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In 1888, the Museums Association in Brno was founded as a reaction to the growing Czech social and national life. In the Brno region, southern and south-western Moravia, in the years 1888-1900 the association focused mainly on archaeological activities and the collection of a large archaeological collection. Under the organizational leadership of Josef Hladík, it explored more than 50 sites and focused most of its attention on the prehistoric hillfort in Brno-Obřany. In its activities, the association was limited by the lack of financial resources, problems with sufficient space for the collections and competence disputes, especially with the Patriotic Museum Association in Olomouc. Despite these difficulties, in the last decade of the 19th century the Museums Association played a key role in the development of archaeological knowledge in South Moravia and gathered the largest archaeological collection in the region, which was transferred to the collections of the František Museum in Brno in 1900.
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The paper deals with the beginnings of the archaeological investigation of the Hradisko site in the village of Jánovce in the Poprad district at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It is an unforested and dominant in the landscape hill located south of the Machalovce district. The locality is known to the professional public for a long time as an important fortified production and trade centre of the Púchov culture from the Latin and Roman periods. The hill and especially the area below hill and the hill in general have been inhabited since prehistoric times. The importance and research potential of the site was realised by researchers as early as the end of the 19th century. Despite this, the site has never been systematically investigated and has only been evaluated on the basis of archaeological finds obtained during surface surveys.
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This paper is concerned with the satirical depiction of the Boshin War (戊辰戦争 Boshin sensō, 1868–1869) in the woodblock prints of the artist Utagawa Hiroshige III (三代歌川広重, 1842–1894). It employs his prints to examine the relationship between those that govern and those that are governed, in particular how the print medium capitalized on a shifting position in political power in the late 1860s. It aims to provide a broader perspective from which to consider the relationship between politics and art, the rulers and the ruled, and censorship and satire during a time when the visual expression of contemporary events and ruling classes was banned. By taking Hiroshige III’s prints as a case study, this paper reveals how Hiroshige III used humor and satire as mechanisms to provoke shared laughter over the pro-imperial and pro-shogunal forces fighting over power.
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Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra geçen 1.5 yılık süreçte Mustafa Kemal Paşa tarihte örneği çok az görülen liderlik örneği sergilemiştir. İlk 6 ayda İstanbul’da içinde bulunulan durumdan kurtulmak için Padişah ve hükümet nezdinde çabalar içinde bulunurken, işgal altındaki başkent İstanbul’da bunun olanaksız olduğunu görünce yasal bir bahaneyle soluğu Anadolu’da aldı. Resmi görevi olan 9. Ordu Müfettişi sıfatıyla Anadolu’ya 19 Mayıs 1919’da Samsun’da ayak bastığı andan itibaren kusursuza yakın bir örgütlenme başarısı gösterir. 1 yıl gibi kısa bir sürede Havza-Amasya Genelgeleri, Erzurum ve Sivas Kongreleriyle dağınıkyılgın halkı Millî Mücadele çatısı altında birleştirmeyi başardı.
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The city of Hezargrad consisted of Deliorman (Divaneorman), Kara Lom and Ivrana sub-districts in the 19th century. In this study, the jizya taxes of non-Muslims living in Hezargrad district between 1833 and 1850 are discussed. Six Cizye and Reaya Population Registers belonging to the city of Hezargrad and belonging to the years 1833, 1834, 1846, 1847, 1849 and 1850, covering the years 1833-1850, and forty temettuat registers belonging to each neighborhood and village were examined. In addition, a book that gives information about the non-Muslim population of Hezargrad in 1694, when the jizya tax was attached to a certain method, was also used in the study. There are 5 villages where non-Muslims live in the central villages of Hezargrad district. There are non-Muslims in 7 villages of Deliorman (Divaneorman) sub-district, 6 villages of Ivrana sub-district, 25 villages of Kara Lom sub-district and 4 villages, where it is not stated. Most of the non-Muslims reside in the villages of Kara Lom sub-district. As a result, non-Muslims live in 47 villages of Hezargrad. Only 10 of these villages consist of non-Muslims. Muslims and non-Muslims live together in 37 other villages.
