Kėdainių katalikų parapija XVII a.: parama ir konfliktai

Author(s): Vaida Kamuntavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2018

Kėdainiai was a multicultural city in the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From the second half of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century Protestants made up the majority of the population. The article sets out to analyse the material situation of the Kėdainiai Catholic parish in the 17th century, the relations between Catholics and Protestants, as well as the relations within the Catholic community. It aims to reveal the problems faced by the priests of the Catholic parish in the administration of the parish situated on the border between Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses and between Catholic and Protestant communities. The research was carried out on the basis of the material from the Archive of the Kėdainiai Catholic Parish, the data of visitations and inventories and other manuscript sources.

ПЕТР ВЕЛИКИЙ О БОГЕ, БОЛЕЗНЯХ И МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ВОДЕ

Author(s): Eugeniy Viktorovich Anisimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

The article analyzes Peter the Great’s ideas about God, human destiny, disease and death in the context of the doctrine of rationalism so popular during Peter the Great’s reign. The aim of the article is to show how his attitudes towards life and death issues, the fate of humans, faith in God, human mind and the power of experiential knowledge were shaped. The author analyzes the features of the Emperor’s lifestyle, marked by excessive consumption of alcohol. Peter’s passion for treating his diseases with mineral waters is directly related to his deep belief in the omnipotence of science and experiential knowledge. The novelty of the research lies in the effort to reconstruct Peter the Great’s mindset in order to understand his mentality. The use of a new approach to comprehending the motives behind the Emperor’s particular actions ensures the research relevance. The author makes a conclusion that Peter the Great’s worldviews were influenced by the ideas of rationalism, widely accepted by European scientists at the time, as well as by the mentality of European (in particular, Dutch) common people, who could hardly give him the best examples to follow.

«ДЕСЯТНИК ИЗВОЛИЛ ЕЗДИТЬ В ТЕПЛИЦЫ» (О пребывании Петра I на курорте Баден под Веной летом 1698 года)

Author(s): Iskra Schwarcz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

This is the first article published in the Russian language that is dedicated to the stay of Peter the First at the resort of Baden in the vicinity of Vienna in the summer of 1698. The article is based on the documents from the Austrian archives, German-language periodicals of the late XVII century, and the works by Austrian and Russian historians. The article gives a brief history of the resort of Baden. The Tsar stayed at the resort during the stay of the Grand Embassy in Vienna and the negotiations with the Austrian Emperor Leopold the First. The article describes in detail the daily life of the Great Embassy in Baden, puts forward some hypotheses about Peter’s place of residence and his retinue, describes the memorable places of Baden, which are traditionally considered to be associated with Peter the First. It is concluded that Peter the First’s familiarity with the healing springs of Baden shaped his interest in balneology, contributed to visiting other European resorts and creating the first Russian resort of Marcial Waters.

A szülejmáni béke. A magyarországi oszmán adóösszeírások és a magyar– oszmán békekötések összefüggései

Author(s): Éva Sz. Simon / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Starting from the second half of the 15th century, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were separated by the natural border of the rivers Sava and lower Danube, fortified with border castles. With the capture of Belgrade, Zemun, and Sabac, the army of Suleiman I punched through this functional, formally established defense line, which led to the creation of the 150-year-long Ottoman rule in Hungary. During the more than 150 years following the Hungarian-Ottoman peace treaty of 1519, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire came to a peace agreement fourteen times. However, while the treaties of 1503 and 1519 specifically established the border settlements on the Sava-lower Danube line, as did the double committee sent out after the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the treaties between these never specified border castles or specific border marks. In the 16th century, on the western border of the Ottoman Empire the Ottomans used a unique, one might say genius method not used in other parts of the Empire to legitimize their rule in a region even before conquering it by force. They did not only utilize their army, but their diplomacy and administration as well, to subjugate these regions. The author of this study examines the correlations between the Ottoman-Hungarian peace treaties and the sanjak censuses appraising the taxability of the population, as well as their roles in the border negotiations. Furthermore, the study puts the findings of previous studies regarding the making of sanjak censuses in a broader context and provides a new foundation for these findings.

