mid-1510s, more and more people could be found whose activities made plainly clear that they were not exclusive in their loyalties: they were quite able to serve two masters at the same time.

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Faith, Scripture, and Reason: The Debate between Transylvanian Sabbatarians and Christian Francken

Author(s): Réka Újlaki-Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In this study, I present two Sabbatarian texts which were written in response to texts by Christian Francken. Based on the argumentation in the Sabbatarian texts, I try to clarify which writings by the German philosopher they were responding to. I offer an explanation of the ferocity of the Sabbatarian response, and I clarify the reasons why the Sabbatarians found it so important to respond to Francken’s ideas. My analysis of the Sabbatarian texts shows persuasively that Francken’s attacks were related to the basic and specific teachings of the Sabbatarians. The challenge presented by fashionable philosophical trends at the time compelled the Sabbatarians to face not only the benefits but also the dangers of following the ratio in the interpretation of Scripture. Sabbatarian texts arrived at a solution (by drawing a distinction between the concepts of ratio and philosophy) which, although formulated earlier in the established churches, was still undeveloped in the Transylvanian Antitrinitarian movement out of which Sabbatarianism grew.

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Venice’s Knowledge of the Qizilbash – The Importance of the Role of the Venetian Baili in Intelligence-Gathering on the Safavids

Author(s): Ahmad Guliyev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

While the subject of the Venetian espionage in the Ottoman empire has received scholarly attention, no attempt has been made to study the baili’s intelligence-gathering activities on Safavid issues in a systematic way. Through the close scrutiny of baili dispatches and other relevant materials of the Venetian State archives, this paper examines the role of the Venetian diplomats in Istanbul in information-gathering on the Safavids. It demonstrates that the baili used various techniques, particularly gifting, bribery, and information exchange with the Ottoman officials in order to collect and transmit to Venice a wide range of information on Ottomans’ arch-rivals, the Safavids.

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Máté Ágnes, Oborni Teréz (eds.), Isabella Jagiellon, Queen of Hungary (1539–1559), Budapest, 2020, 362 p.

Author(s): Livia Magina / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2021

Review of: Máté Ágnes, Oborni Teréz (eds.), Isabella Jagiellon, Queen of Hungary (1539–1559), Budapest, 2020, 362 p.

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Mezővárosok vásárai az erdélyi vármegyékben (1541–1600)

Author(s): Anikó Szász / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: IX/2022

The paper analyzes data on weekly markets and annual fairs in the towns of the seven Transylvanian counties (Cluj, Turda, Dăbâca, Solnocul Interior, Alba, Târnava, Hunedoara) between 1540 and 1600, drawing parallels between medieval and 16th century conditions. In addition to the data preserved in diplomas, the most valuable sources of research are three calendars from 1573, 1606 and the period between 1606 and 1607, that contain the locations and the dates of the annual fairs of the Transylvanian settlements.

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Mercenari unguri (dărăbani) în oastea Țării Românești și a Moldovei în secolul al XVI-lea

Author(s): Claudiu Neagoe / Language(s): Romanian,French Issue: XXVII/2021

În secolele XIV-XV domnii români s-au bazat pe corpurile militare tradiționale, formate din curteni, slugi domnești și boierești și oameni liberi și șerbi (rumâni, vecini). Însă, cu prima jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea, atât în Valahia cât și în Moldova, și-au făcut apariția o serie de mercenari străini, în contextul unor lupte cu turcii sau a unor lupte interne, purtate între diverși pretendenți la domnie. Printre aceștia s-au numărat și mercenarii denumiți generic trabanți (dărăbani, dărăbanți, dorobanți), cei mai mulți dintre ei unguri, iar alții, în număr ceva mai mic, sași din Transilvania. Spre sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea, mulți dintre acești mercenari numiți trabanți au fost recrutați fie din rândul elementelor etnice balcanice, fie din rândul localnicilor, cel puțin în cazul Țării Românești. În secolul următor, trabanții aveau să constituie un important corp militar (ceată) de slijitori domnești, recrutați numai din rândul valahilor. Pentru serviciul militar și pentru alte servicii aduse domnilor, dărăbanii sau dorobanții aveau să beneficieze de o serie de libertăți și scutiri fiscale.

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