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Founded in 1880, the organization of Bulgarian students in Prague “Bălgarska Sedjanka” had served for many years as a “cultural bridge” between Czechs and Bulgarians. Through its cultural activities it highly contributed to disseminating Bulgarian culture among Czechs and, vice versa, the Czech cultural traditions among Bulgarians. While the earlier history of the student organization (1880s–1910s) were explored to a certain extent by both Bulgarian and Czech historians, its cultural activities during the postwar period (1919–1938) have been hardly touched at all, or these have been assessed through the prism of the Marxist ideology. The decade of 1930s has not been an object of research yet. Therefore, the current study explores the history of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” in interwar Czechoslovakia. It relies on archival sources, published documents, the Czech periodical press and secondary literature available on the subject. The study focuses on several issues –the cultural activities of the organization, its relationship with the Bulgarian embassy and with some other Bulgarian organizations in Prague. One might characterize the early 1920s as a period in which the leadership of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” made constant efforts to overcome the isolation in which Bulgarian society found itself after the end of the WWI. For this purpose the organization initiated cultural events in Prague (public lectures and evening celebrations), closely cooperating with leading Czech (Vladislav Šak, Vladimír Sis, prof. Ivan Mrkvička) and Bulgarian (Christina Morfova, Kiril Christov) intellectuals as well as with Bulgarian ministers plenipotentiaries (Stefan Balamezov, Dimităr Michalchev, Boris Vazov, etc.). Furthermore, in order to improve Bulgaria's image in the Slav world, the leadership of the student organization strove to establish close cooperation with Southern Slav students in Prague. The relationship of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” with the Bulgarian embassy in Prague was marked both by cooperation and conflicts during the period in question. For example, the troublesome events in Bulgaria in 1923 brought about tense relations between the Bulgarian diplomats and the organization. Also, these events resulted in an open split within “Bălgarska Sedjanka” and in the establishment of the leftist organization “Narstud”. Last but not least, “Bălgarska Sedjanka” strove to keep alive the Bulgarian cultural traditions and the memory of the historical past among Bulgarian students in Prague through commemoration of glorious events of Bulgarian history and of Bulgarian “dead heroes”(Christo Botev, Ivan Vazov). In doing this, “Bălgarska Sedjanka” closely cooperated with another organization in Prague called “Československo-bulharskávzájemnost”.
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Ilinden Uprising of 1903 was a test for Bulgarian Exarchist local authorities in Macedonia,for their maturity and ability to survive in extreme conditions. Not that the situation before the uprising was mild and stimulating the development of Christians in the empire, but the revolutionary events of the summer of 1903 mobilized authorities to focus their efforts to “tame” with cruelty the restive Bulgarians and prevent the consolidation of the largest nationality in the region – the Bulgarian one. Despite the blow that they suffered, the municipalities managed to recover and strengthen the distraught municipal network in the provinces, so that they continue to successfully fulfill their church school and social functions. This article traces the ways in which the Exarchist local institutions fitted into the post Ilinden atmosphere and the attitude of the Ottoman authorities towards them. Despite all the difficulties and obstacles encountered, they continued to assert their rights and privileges with patience and diplomacy. The article discusses the changes that occurred under the constitutional parliamentary regime. Albeit with no official sanction from the authority the Exarchate expanded its office and continued to work hard on the organization of the exarchist network defending its reputation as an institution, and the overall ethnical case in Macedonia and Odrin region.
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The author defends very emotionally but on the basis of documentary material and scientific studies on the subject, the following thesis: “As far as the Balkan War caused a real explosion of incomparable nationwide euphoria of unprecedented and never heard of rapture and enthusiasm, which united all Bulgarians... in the name of the Patriotic cause, we have reason to assign it place of central importance among the wars for national unification, which Bulgaria led after the Liberation.” According to the author the bayonet attacks of the Bulgarian infantry undoubtedly played a central role in the fighting during the war.It is on those bayonet attacks that the research is focused. It traces the historical events and outlines the moral psychological effect of the bravery of the Bulgarian troops on the enemy.
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Author of this survey article tries to indicate multiply legacies of the First World War on the army officers’ mind-set in the interwar years and especially during the Second World War at the Balkan war theatre. The experience of Austro-Hungarian officers on the South and Eastern Front 1914–1918 no doubt influenced the once middle ranked or junior officers at the same theatres of war in the period after 1941. It was not only combat experience and frustration but attitudes stirred up by propaganda as well.
