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«Разумный» кинематограф в дооктябрьской Казани: роль профессора Л.О. Даркшевича в становлении просветительского кино

Author(s): E.P. Alekseeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2016

The paper analyzes the development of educational cinematography in Kazan during the period of 1908–1916. The author draws attention to the review written by L.O. Darkshevich (1858–1925), the worldwide famous neuropathologist and professor of the Kazan University, of “Drinking and Its Consequences” (1913), a scientific and popular film. It is assumed that the critical attitude of the neurosurgeon to the first steps of educational cinematography reflects the desire of this person to use his authority to influence the development of “intelligent cinematography”. Furthermore, the paper provides examples of active use of this type of art for educational purposes. Notably, there was a special scientific and popular cinema theater in Kazan. The Kazan Society of Public Universities actively used cinema-tography during lectures. During the First Word War, films were screened for free in hospitals for wounded soldiers of the Kazan region. Scientific cinematography was also supported by the state: film demonstrators were exempt from taxes if charity events were held.

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Евангельский текст и подтекст в повестях И. И. Панаева «Дочь чиновного человека» и В. Ф. Одоевского «Живописец»

Author(s): Yuliya N. Sytina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

Ivan Panayev’s story “The Daughter of a High Official” and Vladimir Odoyevsky’s story “The Painter” were published in the journal “Otechestvennye Zapiski” (“Domestic notes”) in 1839. The plots of these stories are similar to each other. The events take place in St. Petersburg of that time. The key problems put forward in them are creative work, expression of the ideal, discovering and maintenance of the artistic identity despite the misunderstanding and pressure of the “crowd”. However, in spite of being formally similar these stories demonstrate that behind the external religiosity there is philosophy and worldview that are not absolutely Christian by character, and the text of an apparent romantic character conceals Orthodox values. Thus, if at first sight Odoyevsky’s story resembles German Romanticism, the study of the poetics of “The Painter” discloses the deep worldview and spiritual ties of the writer with Orthodoxy. In the story of Panayev a Christian tradition gets exposed. The direct introduction of the gospel text into the narration makes it possible to ennoble “positive” characters and to give solemnity to the narration. However, Fichtian Philosophy and the cult of a creative personality is affirmed in Panayev’s story. It brings him to the philosophy of Romanticism and alienated from Christianity. The conflict between the artist and the “crowd” in Panayev’s story takes a social subtext, thus, foretelling the development of the “natural school”.

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Дарение: от устойчивого рождественского мотива к сквозному мотиву в святочных рассказах Н. С. Лескова

Author(s): Natalia Nikolaevna Starygina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of research is the motif of donary, the object of study is a series of “Christmas stories” by N. S. Leskov. The research paper envisages the content, functions, manifestations of the motif of giving gifts in the gospel story of the Nativity, in Christmas cultural traditions. Versions of the motif of donary, its types, gifts and donations are systematized in the yuletide stories of Leskov. The motif of gift-giving accomplishes various artistic functions such as: formation of the subject, characters, typologization. The motif of donation is cross-cutting in the whole of the series of yuletide stories and plays a cycle formative role. A gift-giving motif is seen by Leskov as an important way of depicting social and cultural domains including functional culture and daily life of the characters. The key function of the gift-giving motif is formation of the Christmas contextual content in Leskov’s yuletide stories characterized, as it is known, by the representation of common (worldly) situations, absence and/ or revealing of mysticism, often by their humorous connotation etc. The gift-giving motif becomes a means of presenting Christmas semantics that enriches Leskov’s texts with Christian motifs, images, symbols and concepts.

