Razmišljanja o demokraciji v avstrijski ustavni dobi in njeni recepciji na Slovenskem

Author(s): Filip Čuček / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2014

In the following contribution the author analyses the basic levels of the Austrian democracy after 1848 (or after 1861). The Austrian political space became notably more democratic in the second half of the 19th century and could then easily be compared with the »modern« European democracies (England, France). The implementation of municipalities (or local self-government) introduced completely new dimensions into politics and quickly became the foundation which the more representative institutions of the Austrian representation system were »built« on. The voting right depended on the municipalities, young politicians gained experience here... In short: municipalities represented the »school« of Austrian democracy. The main factor of democratisation may have been the (initially quite limited) elections, but the electoral reforms had the greatest »merit« for political democratisation. As the political rights expanded, an increasing number of people entered politics or became a key factor in the formation of the parliamentary majority. Furthermore, this process coincided with the process of nationalisation. Thus before the turn of the century, on one hand, the modern national structure of the population (and space) was formed (also in Slovenia); while on the other hand the constructed nations (which finally established all of the infrastructure needed for defining a nation) kept »learning« the modern democratic discourse.

Contribuții la istoricul relațiilor politice româno-otomane (1812-1914)

Author(s): Nicolae Chiachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The article is based mainly on materials from the Romanian archives (Arch. MAE, Arch. St. Buc, the background of the Royal House) and on works of the Romanian, Russian and Soviet historiography, Turkish, French, German etc. . The emphasis is on the major moments in the history of the two states, which can be divided into two parts. Duran the period 1812-1877, the Principalities, then Romania, recognize the Ottoman suzerainty

Reflectarea revoluției condusă de Tudor Vladimirescu în lucrarea "Lettres sur la Valachie" de Fr. Recordon apărută la Paris în 1821

Author(s): Lucia Bieltz,Alexandre Cernatoni / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The authors present the book "Lettres sur la Valachie" by Fr. Recordon, published in Paris in 1821, but insisting only on the final chapter which includes comments on the causes, unfolding and consequences of the revolution in Wallachia.The work mentioned, contemporary with the event which it presents, is positively appreciated by the authors of the article. It is rightly considered that, apart from the merit of having been the first book that made the events of Wallachia known to France and the West of Europe, Fr. Recordon proves to be a correct chronicler And a distinct personality who can make relevant considerations about the causes and consequences of the Romanian revolution unfolded during the winter and spring of 1821 led by Tudor Vladimirescu

Noi mărturii documentare privind activitatea lui Alexandru G. Golescu în favoarea înfăptuirii Unirii

Author(s): Cornelia Apostol / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

Dedicated to highlight the role played by Al G. Golescu in the struggle for the achievement of the Union of Principalities, the article focuses on a few documents found in the heritage of the History Museum of the R.S. Romania, which provide new dates for its activities during the previous and preliminary years to the Union. Intended to highlight the contribution of Al G. Golescu to the efforts of the Romanian nation to realize the Union, the material represents at the same time a presentation of valuable pieces which enrich the documentary background of the museum concerning the period of the struggle for the realization of the great desideratum of the Union of Romanian Principalities

Mărturii inedite privitoare la activitatea lui Ion Ghica în Insula Samos

Author(s): Elena Pălănceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The author refers to a lesser-known aspect of the activity of this notable personality of the Romanian cultural and political life of the nineteenth century, namely the presence of Ion Ghica in the island of Samos as its governor during the years 1854-1858. While highlighting the esteem he enjoyed and rightly on the part of the inhabitants of the island, the author presents the five unpublished documents found in the National Museum's heritage and which constitute decisive testimonies as regards the strong impression produced by his government.

Alexandru Cociu - medic român solidar cu republicanii și comunarzii în anii 1870-1871

Author(s): Mircea Dumitriu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The Romanian doctor Alexandru Cociu was one of the most enthusiastic participants in the heroic struggle of French republicans and communards in the years 1870-1871, that is to say during the Franco-Prussian war and when the Paris Commune was established, the first revolution Socialist society in the history of mankind.In light of the unpublished documents found in the heritage of the Museum of History of the RS of Romania which refer to the activity of the medical student Alexandru Cociu in Paris, we note the notable contribution of this one to the framework of the Ambulances de la Presse, which granted medical assistance to the wounded and sick involved in the above-mentioned events of the years 1870 and 1871

Date privind instituirea "Ordinului Unirii" în timpul Domniei lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Author(s): Constanța Știrbu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

The article presents the essays made during the reign of Alexander Ioan Cuza in order to obtain the institution of a Romanian decoration which tests a new aspect of the struggle for the assertion of sovereignty and national independence during the period of formation of modern Romania.