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The condition of the Catholic Church in the early 20th century on the territory of today's Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina was extremely complex and very different from the situation today. This article analyzes church circumstances at that time examining demographic facts regarding Catholics, church organization, and legal regulation of relations between Church and state at the time. Catholics lived as a small community in Montenegro and Serbia. Their situation in Montenegro was governed by a contract between the state and the Holy See (1878) and they had an archdiocese with headquarter in the city of Bar. On the other side, the legal status of the Catholic Church in Serbia, where there was no diocese, was not resolved until 1914, when a concordat with the Holy See was signed. However, this concordat was not implemented due to the outbreak of the First World War. In the region of today's Croatia, Catholics were a majority almost everywhere. The legal status of the Church, which was organized in three major metropolitan districts (Zagreb, Zadar, Gorica), was arranged firstly through a concordat between the Holy See and Austria-Hungary in 1855, and later under special laws enacted in 1874. In order to regulate the position of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where Catholics represented about 18 percent of the population, the Austro- Hungarians in 1881, before the establishment of new dioceses and the appointment of new bishops, signed a special agreement with the Holy See. All of these agreements with the Holy See, except the one of 1855, which ceased to be valid after 1870, signed by individual countries and implemented at the beginning of the 20th century are presented here in the original language and in translation.
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The following article discusses the impact of the First World War on the work of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy), and a British modernist polymath, Wyndham Lewis. Both artists took part in the combat on the Eastern and Western Fronts respectively, which proved to be a transformative experience and informed their creation during and after the war. Dissatisfied with the development of the avant-garde he had once helped to establish, Wyndham Lewis departed from mainstream modernism by exploring the legacy of wartime violence and by styling himself as a counter-cultural figure. Likewise, Witkacy swam against the tide of optimism, prevalent in the newly restored Polish state. His writings and paintings offered visions of the world shattered beyond repair, where the only possible kind of existence is in fact pseudomorphic and where happiness is achieved through a suspension of critical faculties, or by sinking to the level of beasts consciously.
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On the 28th of June, 1914, a consumptive student, Gavrilo Princip, shot and killed prince Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The prince’s wife Sofia was also killed by a stray bullet. In the century that has passed since the assassination, the memory of Princip and the cult constructed around him has been distorted beyond recognition. As local and international politics were altered, so changed Princip’s image. The memory of Princip now evokes strong reactions not only in the South Slav lands, but in Hungary as well. In what follows, we will examine possible sources for the strong reactions evoked by Princip’s memory among Hungarians a century after his act.
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The Fund of Serbian Singing Society '' Njeguš '' contains 109 documents located in two boxes. The Fund is not complete, and this preserved part is taken from attorney Steve Milčić, who was a member of the society. In addition to documents in the fund there are also photography is (19) which are made of different formats and different techniques. Most of the group photography is a member of the Society, but has Photographs of prominent members and their families. This society in 1936 reached the age of 50 years work and existence, a celebration is due to the financial difficulties held 1937. To the ceremony was complete, individual members of the Society were in charge to reconstruct the former events and activities of the Company. That is written and Commemorative created to mark the 50th anniversary of the Company, which is failing material used to produce the display of the fund.
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This study researches upon the women᾽s right to vote from Hungary in the interwar period. Based on press materials, we aim to underline the “road” to vote for the women in Hungary. The situation of women and their appraisal by the society changed at the beginning of the 20th century. To these changes contributed not only economical, but also cultural factors. Taking into consideration more aspects of the Modern History, for instance the impact of the First World War upon the way of thinking of the society, analogies with the situation in other European countries, the fact that they are beginning to study at the universities etc, we considered creating the attitude of the Hungarian Parliament. Following the laws and the debates in the Hungarian Parliament, we managed to create a red line of the women᾽s right to vote.
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World War I caused an unprecedented outpouring of letters in Europe and led to even poorly educated peasants writing in order to stay in touch with their families. From the correspondence of Jakob Ploom (1882−1915?), who emigrated from Võrumaa to the outskirts of Moscow, where he was mobilized into the army, 29 surviving letters represent an older epistolary tradition. These are not intimate documents but directed at a broader family circle. The letters are short and written in a mixture of the South- and North-Estonian languages.The sentences lack punctuation and are incomplete. From letter to letter the same or very similar phrases and sentences about the same topics occur. In addition to the formulaic introductions, long, very similar farewells, and overviews of Jakob’s health, among the most popular sentences are those that represent the difficulties of writing letters. The sentence „Rohgem ei tiija mina teile kirjuda”(“I don’t know what else to write to you”) or its variants can be found 26 times; these key phrases show Jakob Ploom as a passive soldier, lacking in knowledge and having difficulties expressing himself. Using standard formulas probably helped the inexperienced writer to organize his thoughts in writing, providing a safe and easy way to fill in blanks in the unsafe literary (and real) world.Both the difficulty of expressing himself in writing and the dire situations experienced on the battlefield made self-expression extremely difficult. Jakob Ploom’s boring, uninformative, and impersonal literary heritage, rich in formulas, provides an exciting corpus to examine a distinct rhetoric and mentality. These letters provide a grass-roots view of war and show how peasants moved from the oral world to the literary culture due to the necessity created by the war.