A „nyitott határ” – egy hadtörténelmi paradoxon hatása. Néhány gondolat a Magyar Királyság 16–17. századi oszmánellenes védelmi rendszerének sajátosságairól

Author(s): István Czigány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Thoughts about the characteristics of the Kingdom of Hungary’s defense system against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. After the advance of the Ottoman Empire halted at the middle of the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 16th century, the Habsburg Empire, bearers of the Hungarian crown at the time, and the Ottoman Empire both built their own defense systems. The two empires created thousand kilometers long, similarly structured castle systems. The opposing defense lines were balanced in terms of power. Both sides had a force of approximately 20,000 soldiers. The upkeep of this kind of military force was a significant burden on both empires, and they could only secure their system of strongholds, but couldn’t close the border down. The Treaty of Adrianopole (1568) didn’t draw a clear border, it only aimed to determine the affiliation of the border settlements and the part of the populace that paid taxes to both sides. While the Ottomans ruled over the Christian border area, the Kingdom of Hungary partially reorganized state presence in Ottoman Hungary (royal, palatine, and county rights, and the way noble’s lands were managed) with the help of the military of the border castles and landowners. A peculiar, “open” border area was created, the size of which depended on how large an area the Hungarian and Ottoman border castles collected taxes from. This system of shared rulership (condominium) and the resulting tax structure became the main reason behind the skirmishes, raids, and the constant state of border war. The Treaty of Zsitvatorok (1608) regulated taxation by the Hungarian and Ottoman parties in the border area, sometimes even allowing the presence of the other side’s armed forces within their dominion. This became the norm not only in the border area at this time, but in entire Ottoman Hungary apart from the Temesköz and Szerémség regions. During the early 17th century, due to the Bocskai uprising (1604–1606), and the Western engagements of the Habsburgs, the role of the Hungarian political and military elite, and the armies of the Hungarian aristocracy grew stronger in the governance, financing and military structure of the kingdom’s border areas. Despite the deficiencies of the border castle system, the balance of military power remained intact on the Ottoman border. An important aspect of this was the Hungarian taxation in Ottoman Hungary, and the presence of the soldiers of the border castles.

Zichy II. Pál árváinak iskoláztatása. Iskoláztatási stratégia a Zichy családban a 17. század második felében

Author(s): Bálint Károlyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2019

The study of the 16th-17th century school as an educational institution, and the education habits of aristocrats and other social groups of the time has gained traction in the recent years. This study aims to join this trend by examining the education of the children of the Zichy family in the 17th century. The first section of the study presents a more general image of the family’s education strategy during this century. It is followed by a more detailed examination of the university studies of the orphaned children of Pál Zichy II (1640-1684). Useful information can be found in this section regarding the children’s studies, accommodation and retinue first in Vienna, then presumably in Graz. The most important sources used were the letters of Kata Károlyi (-1694), the mother of the children, written to her father-in-law, István Zichy I regarding the studies of her sons. We learn about Pál Zichy Jr.’s studies in the Pázmáneum from the letters of János Kecskeméthy, the director of the institution at the time. These letters contain information about the difficulties parents and guardians had to endure if they sent their children to study in foreign schools. The literature of the field and newer sources also confirm that the Zichy family managed to integrate fully into the Hungarian aristocracy by the end of the 17th century, and adopted their education habits as well, while also trying to overcome the challenges of the are to ensure a prosperous future for their children.

Logofătul Luca Stroici

Author(s): Adrian Vătămanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: VIII/1976

Articolul prezintă date referitoare la logofătul Luca Stroici.

Khoshut Ablai Taiji and his Fortified Monastery on the Upper Irtysh

Author(s): Nikolay Tsyrempilov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper argues that until 1680s, the Oirat political culture in the upper Irtysh area was based on the leadership of Khoshut clan rather than Jungars, as it is believed nowadays. Ablai Taiji of the Khoshut nobility, the founder of the Buddhist monastery Ablai-kit, inherited and pursued a policy of cooperation with Muscovy in an attempt to profit from its trade with China. Over the course of 1670s, under pressure from his brother, Ablai lost his domains and was defeated by his enemies. To construct this narrative, this paper engages in critical analysis of diverse archival sources and existing historiography.

Krótkie życie i niespodziewana śmierć młodego magnata. Janusz Paweł ks. Ostrogski i jego testament z 6 sierpnia 1619 roku

Author(s): Zbigniew Anusik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article is devoted to prince Janusz Paweł Ostrogski (1597–1619). He was a descendant of one of the most powerful magnate families in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the early death of his father, the Volyn voivode Aleksander, he was brought up, together with older brother, by his mother. She led them to conversion from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. In the years 1611–1615 the young Ostrogski brothers took an educational journey around the Western Europe. After returning to the fatherland they took over a huge latifundium from their mother. Both brothers were known of their rude lifestyle and promiscuity. They were infected with syphilis, which was a cause of their premature death. After the death of his older brother, Janusz Paweł became one of the greatest landowners in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was going to get married. Death however, surprised him on his way to the home of his future father-in-law. The prince made an interesting last will before his death, the critical edition of which was included as an annex to this study.

