JÁN GALBAVÝ: HEDŽRA ŠTÚROVA ANEB ORIGINÁLNY A AUTHENTICKY NÁSTIN LUDEVITA ŠTÚRA NA JEHO ÚTEKU R. 1848

Author(s): Eva Kowalská,Karol Kantek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2019

The account of Ľudovít Štúr’s flight from Modra through Austria to Prague was known to history only from secondary sources. The contemporary authors: V. Pauliny-Tóth and J.M. Hurban drew on the memories of Ján Galbavý Catholic parish priest at Jablonové, who organized the crossing of the Austro – Hungarian frontier. However, they used only part of the author’s record, and with some adjustments. The original symbolically named“Hijra” did not come to the attention of historians. The paper presents the full text of the source, which is accessible in the collections of the Literary Archive of the Slovak National Library.

Béke és békebiztosítás a kora újkorban

Author(s): Noémi Kalotai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

Frieden und Friedenssicherung in der Frühen Neuzeit. Das Heilige Römische Reich und Europa. Festschrift für Maximilian Lanzinner. Hrsg. v. Braun, Guido Strohmeyer, Arno. Münster: Aschendorff , 2013. (Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung zur Erforschung der Neueren Geschichte, 36.) 471 p.

Wesselényi Miklós kisdedóvó-alapításai

Author(s): Attila István Kárpáti / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

One of the lesser known segments of Miklós Wesselényi’s wide range of activities was his work regarding kindergartens. Like several other public figures of the Reform Era, he was a member of the Association for Establishing Kindergartens in Hungary. He intended to found a kindergarten in every settlement on his lands and took part in establishing and sponsoring several kindergartens in Transylvania. The baron, who was away from Zsibó to recover in Gräfenberg from 1839, was aided in these tasks by his steward, Benjámin Kelemen, and his lawyer, Károly Kiss. Present study uses the baron’s letters and journal, as well as literature concerning the history of pedagogy to collect data about Wesselényi’s founding of kindergartens, and use this data to present the process of the successful establishment and operation of such an institution, or in other cases the failure of this endeavour.

Fösvény és tékozló dzsentrik? Egy Somogy megyei nemesi família története a 19. században

Author(s): Viktor Papp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

The decline of the middle strata of nobility was a significant social process in the 19th century according to historians. The causes of this included the distrainment of their estates, the accumulation of debt by the nobility, and their subsequent migration to administrative fields. This social group was referred to as gentries. This paper presents the opportunities this group of nobility had to avoid losing social status through the history and inner conflict (an 1861 inheritance dispute) of a noble family. One of these options was adopting state-ofthe-art management practices, keeping the administration of their estates in one hand, and even acquiring new properties. However, besides the pragmatic nobles, there was another the type of gentries who left their lands and adopted a freelancing lifestyle. They were more akin to modern intellectuals than to land-owning nobles. The middle ground between these two career paths and attitudes was the younger son’s gentry lifestyle and rational management style. I’m aiming to use the family and court documents to call attention to a dichotomy in mentality between generations: the father took on characteristics of the old-fashioned, “miserly” attitude, while the son was the “squandering” person in this conflict. This contra position was made possible by the statements made during the dispute and the argumentation techniques used in these statements. However, it is important to consider that these different lifestyles can also be discussed in juxtaposition, as the mixing of these lifestyles was not uncommon during this period.

Eötvös József betegeskedése és halála

Author(s): Balázs Devescovi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

A reformkori országgyűlésekről kicsit másképp

Author(s): Ádám Deák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

Dobszay Tamás: A rendi országgyűlés utolsó évtizedei (1790–1848). Országház Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2019. 504 oldal

Kossuth-emigráció (1849–1867)

Author(s): László Csorba / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2021

The Hungarian political emigration, active between 1849 and 1867, which is often called the “Kossuth emigration”, became a shaping part of Hungarian and world history in the second half of the 19th century in at least five respects. On the one hand, it nurtured a direct relationship with the Hungarian resistance movement, on the other hand, through the press and personal contacts, it influenced the policies of several Western states regarding the Habsburg Empire. At the same time, it also communicated the opinion of foreign countries about Hungary and built the image of a freedom-loving Hungary in European public opinion, while sometimes also pressing the Habsburg power to take steps that perhaps would not have been taken without such pressure; nor can one ignore the fact that the members of the emigration used their knowledge and talents in different countries of the world for the benefit of the people living there.