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War diaries, however sketchy and skeletal have immediacy, even simultaneity with events, and thus are often imparted a greater trustworthiness than memoirs. This article examines the World War I diaries of Estonian soldiers, which have recently been made available to the general public in monumental and accessible form(Historian Tõnu Tannberg’s 2015 edited collection of here to fore unpublished Estonian World War I letters, memoirs, and diaries,approximately 1000 pp in length.) Estonian participation in the Great War remains virtually invisible in relation to the dominant narratives of the Western Front. Perhaps this peripherality (even in relation to the grand narrative of the Eastern Front) is sufficient for it to command interesting retrospection. „Memory sources” require attention to the conditions of their textual production, the poetics of their composition, and their uses of rhetoric with respect to a (familial or more extensively public) readership. However „simple”a remembered account may seem, its rhetorical dimension is social, thus historical, as are the narrative scaffolding and texture.This article also examines the literary memoirs of World War I written by popular author Oskar Luts, who participated in the war as a pharmacist, and asks the question of what textual resources make memoirs „literary”. For Estonia, there was no „lost generation”or „generation of 1914”, as Robert Wohl has defined it. The Russian Revolution of 1917, the German occupation of Estonia in1918, the birth of the Estonian republic in February 1918, and the War of Independence 1918–1920 were a chaotic cascade of events,194to which the following decades in the Estonian republic assigned priority as more memorable. This cumulation and acceleration of events obscured the previous layers, thus permanently sedimenting and occluding the cultural memory of World War I beneath these layers. Mapping the absence or occlusion of World War I remembrance through the use of autobiographical texts or textual remains is a topic of renewed research in the context of the hundred-year anniversary of World War I across Europe.
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The article tells about the Muslim women’s issue in the years of the First World War and the tribulations of the religious and political elite of the Bosnian Muslims – Bosniaks – in their efforts to protect the traditional moral character of a Muslim woman and stop or slow down the social trends that led to distancing of female generations from a deeply entrenched notion of a virtuous and withdrawn wife, mother and homemaker. Although the crisis of traditional morality was an inevitable consequence of modernization processes which with the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian rule took place in urban areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was only the First World War that seriously confronted the Muslim society to the extent and implications of the “decline of the Muslim womanhood” which faced extreme difficulties trying to overcome the social problems and moral challenges brought by the reality of the war. Although a part of the elite insisted on the negative impact of European culture as a factor of the present “degeneration” of Muslim women, in the last year of the war the majority of the leading figures of Bosniaks was aware of the fact that the relativity of female morality was primarily a result of the misery and poverty of the war time and not the targeted distancing of Muslim women from the Islamic principles, even though some often pointed to weak religious and home upbringing as a factor that facilitated her moral degradation. By the end of the war the Muslim society only managed to get to know the extent of women’s problems, with no visible effects in the field of concrete solutions.
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The life of Beneš and his first concept about the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The author presents it on the base of the thesis of Beneš defended at the University of Dijon in 1908.
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The factory and refinery „špirit“ has worked since 1901 under the name "M. Fišl and sons "Kreka. Later in this factory is refurbished the boiling carbonic acid and built Factory of pressed yeast. The Fund contains studies, sketches and drawings for individual drives factory buildings and facilities, projects for the reconstruction of damaged buildings, as well as construction of new facilities at the company.
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In this article, we aim to analyse the representations of the First World War as a cultural trauma in three works of fiction classified as belonging to the “néofantastique” convention, which, according to Jean‑Pierre Andrevon, summarises “our fears and uncertainties”. We intend to demonstrate that in “La scie patriotique” (1997), by Nicole Caligaris, “La vigie” (1998) and by Thierry Jonquet, “Cris” (2001) by Laurent Gaudé, the Great War is approached either explicitly or metaphorically, yet at the same time indicative of the phenomena of spectre and abjection.
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