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Генезис феномену «перпетуум мобіле»

Author(s): Tetjana Viktorivna Borysenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 37/2016

«Perpetuum mobile» has numerous incarnations in the art human culture throughout its development. This research focuses on the genesis of «perpetual mobile», it features in the art, music and other kinds of creativity with the accent on «Rerpetuum mobile naturae» (natural perpetual motion) and « та «рerpetuum mobile artificae» (artificial perpetual motion). Methodology. The research methodology includes comparative cultural-historical method, which allows us to analyse the emergence of PM symbol. Based on the comparative method, the scientific, technical, artistic and imaginative connotations in philosophy, science, art and music are considered. Scientific novelty. The PM phenomenon in the music theory study has not been constant and general. There was no attempt to systematise PM’s imaginative connotations and compare them to other embodiments of the PM in the sciences and techniques. Therefore, the scientific novelty is to identify the cross-cutting links among PM’s different incarnations and to analyse the development and interaction of diverse samples of this phenomenon transhistorically. Conclusions. Based on the PM genesis study, the author underlines the cohesion and cross-cutting nature of this symbol, which gets different forms in various branches of technical and artistic creativity. It is manifested primarily in the incarnation of common shapes (circle, spiral), and identifies the general trend of scientific, technical and artistic-figurative connotations that give an ability to deeper understanding of the PM’s role in general development of the European culture in XIX-XXI centuries.

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Концертний простір петербурга та його вплив на творче самоздійснення В. В. Пухальського (на основі спогадів митця)

Author(s): Anastasiia Romanovna Romanenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 37/2016

The research is related to the reconstruction of the pre-conservatory period of V.V. Pukhalsky’s life and creative activity on the material of his memoirs «Notes of my Life». Exactly the concert activity of St. Petersburg as a form of musical enlightenment in the 1860th years served to the formation of the artistic, aesthetic and world view principles of V.V. Pukhalsky, stimulated his musical activity, defined the life strategy of this creative personality – to enter the St. Petersburg Conservatory and become a professional musician. Methodology. Research methodology consists in applying the biographical method and the method of culturological commentary. The above-mentioned methodological approach allows us to highlight the little-known pages of the creative biography of V.V. Pukhalsky, a brilliant pianist, gifted teacher, composer, and the future founder of High Music Education in Ukraine and bring a new level of understanding of the specific professional development of the musician. Scientific novelty. In this article, we for the first time examined the concert space of St. Petersburg from the perspective of the musical and critical reflections of young V.V. Pukhalsky, analysed the peculiarities of the concert life of St. Petersburg in the historic realities of specific cultural events. Conclusions. Since the second half of the XIX century, the preconditions of musical enlightenment activity had been composing in the Russian Empire, the musical enlightenment organizations acted, the professional music education institutions appeared, the music education entered the frames of education and upbringing processes. The touring activity of world music representatives became important. Finally, the musical playing got the recognition as a separate independent form of the art in society. Those socio-cultural conditions served to reveal the natural musical endowment of V.V. Pukhalsky.

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Trijumfalni slavoluk cara Maksimilijana i bosanska heraldika

Author(s): Emir O. Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 39/2010

Even the most extravagant territorial and heraldic claims of Emperor Maximilian I served the Habsburg family iconography deep into the 19th century. In accordance with their persistent ambitions, the place and importance of Bosnia and Herzegovina in these heraldic displays did not diminish through almost five centuries. The final epilogue of this story came only about a decade after the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austro-Hungary, when the symbols used by the Habsburgs for Bosnia were accepted as the official state symbols in 1889. The Bosnian heraldic sign then found its place in the large combined coat of arms of the Habsburg monarchy after it annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The fact that the Bosnian heraldic device, which included an arm with a sword, was finally selected as the symbol of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro- Hungarian rule, is largely due to the influence of the Habsburg heraldic monuments. The consulted historians and experts who knew about those monuments also played a big part. Hungarian historians particularly pointed to the Bosnian coat of arms shown on the Triumphal Arch of Emperor Maximilian in their efforts to prove their theses about the necessity of adopting this symbol as the state arms of Bosnia. All of them attributed the authorship of this coat of arms to Albrech Dürer, however, later research has shown that the author of heraldic symbols on the Triumphal Arch and on the Heraldic tower in Innsbruck was Maximilian’s court painter and architect Jörg Kölderer.

