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Sports historians know the name of this illustrious character. Instead for the sport lovers his name is virtually unknown. This article will present this versatile sportsman. Even though at the time there were quite a few athletes ”all-round”, Manno is among the few who did consecrated as an artist. Of Hungarian athletes we can compare Manno only with Alfréd Hajós.
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In the month of December 1916, one of the thousands German soldiers who came with the army of occupation in the defeated Romania had been keeping a diary from the beginning of the war. The greater part of this diary is dedicated to the time he spent in Romania, in Bărăgan and Bucharest. The author, a jurist and an intellectual, while working in the units tasked with population's control and requisition or sightseeing in Bucharest, was always in direct contact with the people among he was living and whom he described with kindness and compassion. His rich observations, his criticism of the war and his sympathy for the Romanians, for their traditions, customs and for their political ideals made his diary the most important source for time of the occupation seen through the eyes of German soldier.
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The outbreak of the conflict and the proportions it took led many priests of Banat to reach the front, where, through their activity, they provided religious assistance to Romanian soldiers who were in a position to fight for a foreign cause. Due to the activity of the priests and the church hierarchy, the soldiers were trained in the spirit of dynastic loyalty, to fight for the Throne and the Homeland. During the battles the priests were with the doctors to help the wounded and to bury the dead. On the front, the priests were those who performed the Divine Liturgy, they gave the sacrament and confessed the soldiers. From the notes of some military priests from Banat that were published in the press of the time, we can see that the Romanian military priests lived on the front the failures, but also the joys of the great victories.
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Born in an old family from Maramureş, Artur Dan of Apșa left a few notes regarding his ancestry, education and training in military schools across Austria- Hungary. His maternal grandfather, Alexiu Anderco, was a priest and archpriest in Borşa. Later on in time, his father, Basiliu Dan, held the same office. His uncle, Ioan Artemiu Anderco, studied medicine in Paris, Rome, and Turin, and was the author of an interesting Journal, published by Nicolae Iorga in 1934. He was a dedicated career officer and was decorated several times in the Great War, when he fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army, initially on the Balkan front against the Serbs and, then, in Galicia. Here he was taken prisoner by the Russians (1915), being interned in a camp in Siberia, from where he managed to escape in April 1918. After returning from captivity, he was reinstated in the Austro-Hungarian Army, advanced to the rank of major and transferred to the Italian front. The diary includes the author’s daily notes about the departure of his battalion on the front and then the dramatic withdrawal caused by the Italian offensive that began on 24 October 1918. Having witnessed the collapse of the Monarchy and its army, he returned to Maramureş in the autumn of 1918, placing himself in the service of national ideals. From this point of view, he became the classic example of an officer who was fully committed to the accomplishment of the Great Union of 1918. Together with his uncle, Alexandru-Cuza Anderco, he participated, in Sighet, in the establishment of the Romanian National Council in Maramureş and attended its meetings. After the Great Union, he enlisted in the Romanian Army and fought in the battles of 1919 against the Hungarian communists, being decorated and promoted to the rank of colonel by King Ferdinand.
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The issue of nationalities was fundamental in the years of the First World War. After three years of fighting, the empires involved in the war broke up. In this context, the Council of the Country – the Parliament of the Moldovan Democratic Republic (Bessarabia) was formed in Bessarabia. A number of internal issues have been debated in plenary sessions. First, the legitimacy of the Provincial High Legislative Body. Even some MPs considered the institution, of which they were part, that it would have been a temporary one, a transition to an organ chosen by universal, equal, direct and secret vote. Both the political people of that time and today's scholars have demonstrated with deluxe detail the legitimacy of the Country Council. Another issue, always debated, was that of national identities and the rights of ethnic groups in Bessarabia. Finally, a third issue was to ensure the security of people and their property. In the situation when the young republic did not have enough forces to ensure public peace, the issue of inviting the Romanian military forces was raised, and later, and the Union of Bessarabia with Motherland, Romania.