Noi mărturii documentare privind epoca Unirii

Author(s): Cornelia Apostol / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

In his work the author points out the acquisition by the Roman History Museum of Romania of a number of eight documents from the era of the Union of Romanian Principalities. The documents relate to the law for the suppression of corporal punishment (by blows), adopted during the reign of Al. I. Cuza

Un document important din perioada războiului de intependență din 1877-1878: "Jurnalul operațiunilor militare"

Author(s): Mircea Dumitriu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

he war to conquer the state independence of the country during the years 1877-1878 is illustrated in the Romanian historiography by a ample and varied documentary source that exists in the archives archives, works of tactics and military strategy, monographs, Studies and numerous specialist works among which those of historical memories occupy an important place in the publications devoted to this important event of the modern history of the Romanian nation

Cărţile lui Ioan Sârbu (1830-1868) în colecţiile din Chişinău şi valoarea lor bibliofilă

Author(s): Maria Danilov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: VII/2014

Ioan Sârbu is the only Bessarabian writer from the 19th century who published his work in Romanian in a province occupied by the Russians in 1812. Considering the activity of Ioan Sârbu, history seems to be convincing us that Bessarabia had people of culture capable of putting aside comfort and welfare in exchange of a significant inner turmoil: the debt towards the Romanian origins.

Szczyt E3 w 1884 roku

Author(s): Edward Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Lisznyai Kálmán mint a szabadságharc hadtörténésze

Author(s): Róbert Hermann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 07/2017

Amit a gróf mesél a barokk keretből (I.)

Author(s): Ervin Fenyő / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2017

The author of this essay attempts to give a biographical sketch of Count István Széchenyi's life on the basis of the 260 letters collected in the volume “This Between Us! God Bless You!” The most important turning points of Széchenyi's life and the changes in his character are reinterpreted along the lines of the author's original research concerning the problematic aspects of the Count's career: his relationship with his parents, especially with his father; his complicated friendship in his youth with the Transylvanian Baron, Miklós Wesselényi; his multifarious activities in matters of state and country; his controversial nexus to Austrian politician Prince Klemens von Metternich; his stand-taking with regard to the governmental politics of the Hungary of his times; his dramatic disputes with leading Hungarian politician Lajos Kossuth; the collapse of the revolution and the war with the Habsburg Empire in 1848-49; the new phase of his resistance in the lunatic asylum of Döbling; his fight against the totalitarian “Bach-regime” in the 1850s, and, finally, the tragic denouement.

Nagy Sándor Mátyás-huszár visszaemlékezése a szabadságharc alatti tevékenységéről

Author(s): Attila Süli / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2017

The former Matthias Hussar, Sándor Nagy wrote his memoirs on his experiences and actions during the 1848-49 War of Independence and his life story in 1896. Instead of diary-like memoirs, the author revived episodes in which he was an active participant. The work is a valuable source of less known battles of the War of Independence. A microfilm copy of this recollections can be found in the National Archives of Hungary (No. 17669), as they had been photocopied in the 1970s by the historian György Spira. This copy also served as a basis of this publication, as we do not have the original manuscript.

Amit a gróf mesél a barokk keretből (II.)