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Aydın vilayetinin idari taksimatında, 1864 Vilayet Nizamnamesinde yapılan yeniliklerin bir neticesi olarak 1867 yılında önemli değişikliklere gidilmiştir. İdari bakımdan XIX. yüzyıla kadar Aydın sancağına bağlı bir kaza olarak mevcut durumunu koruyan Alaşehir, 1867 yılına gelindiğinde ise ulaşım kolaylığı nedeniyle Saruhan (Manisa) sancağına bağlanmıştır. Kuzeyinde Kula ve Eşme, doğusunda Buldan, güneyinde Buldan ve Nazilli, batısında ise Salihli ve Ödemiş kazaları yer almaktadır. Osmanlı döneminde ticaret yollarının yanı sıra askeri yollar bakımından da önemini korumayı başaran Alaşehir, ulaşım bakımından Manisa-Denizli ve İzmir-Uşak-Afyon güzergâhı üzerinde önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Kula-Selendi ve Demirci’ye uzanan tali bir yolla şehrin ulaşım imkânları kuzeye doğru genişlemiştir. Bunların yanı sıra geçitlerle Bozdağları aşan bir başka yolla Kiraz ve Ödemiş’e, oradan da bütün Küçük Menderes Havzasına bağlanmıştır.
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Tevfik of Thessaloniki lived between 1857-1910. He combined his fifty-three years of life with journalism, teaching, translation and writing. He translated the works of French writers into Turkish with his excellent French. Tevfik of Thessaloniki worked as a history teacher in schools and as a teacher in the School of Law. His articles, translations and serials were published in the newspapers and magazines of his time. He died in Vienna, where he went for treatment. Tevfik of Thessaloniki, who started journalism since his student years, was an Ottoman intellectual who was passionate about this profession. In this article, the life of Tevfik of Thessaloniki, the newspapers and magazines he worked for, the works he translated, his copyright studies and personality will be told. With the spread of newspapers and magazines, the number of prominent journalists and writers in the history of the press had also increased. One of these journalists and writers was Tevfik of Thessaloniki. In this study, it will be tried to contribute to the biography of Tevfik of Thessaloniki, who was in a respected position as a writer and writer throughout his life, within the framework of his life, works and what was written about him, but today he has turned into a forgotten person. Tevfik of Thessaloniki, a value that was accepted as a sheikh al-muharririn in his lifetime but then forgotten, is waiting to be rediscovered with his thousands of articles left between the pages of newspapers and magazines.
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19. yüzyılda Bodrum; Muğla, Milas, Marmaris, Köyceğiz ve Meğri ile birlikte Menteşe Sancağı’na bağlı bir kazadır. 19. yüzyıl boyunca başta Müslümanlar ve Rumlar olmak üzere, sonraki zamanlarda Yahudilerin ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında Ermenilerin gelip yerleştiği bir kaza olmuştur. Bu süreçte, Gayrimüslim nüfusun hiçbir zaman Müslüman nüfusu geçmediği görülmektedir. Batı Anadolu’nun güneyinde önemli bir liman şehri olan Bodrum, bulunduğu konumu itibariyle aynı zamanda önemli bir duraklama ve geçiş noktası olmuştur. Osmanlı döneminde Kırım, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Ege Adaları ve Kuzey Afrika’dan gelen muhacirlerin limanda geçici olarak misafir edildiği ve daha sonra başka bir yere nakledildiği veya şehrin elverişli alanlarına dağıtıldığı görülmektedir. 1821 Rum İsyanı, 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus savaşı, 1853-1856 Kırım Savaşı, 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Savaşı ve 1912-1913 Balkan Savaşları esnasında ve sonrasında göçe zorlanan Müslümanlar, yanlarına taşıyabilecekleri değerli eşyalarını da alarak en yakın muhacir toplanma alanlarına sığınmışlar, akabinde kara ve deniz yolu ile Anadolu’nun çeşitli vilayetlerine sevk edilmişlerdir. Muhacirlerin en önemli sevk yerlerinden birisi de Aydın Vilayeti olmuştur. Nitekim Kırım ve Kafkasya halkından muhacirlerin yerleştirilmesi planlanırken Menteşe (Muğla) Sancağı’ndaki iskâna elverişli araziler de bu plana dâhil edilmiştir. Yine, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı esnasında ve sonrasında topraklarından ayrılmak zorunda kalan muhacirler için arazi araştırması yapılmış ve bu anlamda Menteşe (Muğla) Sancağı dâhilinde 18.500 dönüm arazinin iskâna elverişli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
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Beberuhi is an Ottoman satirical newspaper that began its publication in Geneva with its first issue on February 1, 1898. Due to its opposition to the Abdulhamid Administration during that period, like other opposition press outlets, it had to continue its publication outside Istanbul. The satirical newspapers in exile, referred to as “hezeyannâme (delirium)” by the Ottoman government and labeled as “erbâb-ı fesad (mischief-makers)" by its owners, constitute extremely important arguments for researchers to gain insights into the opposition currents and influences of the era. The publication life of Beberuhi in Geneva was relatively short-lived. Beberuhi can be described as one of the rare works of Ottoman humor publications. Like other publications that operated outside Istanbul between 1878 and 1908 due to prevailing conditions, Beberuhi also managed to enter Ottoman territories through clandestine means. The newspaper adopted reflecting the views of the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) as its main publishing principle. Considering the general character of the newspaper, its attitude summarized by the concept of "disobedience" is understood to be directed not towards the spiritual power and state identity of the Ottoman Empire (Devlet-i Âl-i Osmânî (State-i Âl-i Osmânî)), but directly towards Sultan Abdulhamid II and his actions. In this study, Beberuhi newspaper, which was known for its opposition ideas during the reign of Abdulhamid II and embraced a form of disobedience against the authority of the era, has been examined. Within the scope of the study, only four issues of Beberuhi could be accessed throughout its short publication life. Based on the available issues of the newspaper, namely the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th, the panorama of the Abdulhamid II era is presented from the perspective of an opposition publication.