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Professor Alexander Yacimirskiy (1873-1925), native from Bessarabia, was not only an internationally well-known expert on the medieval Slavic manuscripts, but also one of the outstanding figures of the Romanian studies in Russia. He published numerous works on the Romanian literature, folklore, ethnography, church history and especially about the Romanians’ cultural ties with their Slavic neighbors. Yacimirskiy’s heritage stored in the Russian archives (and first of all his correspondence) broaden our knowledge of his contacts with his Russian colleagues – experts on the Romanian and South-Eastern-European studies, as well as with the Romanian colleagues – who were influenced not only by his published works, but also by his advices and consultations. The new sources we bring forward also add some important details to our knowledge of his activities in the last years of his life, in the city of Rostov on Don, where he was evacuated with the Warsaw University in 1915.
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This article focuses on the education of the children at Hereke Factory during the turbulent years from the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) through World War I (1914-1918) up to the seizure of the factory by the British in 1918. This article investigates the schooling system at the factory, including both formal and vocational education, and its relationship to those of other workhouses supported by philanthropy within the empire. Charitable and philanthropic institutions within the Ottoman socio-political system provided for the employment of widows and orphans who had lost relatives in the Balkan Wars and World War I. In this philanthropic network, Hereke Imperial Factory, as an institution to create funds to help orphans and widows, became a model of vocational education for needy in general education system. Later, the factory became a center at the target of nationalist-religious philanthropic discourses.
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The author of the paper presents An Open Letter addressed to Count Michael Károlyi, published in 1914 as one of the important manifestations of American Slovaks against Magyarization prior to World War I. The letter is published in extenso (both in the English and Slovak languages). In addition, the author explains the context in which the letter was written, its goals, the response of the Hungarian or Magyar side and its importance for the further development of the liberation movement.
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Even though more than a hundred years have passed since the Carpathi-an Winter War and the breakthrough near Gorlice and Tarnów in May 1915, these events remain a very interesting topic of scholarly and military research due to their multifaceted complexity. Particularly fascinating is the strength with which military planners and commanders managed to ready their severely exhausted military forces during the Carpathian Winter War and use them to lead a magnificent breakthrough near Gorlice and Tarnów. The breakthrough near Gorlice and Tarnów was practically the only way out of a very complex military-political situation and it prevented the grave danger of a Russian breakthrough across the Carpathians and into the Pannonian Basin. The participation of Croatian troops in these two operations was signifi-cant, but these activities, especially their exceptional losses, have thus far not been the subject of significant research. This paper covers their most import-ant activities within the frame of the strategic goals of the Russian and Aus-tro-German military forces, with particular focus on the forces that were part of the 36th Infantry and 42nd Home Guard Infantry Divisions as well as indi-vidual units on other parts of the front. It also provides an overview of their losses in light of the total losses of the Austro-Hungarian army.
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"Izvještaji - Izvještaj Matice hrvatske za upravnu godinu 1900. – Zagreb 1901.".
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The article focuses on the overcrowding of the General State Hospital in Ljubljana during the period between the wars, although this hospital also faced other personnel and staffing problems. The spatial problem exceeded the limits of the bearable and was not only a Slovenian, but to a large extent an all Yugoslav problem. Criticisms regarding the poor financial, spatial, and staffing situation of hospitals were coming in from the banovinas (subdivisions of the state). The pressures on the central government to solve the problems were increasing. The state operated within its financial capabilities; especially during the period of the economic crisis, the Ministry of Social Policy and National Health could solve and regulate only the basic issues. The problem of hospitals was addressed more thoroughly by the Minister Dragiša Cvetković, who made concrete proposals for the drafting of a new act on hospitals. It seemed that things could slowly be put right, but the positive development was interrupted by the war. The spatial problem of the central Ljubljana hospital was not solved.