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Архітектура Львова в мистецькому сегменті культурної політики Австро-Угорщини: кінець XIX - початок XX століття

Author(s): Artem Barandiy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The purpose of the work is to study the cultural policy of Austria-Hungary in the artistic segment through the example of architecture of Lviv of late XIX – early XX century. The methodology consists in applying scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, and specific cultural axiological and comparative methods, namely the knowledge of values of a certain cultural community and its connection with the subject reality and study of changes in the culture as a result of cross-cultural contacts. Scientific novelty of the work is the use of systematic approach for the selection of criteria of cultural policy evaluation. As a criterion we suggested an efficiency of cultural policies. The criterion of efficiency of cultural policy in arts is: 1) the availability of art works and 2) the possibility of active creative work. Conclusions. Cultural policy of official Vienna in the artistic segment – architecture through state and public institutions such as the architectural department of the Lviv Polytechnic, ministries and private firms, exhibitions, and publications – promoted cultural exchange, dissemination of new knowledge and technologies that formed the social conditions for important social transformations. Lviv developed in line with the Europe, enriched thanks to the mobility in Austria-Hungary and on this basis has created its own unique architectural environment.

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Вироби дибинецьких гончарів у музейних колекціях України

Author(s): Aleksandra Rudenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The purpose of the research is to study and systematize all collected information about the preserved artifacts of Dybyntsi’ ceramists from the major collections of Ukraine and some private collections, and their period and author classification. The research methodology consists in the use of the method of empirical analysis and structuring, which enables to study and summarize the accounting data of existing collections and distinguish among them the works of authorship. The scientific innovation is the fact that the study contains the most comprehensive list of the artifacts from exhibitions and stock collections of the museums of Ukraine. Conclusion. After analysing the data of our investigations, we found 1340 Dybyntsi's preserved ceramic products, including the works of 33 masters of the following periods: the late 19 – early 20 centuries, 1920–1930s, 1940–1950s and the second half of the 20th century.

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Apie vyskupo fotografijas. Vilniaus vyskupo Karolio Hrynevickio atvejis

Author(s): Vilma Žaltauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2017

The article analyses identified photographs (as well as other images made using other techniques) of Vilnius Bishop Karol Hryniewicki (Hryniewiecki, resided in Vilnius in 1883–1885, in January of 1885 was exiled to Yaroslavl), attempts are made to find out their meanings in different socio-cultural contexts of Lithuania by the end of the 19th c. While exploring the Bishop’s photographs, the context of the Roman Catholic Church in the 19th century’s Russian Empire was evaluated. The diocese of Vilnius was an object of special policy of the secular authorities in the so-called Northwestern Krai, as it was not homogenous in the national as well as confessional aspect. In this diocese, the government attempted to change (and actually changed) the confessional and political-cultural orientation of Belarussian Catholics. Under such circumstances, being a spiritual authority, the Catholic Bishop was a clear competitor to the authority and power of the secular governance, therefore attempts were made to regulate and control his activities. The Bishop’s exile created additional meanings to his photographs in respect of believers and secular government, especially by the end of the 19th c. with strengthening nationalistic moods among Russians and others (Poles, Lithuanians). Therefore, the Bishop’s photographs also became a long-term and successful objet of commerce.

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Специфика подготовки кадров педагогиче- ской интеллигенции в женских гимназиях Владимирской и Костромской губерний в конце XIX — начале XX века

Author(s): Olga Sergeyevna Buslaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2017

At a boundary of the XIX—XX centuries the work of the teacher uniting educational and teaching components of educational process and designed to broadcast spiritual, moral and cultural samples was the most widespread profession of the intellectuals. Among the educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia which were carrying out vocational training of teachers the female gymnasiums which gave pupils secondary education deserve attention. In the last third of the XIX century at some of them special pedagogical classes were open that was an essential contribution to development of female secondary education. It promoted self-realization of many graduates as teachers of state and private educational institutions as well as house teachers and mentors.

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Генезис и формирование этоса интеллигенции в Пушкинскую эпоху (К 60-летию Государственного музея А. С. Пушкина)

Author(s): Maria Valerievna Memetova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

The article gives the concepts “Apollonian” and “Dionysian” beginnings in art which found reflection and development in the Russian culture of the first third of the 19th century on the example of an arts-and-crafts subject from the collection of the Moscow State Museum of A. S. Pushkin and a phenomenon of Imperial Lyceum of Tsarskoye Selo as a sample of education and up-bringing. Relying on A. S. Pushkin’s poetry the author opens the concept “symposy” on the example of lyceum students’ celebration tradition of opening the Lyceum on the 19th of October as the integrating spiritual event.