„Vivemus, mi Sarbievi, Deo et Patriae”. O rzeczach wzniosłych, codziennych troskach i Rzeczypospolitej w korespondencji Stanisława Łubieńskiego z Maciejem Kazimierzem Sarbiewskim

Author(s): Waldemar Graczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The paper presents the correspondence between Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640) and Stanisław Łubieński (1574–1640). Despite the difference in age, Sarbiewski and Łubieński engaged in a remarkable dialogue: in their letters they shared ideas and expressed interests and passions. The author claims that the similarity of the paths their lives followed, their common cultural tastes, and their service at the court consolidated their friendship. Both men studied at Jesuit colleges and Italian universities, became priests, and developed their talents in service of the king. They both were also writers: Sarbiewski was a poet, Łubieński a historian. Their creative work was the main theme of their letters. However, apart from expressing opinions on their mutual achievements, they also showed concern for physical and spiritual well-being of the friend. Their relationship was deeply personal, and although they both held informed views on political and social issues, the historical events in which they had participated provided but a background to their exchange of thoughts. In the article, the correspondence between Sarbiewski and Łubieński, translated and edited by Jerzy Starnawski, was used to gain an insight into the relationship between the two prominent historical figures and their dialogue.

Reconstitution de la citadelle de Brăila d’après des sources cartographiques, iconographiques et documentaires

Author(s): Ionel Cândea / Language(s): French Issue: 1-4/2018

Built by the Romanians between 1540 and 1546 following the order of Süleyman the Magnificent, the fortress of Brăila was demolished after 1829 (1830–1831) based on the order of Grand Duke Michael of Russia, who used over 3,000 workers from the counties of Wallachia.Thus, its reconstitution according to all aspects historians are interested in obliges us to consult cartographic, iconographic, documentary, and, of course, archeological sources.Until 2018, all historians studying this subject considered that the oldest plan of the fortress and settlement of Brăila was dated 1790, and it was authored by Johann Vermatti von Vermersfeld, officer of the Austrian Army. In 2018 Brăila, researcher Mariana Șlapac presented plans of the fortress of Brăila dated 1770, which are stored in the military archives in Moscow.

Susținerea tezei de doctor „Rolul agriculturii în economia oraşelor din Estul Europei (Rzeczpospolita şi Ţara Moldovei) în secolele XVI-XVII”

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romany Issue: 29/2018

The ideal of Deification in 17th Century England: the Whichcote-Tuckney Debate

Author(s): Bogdan Deznan / Language(s): English Issue: LIX, 2/2020

The present paper aims to offer a brief account of the epistolary exchange between two seventeenth century Cambridge theologians, the latitudinarian Benjamin Whichcote and the Puritan Anthony Tuckney, focusing on their respective soteriological views. More specifically, I am concerned with highlighting how each construed man’s reconciliation with God in terms of deification or participation in the divine nature. Considering this objective, the main issues I will touch upon are: the importance accorded by each of the two divines to Christ as both mediator and internal principle of grace; the emphasis placed on man’s role in the process of salvation; and the function of faith and reason in this process.

KAVALJER FRANJO BOLICA (†1653): KOTORSKI PATRICIJ NA RAZDJELNICI IZMEĐU RIMA, MLETAKA I BALKANA

Author(s): Antal Molnár / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2020

The aim of this study is to introduce the intermediary role of Kotor in the Balkan missions comparing it to the same activities of Ragusa. From 1578 the Bolica family was responsible for coordinating the postal service from Venice to Istanbul, as a consequence of which the family acquired a vast network of connections in the Balkans. In the 17th century four members of the Bolica family which ran the postal service worked as the Balkan commissioners of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide. Franjo Bolica was the most outstanding of the four due to his personal qualities and as a result of both the importance of his commissions and the prosperity during the war of Candia (1645-1669).

Budai házasságok és családok a 17–18. század fordulóján

Author(s): Zsófia Bárány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 82/2020

Géra Eleonóra: Házasság Budán. Családtörténetek a török kiűzése után újjászülető (fő)városból 1686–1726. Magyar Családtörténetek: Tanulmányok 3. MTA Bölcsészettudomány Kutatóközpont. Budapest, 2019. 291 oldal.