Withdrawal from the Public and Increased Ruler Visibility: The Tsar’s Image and His Mortal Body as Means of Fostering National Cohesion during the Reign of Tsar Alexander III (1881–1894)

Author(s): Endre Sashalmi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This study discusses the different forms and media of ruler visibility in Russia in a period marked by the paradox between the withdrawal from the public by tsar Alexander III and his increased visibility when he came to the throne after the assassination of his father. I explore how old and new media (icons and posters e.g.) were used for the purpose of strengthening loyalty to the ruler. With this writing, I intend to complement what Richard Wortman has written in his magisterial book on the scenarios of power concerning the reign of Alexander III. At the same time, I try to place the topic within the framework of Russian nationalism of the late 19th century.

Kirill Hlebnyikov, Orosz-Amerika történésze és tisztviselője

Author(s): András Bencze / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

It is possible to learn about the private history of ordinary people. Microhistory offers a magnificent opportunity to do just that, by sketching out the world they lived in. This study seeks to present K. T. Khlebnikov’s private-professional history. However, this study doesn’t just generally examine Khlebnikov’s life because there are already extant monographs published on the topic. In this article K. T. Khlebnikov and his historiographic legacy are presented, by describing briefly the story of his life and also of his career. The present study starts from his childhood when Khlebnikov delved into histories of many an exploratory voyage, then continues when he entered the Russian-American Company and started working in Alaska. During that period of his life he explored the folklore and fauna of this North American region and began writing his first notes. In conclusion, this study aims to furnish the reader with an overview of the time when he finally came back to Russia as the director of the Company. In those years, spent in Saint Petersburg, he wrote books and articles about the history of ʻRussian Americaʼ and the life of the Russian-American Company’s defining personalities.

Целую руки вашему величеству. Oб одном несостоявшемся жесте

Author(s): Róbert Hermann / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

On May 21, 1849, the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph I and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I met in Warsaw. At that time, the agreement according to which the Russian tsar would send 200,000 soldiers to defeat the Hungarian war of independence was finalized. Such a force alone was able to decide the war. Emperor Francis Joseph I was undoubtedly grateful to Tsar Nicholas. According to several historical works, he also expressed his gratitude with a theatrical gesture: he knelt in front of the tsar on the balcony of Lazienki Palace in Warsaw and kissed his hand. The study looks at whether this hand kiss really happened or whether we are dealing with a later legend. This is because this hand kiss has no trace in either the Austrian or Russian literature, it only occurs in Hungarian works. The story is first mentioned in one of the works of historian Dávid Angyal, and Angyal refers to a book review by Antal Hodinka. Hodinka seems to have misunderstood a Russian book he had previously reviewed, and Angyal did not verify Hodinka’s details. Since Dávid Angyal was a very respectable historian, the authors of later works took this data from him on trust. The interesting thing about the case is that we have data on a similar hand kiss from May 1849 – except that it didn’t happened between Franz Joseph I and Nicholas I. On May 1, 1849, the Austrian Prime Minister Felix Schwarzenberg wrote in a letter on May 1 requesting immediate military aid from the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops in Poland, Field Marshall Paskevich. Austrian Lieutenant General Bernhard Caboga, who had delivered the letter, also read the contents of the letter aloud, then knelt down and kissed Paskevich’s hand and tearfully begged him to save Austria. Probably this story was transformed in the memory of Antal Hodinka, and thus the legend about the hand kiss of Francis Joseph emerged.