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Život Thomasa Jeffersona

Author(s): Dumas Malone / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

The author describes Thomas Jefferson's life from his birth to his death. The paper focuses on his place and role in the creation and the formation of the USA and the hardships accompanying that process. Multiple links of Thomas Jefferson with the European political scene of his time are depicted.

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Thomas Jefferson i temelji američke vladavine

Author(s): Štefica Deren-Antoljak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

Political attitudes and activity of Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of American democracy, are described in this text. The author describes Jefferson’s role in political activities of major importance for the creation of the USA: compiling the Declaration of Independence, operating the Legislative Assembly of the state of Virginia an a enacting of the separation of the church and the state, creating the American foreign policy and the policy of Western colonization, introducing the first ten Constitutional amendments as a guarantee of human and civil rights and elaborating on the principles of the organization of federal government. Jefferson fought against excessive legislation on powers of central political institutions. He established the tradition of Republicans versus Federalists led by Hamilton. That opposition gave birth to the modern American two-party system. Jefferson’s presidency was also significant due to the elimination of centralist and oligarchic tendencies of previous Federalist governments. The author suggests that Jefferson’s political theory and practice have left a permanent mark on the contemporary theory of democratic republicanism.

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Thomas Jefferson i politička filozofija

Author(s): Šefko Kurtović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

The author writes about Jefferson’s political philosophy. There is no text by Jefferson which would set out a certain political issue. There are numerous texts of his, written in the course of fifty years, but a collage made up out of them would not amount to a political theory or a doctrine. Jefferson was not interested in theoretical but solely technical and practical issues. This makes him a typical 18th-century lawyer of the common law vein. Common law of that time was an amateur area, devoid of any technical or professional expertise and part of general moral principles. Jefferson was deft at formulating the widely-held ideas of his time, embracing some century-old well-known political truths by Grotius, Milton, Locke and Burlamaqui. The author suggests that Jefferson was first and foremost a statesman, and his judgements were politically tainted. Nevertheless, he was the most educated statesman ever among American presidents.

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Thomas Jefferson : O “harmoniziranju dnevnopolitičkih sentimenata”

Author(s): Alan Uzelac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

According to his own words, Jefferson’s guideline while composing the American Declaration on independence was “to harmonize the political sentiments of the day”. This text is an attempt to explain the meaning and the underlying tenor of that statement. It focuses on the analysis of the structure of the Declaration, which is both a political and legal text and rooted in the rationalist tradition. Structured as a legal sylogism based on the unfamiliar premises at the time of its compilation, the Declaration anticipates rather than reflects the then “sentiments of the day”. Thomas Jefferson’s greatness rests not only on the Declaration but also on his consistent application of its principles. Thus, the great American president made sure that through the centuries the dominant political and legal paradigm in the world would follow its stipulations to the letter.

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Napomena o izvornosti i autorstvu “Deklaracije o nezavisnosti”

Author(s): Ivan Grdešić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

The contemporary controversy about the theoretical and literary sources of Thomas Jefferson’s political thinking and the influences on the content and the style of the Declaration of Independence dates back to the 18th century since even in Jefferson’s lifetime the nature of his authorship came under serious scrutiny. Accusations levelled against him for pilfering and swiping from political documents of his contemporaries and thinkers of the Antiquity were due both to the political intolerance and personal envy as well as to the newly evolved concept of authorship and authenticity. Jefferson’s aim was to express the American mind and make it into a solid foundation of the legitimacy of the demand for independence. The new romantic concept of authorship, however, views it as a new, separate and original work. Jefferson’s originality is indisputable, and rooted in the classical sources, and the feelings and the judgements of his contemporaries.