Masa servită la Cluj de banul Mihalcea, un boier al lui Mihai Viteazul, în iunie 1600

Author(s): Maria Frînc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2020

The city of Cluj has hosted many guests in the Middle Ages. Among them was a boyar of Michael the Brave, Mihalcea Caragea, in the June 1600. The boyars’presence in Cluj is mentioned in the City Accounts with notes regarding his alimentation. In the present study I discuss the meal served in Cluj by Mihalcea based on the City Account as primary source. Firstly, I attempt to describe the culinary habits of the boyar. Apart from this, I also try to give a clear image of the expenses covered by the city in order to purchase food products. Lastly, I will focus on the possible origins of these products.

A pozsonyi jezsuita kollégium diáklétszám-változásai a 17–18. században

Author(s): Zsolt Kökényesi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

The Jesuit Gymnasium of Pressburg [Bratislava/Pozsony], founded in 1626, was one of the first members in the Jesuit school network of the Kingdom of Hungary. The catholic Gymnasium in the capital of Hungary soon assumed not only regional but national importance, which was reflected by its catchment area and in the numbers of matriculations. Moreover, in the second third of the 18th century the Jesuit school of Pressburg (with its often more than 700 matriculation numbers a year) became the most attended Hungarian school, surpassing even the Gymnasium of Tyrnau [Trnava/Nagyszombat], which functioned near the only university in the Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of this paper is to survey the changes in student numbers between 1650 and 1773. The paper approaches the subject from two perspectives: at first, it analysises the complete numbers of matriculations decade by decade, and then the changes in the scales of school grades.

„Nem leszen mostoha anya...” Érzelmi gyakorlatok egy 17. századi református lelkész mostohacsaládjaiban

Author(s): Gabriella Erdélyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

The case study explores the family dynamics of a Lutheran pastor, István Csulyak of Miskolc, who remarried six times in Counter-reformation Habsburg Hungary, through an analysis of his manuscript autobiography and familial correspondence. Serial remarriages were an important tool for the pastor to enhance his masculine identity and social prestige through fulfilling the role of husband and father. The study shows that even though Csulyak devotedly cared for the children brought to his household by his subsequent wives (his stepchildren), they did not appear in the narrative of his life, which was shaped by the concept of patrilineality rather than the daily practice of family life, in which in-laws and other horizontal kin played an essential role. It argues, moreover, that the expectations from, and the emotions, fears and hopes concerning the subsequent wives in the role of stepmother surface in the pastor’s wedding poems, since the dramatization of the remarriage served as a place and occasion for negotiationg the role of the stepmother.

A Német-római Birodalom és a politikai nyilvánosság a 17. században

Author(s): Nóra G. Etényi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

The article is based on the author’s latest research results on the explosion of information in the 17th century and tries to answer the question how the media-system was formed in the German-Roman Empire. The German-speaking political publicity was special in the early modern Europe, for several political and economic centres, courts had effective influence on it. Its receptive audience was very wide-range, well-structured including regal courts and imperial cities as well. During wartime newspapers, weekly publications, printed reports and broadsheets illustrated with engravings were able to publish a great number of international news, transmit political norms, encourage cohesion by forming a virtual international publicity in Europe. The collections of the 17th century aristocrats and rich town-dwellers prove that the printed information had a great value and high prestige (beside the handwritten forms of information). The well-structured genre system of the 17th century media published a detailed and substantive image of Hungarian Kingdom with its real political, economic and military situation. Though this system was influenced by several political interests (e.g. interest of the Emperor, the electors, the prince), the Hungarian political and cultural elite was able to build legal and informal pathways of communication to represent the interest of the Hungarian aristocracy

Franciaország és a Német-római Birodalom a 17. században. Francia diplomáciai és területszerző törekvések

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Hámori Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

The conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire in the early modern era cannot be grasped as an ‘ancient hostility’ (Erbfeindschaft) of the two ‘nations’ but rather in the framework of a dynastic struggle of French kings against the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. When considering the many-folded nature of their opposition, it is important to distinguish between French relations to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire and those with the Austrian Habsburgs who were its elected emperors. The article examines three aspects of the latter relations: 1. the attitude of French diplomacy towards the Austrian Habsburgs during the Thirty Years War, with special regard to the peace of Westphalia 2. territorial expansion of France in the 17th century in Alsace and Lorraine 3. French efforts to hinder the election of the members of the House of Habsburg as King of the Roman