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The article aims to analyse the supplement to the daily “Nation”, issued by the National Democracy for the peasantry in the Polish Kingdom. The goal of the magazine was to disseminate knowledge among the readers in various fields. The publishing activity of the national democrats was related to the party’s program of educating and making their supporters an equal part of the nation. The exemplification of these activities was „Nation. Illustrated Appendix“ (1906–1907).
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This paper presents the activities of Vlastimir Vuković during the First World War, starting from the phase of homeland defence, when he, as a sixteen-year-old volunteer, participated in the Battle on Mačkov kamen, to his engagement in the resistance movement during the occupation of Serbia and Toplica uprising. The episode of carrying the letter of Kosta Vo jinović’s to the Serbian Supreme Command in Thessaloniki is described in detail. Vuković was among the three guerrillas who managed to arrive from Kopaonik to Thessaloniki and hand over a letter to Colonel Dani lo Kalafatović. The attention is also paid to the support Vuković provided to Captain Jovan Ilić and pilot Siniša Stefanović, the representatives of the Serbian Supreme Command who were supposed to establish a link with the resistance movement in Toplica and lead it at the moment of the break through of the Salonika front. The paper is mostly based on Vlastimir Vuk ović’s notes, which were compared to the ϐirst order resources on Toplica uprising and subjected to a critical analysis.
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In the years 1895–1914 there were 25 editors working for “Lech” who determined the content published in the journal. The group was dominated by people born in the Wielkopolska region, relatively young (between 20 and 30 years old) and well educated. Some of them had already had experience in journalism, working in editor’s offices in Poznań, Kościan and Bydgoszcz. More than half worked in this profession for many years. All of them created the journal that was valuable, popular, touching current social and political issues.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina has entered in The First World War as the part od Austro Hungary. Their citizens were mobilized and sent to the fronts in Serbia, Russia and Italy due to participate in the war. When the First World War has ended, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of completely different country. That kind of „transit“ wasn’t easy. Bosnia and Herzegovina was not in the middle of the war operations, but felt all the weight of the war, especially a part of their civilian population that lived under the conditions of threating and hostile occupation starting from robbing and destroying another’s property, over the unlawful depriving of freedom and detention, treatment, to the massive unfair trials and murders. And beside all of that, a great and significantly contribute to the liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been given by the teachers and cultural workers, priests and politicians.
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The aim of the present paper is to present those plans, hitherto unknown in Hungary, which were elaborated during the four years preceding World War I by the Russian general staff, in accordance with their French colleagues, in order to launch an attack against Germany and the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy. In 1893 France concluded a secret military treaty with Russia that was directed against the Triple Alliance. Although the defeat suffered from Japan and the revolution of 1905 halted the Russian preparations, in 1910 they resumed, upon French pressure, the elaboration of detailed military planning. The 1910 plan concentrated the majority of forces to attack Eastern Prussia along the line Bielostok – Brest – Cholm. The troops to attack the Monarchy were disposed along the line Brest – Litovsk – Kovel – Rovno – Proskurov. (See the annexed maps prepared by the Russian staff.) During the negotiations between the Russian and French staffs that took place in 1911 the initial numbers of the attacking forces were set down, and it was also agreed that the French and the Russians would begin the attack respectively on the 10th and 15th day of mobilization. The new Russian plan was signed by Nicholas II on 1 May 1912. Two versions of the military plan were adopted, plan „A” for the case of Germany turning at the start of the war with the majority of her forces against France, and plan „G” if Germany opted for a main strike against Russia. In September 1913 a new French–Russian military treaty was concluded. On 25 September 1913 the Tzar sanctioned the document called „Basic conceptions about the deployment of our forces in the war against the powers of the Triple Alliance”. According to this, the actual plan of mobilization would have come into effect on 1 November 1914, and the spring of 1915 was thought fit for the attack. As the war started earlier, mobilization was undertaken along the „A” variant of the plan adopted on 16 May 1912.
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Fodor János: Bernády György. Politikai életrajz. Lector Kiadó – Dr. Bernády György Közmûvelõdési Alapítvány – Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, Marosvásárhely–Kvár, 2017.
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