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Thomas Jefferson: izbor iz autobiografije i pisama

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1994

U Jeffersonovim pismima i “bilješkama” poznatim pod nazivom “The Anas (1791.-1806.)” može se naći pokoja autobiografska crtica, no najdosljedniji prikaz Thomasa Jejfersona dan je u razmjerno kratkoj “Autobiografiji”, koju je počeo pisati (“za svoju obitelj”) u dobi od 77 godina. “Autobiografija” ne obuhvaća cijeli njegov život. Počinje s opisom podrijetla očeve obitelji (Wales), a završava s 1790. godinom, kad je stigao u New York kao ministar vanjskih poslova u vladi Georgea Washingtona.

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Konstytucja pierwszego zgromadzenia Irlandii – 21 stycznia 1919 roku

Author(s): Maciej Bartosz Furtas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Article is a presentation of a first Irish government regulation in XX century, the Constitution of the First Dáil 1919, also known as First Dáil Constitution. The author analyzes the historical background of its adoption, the scope of regulated issues and the content and meaning of the individual sections. Also presented amendments made in the constitution for a three-year period of validity. The main research problem was to search for the archetype of mentioned Act. Arguing against the common opinions (i.e. of Irish late Professor Brian Farrell), author presents, that First Dáil Constitution introduced in Ireland system known – in the science of constitutional law – as government of assembly, whose model is the French Jacobin’s Constitution 1793. The key evidence is, different than in the UK’s parliamentary system, construction of Irish legislative and executive, the prototype of which – as proved by the author – was the Constitution of Switzerland 1874. Irish legislature (Assembly) has a dominant position in this system – even later established judicature did not have any effect on her. The executive had no right to interfere in the operation of legislative authorities. Moreover, only the Assembly had the power to choose the head of government, approval for his choice of members of the executive (from among the deputies) and their dismissal. Also, there was no position of head of the state, and courts (or courts) was not authorized to examine the decrees of the Assembly. The author also draws attention to: a limited number of ministers, Presidents of the Assembly and nomenclature used – having not British, but the Swiss origin, and also demonstrated the influence of the adopted solutions in the form of modern Constitution of Ireland 1937. Article includes also translated into Polish language Constitution of the First Dáil 1919 with amendments adopted 1st of April 1919 (minor amendments of 1922 were discussed in the text).

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Doświadczenia Księstwa Warszawskiego w zakresie edukacji prawniczej

Author(s): Aleksandra Oniszczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article deals with legal education in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815), which was a transitory period between a feudal and modern state. The urgent need for institutional education of a state personnel resulted from existence of legal provisions stemming from several legal orders, divergence in qualifications of personnel in administration and judiciary, as well as a necessity for efficient implementation of Napoleonic law. Those circumstances were precisely diagnosed by the minister of justice. He initiated courses of law followed by the School of Law and School of Administration. As the Duchy’s territory was enlarged, legal teaching had place also at the university in Cracow. It seems that although the state existed for only a short period, a more or less cohesive governmental concept of legal education’s role existed. It was to serve mainly the development of the state and this utilitarian goal dominated. It is worth reminding that those first Polish endeavours in the field of modern legal education took place at the time of a public finance crisis. Although majority of income was devoted to military needs and many projects were put off until later, authorities noticed that for an efficient governing of a state a well-educated personnel is needed. At that time this belief was not common.

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The Historical Evolution of Administrative Court System in Taiwan

Author(s): Hiroshi Kaneko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This article discusses the Taiwanese reception of Western law; it investigates the historical origin of the administrative procedure and litigation in Taiwan, as well as its development from the late XIX century until the 1998 reform. It also analyses the growing scope of protection of individual rights by successive reforms in the context of the Taiwanese democracy. An analogy is drawn between the Taiwanese and Japanese road to the westernisation of administrative legal systems with particular regard to the adoption of German legal notions. The legal discourse is set in the context of international law and supported by statistical data. The Author arrives at the conclusion that Taiwan has been spared the fate of countries where westernisation had produced only “dead letters”. On the contrary, the comparison of statistical data demonstrates that citizens of Taiwan use administrative litigation opportunities provided by the law more often than in Japan. The administrative review system functions well and increasingly wins the trust of citizens.

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