Impoverished by Cholera: Widows, Widowers, and Orphans after the 1873 Cholera Epidemic in Kolozsvár

Author(s): Edina Tünde Gál / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

By analyzing the official sources produced during the communal management of a crisis due to the cholera epidemic, the study focuses on the official definitions of people in need of support as well as the survival strategies of ordinary widows and orphans in the city of Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár in the second half of the nineteenth century. Widows with children were more likely to be considered disadvantaged and receive aid than widowers. Poverty was closely related to a given individual’s ability or inability to work. Remarried widows were not considered eligible for aid, regardless of the family’s financial resources. The presence of small children was a strong motivating factor for remarriage: widows hoped to get financial support from a new spouse, while widowers needed a wife to care for children. The term orphan often referred not to the family position of a child, but rather to its place within the larger social network.

The Stepfamily from Children’s Perspectives in Pest-Buda in the 1860s

Author(s): Emese Gyimesi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This paper examines the distinctive aspects of children’s letter-writing practices, sibling relationships, and the use of urban spaces by one of the most educated, intellectual stepfamilies in mid-nineteenth century Pest-Buda. In this bourgeois family, children grew up in an exceptionally rich intellectual atmosphere, as their mother (Júlia Szendrey) was a poet, writer and translator, their father (Árpád Horvát) was a historian, and one of their uncles (Pál Gyulai) was the most significant literary critic of the time. Consequently, reading and writing was a fun game and a source of joy for even the youngest members of the family. As a result, many of the analyzed sources were produced by children, offering us the exceptional possibility to examine stepfamily relations, emotional practices, urban and everyday life, as well as material culture from the perspective of children. The study aims to identify the practices through which the family experience and the family identity and the sense of belonging in the Szendrey-Horvát family were constructed.

The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire

Author(s): Ágnes Ordasi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire. By Dominique Kirchner Reill. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2020. 312 pp.

Language Diversity in the Late Habsburg Empire

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Language Diversity in the Late Habsburg Empire. By Markian Prokopovych, Carl Bethke, and Tamara Scheer. Leiden: Brill, 2020. 268 pp.

ПО СЛЕДАМ ДИМИТРЬЯ МЕГВИНЕТХУЦЕСИШВИЛИ

Author(s): Ioseb Alimbarashvili / Language(s): Russian Issue: 49/2021

This paper concerns Dimitri Megvinetkhutsesishvili’s trip through Georgia in 1848 – 1849 according to his diaries. Dimitri's ancestors Toma and Paata Meghvinetkhutsesishvili were promoted to the court of King Erekle II of Kartl-Kakheti and held the name of Memandarbashi (their duty was to receive honorable guests, treet them and see them off at the royal court). The surname Meghvinetkhutsesishvili itself means the governor of the viticulture department and can be seen on the royal court of Georgia from the period of Queen Tamar (XII-XIII centuries). His duties included collecting wine taxes, monitoring the processing of vines (vineyards), and so on. Meghvinetkhutsesi was also entitled to state income from the described vineyards.The trip diaries describe well-known churches and monasteries as well as relatively less explored sites. Dimitri megvinetkhutsesishvili does not describe just only churches, monasteries and holies protected there but often applies popular legends and traditions. The diaries are also enclosed with the author’s extensive comentaries and analysis based on the views of famous Georgian historiography scientists. The main part of the paper is based on the materials protected at Georgin National Center of Manuscripts, in Dimitri Megvinetkhutsesishvili private collections and in the manuscript department at the Institute of Oriental Studies of St. Petersburg Academy of Science, in Mari Brosse collections.

Valentin Ciorbea, Florin Stan (editori), Dobrogea în documente diplomatice românești (1878-1884), Editura Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România, București, 2019, 165 p.

Author(s): Delia-Roxana Cornea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: I seria 3/2019

The volume sheds light on some issues less known about the evolution of the Dobruja at the time and about the efforts made by the Romanian administration, starting with the autumn of 1878, to lay down its structures and consolidate authority in the province. The volume capitalizes 73 documents that illustrate different aspects related to the evolution of Dobrogea after the union with Romania.