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In the 19th century, one of the consequences of the emigration was often breaking direct contact with the culinary culture of the home country. This break-up gave rise to longing and discomfort, which the emigrants tried to alleviate by recreating the flavors of their homeland in exile. However, for many poorer refugees the fundamental threat was disturbance of the very foundations of their material existence and the need to deal with the perpective of malnutrition and hunger. This text analyzes the strategies used by Polish refugees in England after the November Uprising to avert the risk of starvation. Various methods were discussed successively, which allowed the less wealthy ex-insurgents to compile a daily menu – which was not easy task in 19th century Britain, characterized by high cost of living. Among these methods were indicated both those that were the initiatives of the emigrants themselves and those that resulted from the imitation of poorer Britons by Poles.
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The article is an analysis of the problems of malnutrition among the lower social strata in the Lithuanian-Belarusian territories after the partitions. It characterizes the causes of poverty and the development of charitable activities, one of the main goals of which was to eliminate hunger. The source basis are articles by social activists published in Vilnius magazines as well as reports and annual accounts of the Vilnius Charity Society from the first half of the 19th century, which present the diet of pauperized groups covered by philanthropic help.
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The world of government officials of the Russian Empire was full of legal regulations. From the start of the career path (which had its course according to the rank table), to the outfit and the salary of the employee, all these aspects had to be approved by the tsar himself. The increase in the number of civil service in the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century was not proportionate to the increase in state spending on office administration. This resulted in low salaries, especially for employees who came in large number offices to ministries and central offices. Their barely ‘subsistence’ payments ensured only the minimum necessary for the living, and therefore the expenses for basic means of life necessities, including food, were also modest and often did not satisfy the basic physiological needs of a human being.However, officials of higher positions taking up ministerial or provincial posts enjoyed different material situation. Their salary allowed them to lead a more affluent standard of living, which also involved consumption of varied meals, not only at home, but also in restaurants, clubs and parties organized by them.Research on the cuisine of officials of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century will become a pretext to trace their everyday living conditions and costs of living, which will prove the prevailing economic inequalities in this social group. The analysis of the topic will be carried out on the basis of available archival sources, memoirs and literature.
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In the Volhynian Gymnasium and Secondary School in Kremenets, which functioned in the years 1805–1831, attention was paid to students’ maintenance. The quality and the sort of nutrition depended on pupils’ wealthiness. The table-board was related to an individual’s living place. Therefore, housing and feeding were diverse. The proper regulations controlled the students’ living conditions. It was necessary to respect them. The mealtimes as well as daily and weekly bill of fare were regulated by school rules. Thanks to students and their parents who resided in Kremenets social life developer there. One of its elements was diverse and very often rich sustenance. It differed from daily feeding. On the basis of bill of fair applicable in boarding schools and vocational schools it is known that table-board was galore, varied and nourishing.
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The article is devoted to presenting the table and dining room in the perspective of the material legacy related to the Wielkopolska landed gentry. Attention was paid to objects and places of historical importance, associated with figures important for the culture. There are also fragments of memoirs and correspondences devoted to, inter alia, tables at which spiritistic séances were held. Through the analysis of individual testimonies, attention was drawn to the multi-level importance of the table in the culture of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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The sketch was prepared on the basis of a series of meetings “About taste with taste” conducted by the author in 2017 at the Jan Matejko House biographical Museum in Krakow in cooperation with the Lesser Poland Heritage of Taste Association. In the text we will find answers to several questions: did Jan Matejko receive black soup, as it used to be at the Matejkos in Krzesławice, and who was the mysterious Black Sagittarius? For dessert, a story about lipsticks from Redolfi and black coffee was recalled. Thus, it is a kind of return through manuscripts, diaries and memories related to the outstanding Polish master of the paintbrush to the roots of Krakow’s culinary identity in the second half of the 19th century.