Author(s): Ervin Fenyő / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 10/2017

Katonás nevelés és a militarizmus kérdése a dualizmus-kori Magyarországon

Author(s): Balázs Tangl / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

In the Europe of the 19th century, and especially the second half of it, after the spread of the mass armies, one of the main goals of physical education both within and outside schools was preparation for military service, and this function (regardless of the debates of public legal nature surrounding the army) was essentially not questioned in Hungary either. Rather, the debate was about how this should be done in practice and what role should the army play in it. As a result, the paper examines the question of preliminary military training in the Dual Monarchy from the viewpoint of school and out-of-school education, discussing also the professional and social debates related to the issue. The Dual Monarchy witnessed significant changes in the military education and preliminary military training of the young. In the period following the compromise, teachers and physical instructors as well as the sport profession considered the physical instruction of the time adequate, and these groups successfully prevented the government and the army from introducing preliminary military training. On the other hand, after the turn of the century, both the schools and a majority of sport professionals became proponents of preparing the youth for military service, primarily through the youth military rifle shooting movement, which had been started by Miklós Szemere and later organized and spread by the support and active participation of the ministry of defence. As a result, the army had the opportunity to take part in the reform of physical education that started during those years, and the army’s demand for preliminary military training gained significant support. Even though educating the youth in a military spirit and providing preliminary military training for them were topics still subject to heated debates, and the profession was also divided over the issue, they can call attention to the quasi-militarization of Hungarian society at the turn of the century.

Hannoverek, Ferdinándok és a „vörös sapkás” lovastüzérek. Szolnok, 1849. március 5. – Komárom–Ószőny, 1849. július 2.

Author(s): Krisztián Kemény / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

During the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars (1792–1815), well-organized and well-managed cavalry units, which regained their previous significance while picking up new roles, played an important part on the battlefields. Even though in a few decades the infantry equipped with modern breech-loading and quick-firing guns was to bring the last golden age of cavalry to an end once and for all, in the 1840s and 1850s the latter was still a serious enemy. This was true during the 1848–1849 Hungarian war of independence, too. The imperial and royal as well as the Hungarian cavalry did not only excel in scouting and performing advance-guard tasks or pursuits, but they were also capable of deciding battles through well-organized attacks carried out by their regiments and larger units at the right time. Together with the horse artillery accompanying them, the cavalry units had a speed and striking power that could hardly be matched on the battlefields at the time. Primarily the imperial and royal heavy cavalry was noted for their sweeping assaults, but the Hungarian hussars also had notable successes. On the Hungarian side, the co-operations of the 2nd (Hannover) and 3rd (Ferdinand) hussar regiments with the 8th (later renumbered 5th) “red capped” horse artillery unit were highly successful. The paper describes the activities of these units in the battle of Szolnok of 5 March 1849 and the battle of Komárom of 2 July 1849.

Bécs vonzásában

Author(s): József Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Gergely Krisztián Horváth: Bécs vonzásában. Az agrárpiacosodás feltételrendszere Moson vármegyében a 19. század első felében. Budapest, Balassi Kiadó, 2013

A centralisták reformkori községi önkormányzati koncepciójának kérdéséhez

Author(s): Tamás Dobszay / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

There have been several papers written on the views of the pre-1848 Hungarian reformed opposition party, the Centralists, about the introduction of the parliamentary constitutional system and, to this end, the limitation of the role of the counties. However, a detailed analysis of their ideas to introduce local governments on the village (község) level has not been performed yet. In this respect, the analysts restrict themselves to summarizing Antal Csengery’s article series, considering its content typical of the entire movement and clearly pioneering. By re-reading and collating the centralist authors’ relevant texts, the paper examines their views on the status as well as the administrative and municipal role of villages. On the other hand, it collides the picture we get from these texts with the views of the majority of the reformed opposition as expressed in parliamentary speeches and documents. It was mostly when they were criticizing the county system that the Centralists touched the question of villages, which they regarded as secondary to parliamentary constitutionalism. They failed to make their views related to local governments, and especially to their sphere of authority and their role as a mediator of state administration, clear or to come up with a unified opinion about these matters. It was only Antal Csengery who published a detailed concept, which differs in many ways from that of other Centralists, but mostly agrees with the content and direction of the parliamentary bills proposed in 1844 by the majority of the reformed opposition. But the Centralists were more open proponents of equity, which for them meant the abolition of the isolation of the noble estate and their incorporation into the village. Due to tactical reasons, this was less emphasized by the reformed majority. In this respect, the Centralists dared to represent views hardly acceptable in an estate system, and thus they contributed to making the public more receptive to liberal views.

Zygmunt Miłkowski (Teodor Tomasz Jeż) visszaemlékezésének és „magyar regényeinek” valóságtartalma

Author(s): István Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017