Az „üres föld” fogalmának szerepe Chile meghódításában

Author(s): Ludolf Pelizaeus / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

With the 1879–1882 military campaign leading to the annexation of the lands inhabited by the Mapuche tribes in Chile and Argentina, European territorial acquisitions in South America came to an end. By that time, not only lands that had previously been inhabited by indigenous peoples had been annexed by force, but also the discourse on the European colonization of Chile had received its ultimate justification. This viewpoint, however, stands in contrast to evidence provided by recent excavations on the site of present-day Santiago, clearly, the city used to be an Inka stronghold before the European conquest, proving the European myth of “uncolonized land” to be erroneous. The article examines various textual and pictorial expressions in historiography that contributed to the emergence and perpetuation of the construct of “empty space” in Chile from the 16th to the 20th century

Tendenciák Nagy-Britannia dél-afrikai gyarmatpolitikájában, 1846−1881

Author(s): Gábor Szabó-Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

„So newspapers and politicians said five-and-twenty years ago, so they repeated seven years ago; yet here we are just emerging from the worst affair that we ever were engaged in there. Our ’shalls’ and ’musts’ are as ineffectual as the ’shalls’ and ’musts’ of children. As sure as the leaves come when summer comes, fresh troubles of the same kind will continue to return upon us, unless we – the British people – set ourselves to understand how they are brought about.” The quoted lines written by Sir James Anthony Froude the well-known historian and journalist of the Victorian Britain refer to the hypothesis of the present article, namely that Great Britain’s South African colonial policy in the second half of the 19th century can be described as a rhythmical change of several tendencies. To the first of these trends belong the schemes elaborated mainly by the leaders of the Colonial Office aimed to unite the ethnically, culturally and above all politically divided Southern Africa (British colonies, Boer and African states and communities) and form a British dominated self-governing confederation or union which would be loyal to the mother country. The third Earl Grey (1846−1852) was the first leader of the Colonial Office who was convinced that the unification could be remedy for the actual and acute problems of Southern Africa. That concept became the main directive of Britain’s South African colonial office under the second term of office of the fourth Earl of Carnarvon as the Secretary of State for the colonies (1874−1878). Apart from the roots of the tendency of the South African unity, numerous other trends as well are examined in the present article.

Gabriel Carrasco argentin statisztikus feljegyzései latin-amerikai és európai útjáról

Author(s): Viktória Semsey / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

Gaining their independence over the centuries, one of the chief aims of the former colonial countries was to determine the extent of their own „Europeanness”, as well as their relationship to the Old Continent. The reason was not only ties of kinship and cultural influences, but also the continued ambition of the intelligentsia to get acquainted with the achievements of the European sciences. Gabriel Carrasco, regarded as the father of Argentine statistics, travelled to Europe as the representative of his home country in order to present and popularize Argentina, on the occasion of the Paris World Exposition, at the congress of the Geographical Society, as a country open to, and even encouraging, the immigration of European working force. Based on the entries of Carrasco’s travel diary, the present paper examines the experiences of the Argentine’s long journey to Europe, shedding light on what contemporary scientists regarded as the preconditions of development, and examples to follow. In view of the conditions of Europe, the Argentine scholar was clearly aware of the backwardness of his own country, but, due to his heightened sense patriotism, he looked forward to the consequent challenges that awaited Argentina and its educated classes with a fair amount of optimism.

A holland politikai modell a Río de la Plata-i forradalomban

Author(s): José Emilio Burucúa,Fabián Alejandro Campagne / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this article is to draw attention to both formal and structural similarities between the 16th century Dutch Revolt and the Río de la Plata Independence Revolution at the beginning of the 19th century. The label “United Provinces” to designate the new political entity that emerged in replacement of the previous Virreinato del Río de la Plata, as well as many symbols that were incorporated into the primitive Argentinian coat of arms suggest that the revolutionary leaders in Buenos Aires knew the Dutch case in depth. Moreover, there were many direct references to the Dutch Republic as a political model in newspaper articles of the period after 1810. It can also be proved that the revolutionary leaders in the former capital of the Spanish virreinato had access to many books that provided information about the early modern Republic of the Seven United Provinces. Therefore, it is likely that the America Revolutionary War, the French Revolution or the previous Ibero-American independence movements were not the only models that the independence leaders had at their disposal in the Southern Cone of America in the early nineteenth century.