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Game meat has been an important component of human food for centuries. Eating it itself has been part of the traditions of many social strata throughout history. Each social group in the 19th century used game in a different way. For peasants, game was an opportunity to survive or earn money quickly, while on the tables of landed gentry it was often served and was one of the most important ingredients of the menu. The authors of the article paid attention to the issue of acquiring game, the appearance of the hunt and which animals were hunted by hunters. Game farms, i.e. methods of breeding forest animals, were described, as well as the issue of distribution of venison. It then discusses methods of preparing the meat. The final part of the work is devoted to the description of specific venison dishes based on 19th century cookbooks and family and estate archives. Preparing and eating meals can be a very prosaic activity, serving only to satisfy hunger, to fulfil one of the basic physiological needs. A meal may also take the form of a special celebration - marked by the abundance and elaborate preparation of individual dishes, their ceremonial serving at the table. The authors have therefore mainly paid attention to how and in what form venison was consumed in the second half of the 19th century.
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Nutrition is one of the most important components of material living conditions, and their level – one of the indicators of human well-being. After analyzing the diet, we can assess not only the taste preferences of its representative, but also his financial situation, status and possibilities. The aim of the article is to draw attention to dreams as a specific method of getting to know everyday life, as well as the private life of certain strata of the population of the Russian Empire of the 19th century, in particular the nutritional properties and material well-being of the lower ranks of the navy. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire developed its own culinary traditions regarding food preferences, food intake rules, table design, etc., which are different for certain categories of society. The representatives of maritime professions also had their own traditions. Their research and analysis are of particular interest. Based on the sleep analysis of chief mechanic D.D. Guslikov, seen by him in Sukhumi on July 18, 1858, as well as an analysis of scientific literature, the author describes the daily life, diet and material well-being of the lower ranks of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century.
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The article presents the sphere of everyday life practices in the second half of the 19th century through analysis of eating habits of the House of Talleyrand-Périgord. The basis of analysis are expenses from ducal court kitchen from Sagan from the times of duke Louis Napoléon de Talleyrand-Périgord (1863-1898). The ducal family shared time between Paris, an estate in Valençay, a flat in Berlin and a palace in Sagan in the Lower Silesia. There they celebrated ostentatiously both the family meetings (birthday of princes Pauline) and social events, especially in 1881 (the wedding ceremony of the Duke’s daughter „Dolly”) and in 1886 (the 100th anniversary of purchase of the duchy of Sagan by the Duke of Courland Biron), in which participated noble representatives of aristocratic European houses. The refinement of dishes increased during solemn meals. The luxury food products, like pineapples, vanilla, chocolate, Strasbourg pâté or truffles from the southern France, decorated the Duke’s table. Very often in the expensnes appeared local products imported from the entire Europe, like Tyrolean apples, Helgoland lobster, Holland oysters, Brussels poulards, English ham or Italian macaroni. Duke of Sagan cared not only about the quality of meals, but also about decorations of dining room, its furnishings and liveries of footmen, who served the meals. He attached special attention to professional preparation of meals. The high position of Duke was emphasized not only by the care of meal preparation in the court kitchen and table service. All those elements formed the culture of eating and emphasized the elegance of the Sagan’s table.
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The cultural relations between Poland and Italy over the centuries have been an important element in historical and literary discussions. There is no doubt that Italianism – understood more as a way of perceiving Italy, resulting from the role played by Italy in Western culture, than as a doctrine about Italy – meant a completely new concept of sightseeing. Interestingly, it was not only the architecture, painting, sculpture or the exceptionally favourable Italian climate that evoked emotions in Polish peregrinates. Italian cuisine also remained in the circle of their interest. The love for Italian cuisine is not a homogenous subject – solid meat and dignified Polish drinks were often contrasted with Italian “exquisiteness”. The traditionalists of Polish society, stuck in the cult of the old custom and not venturing beyond Polish borders, have certainly contributed to the poor reputation of Italian fashion, including Italian cuisine. And although the majority of voices on the shadows and glories of Italian food belong to men, as they travelled more often, an interesting source for analysing everyday life on the road are the memories of women-peregrinates. Teofilia Morawska, Waleria Tarnowska or Katarzyna Sosnowska Platerowa are examples of Polish female travellers of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, who enriched this topic with their reflections. Irrespective of the purpose and reason for a woman’s journey, each in her own way broadened her horizons and brought about an experience invaluable in human life. They described what they encountered in a balanced way, reflecting calmly because they felt a complete connection with Western Europe and its cultural life. They often included the reality of the country they knew – also from the “table” side. Did we really “fall in love with Italian cuisine only in the 20th century”? In my article, I would like to take up the issue of Polish attitude towards Italian cuisine in women’s travel memoirs of the early 19th century.
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