Aneta Kolańczyk, Maria Konopnicka (1842-1910): poetka, pisarka, społeczniczka, emancypantka
Review of: Aneta Kolańczyk, Maria Konopnicka (1842-1910): poetka, pisarka, społeczniczka, emancypantka, Kalisz 2022, s. 129 [5], il.
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Review of: Aneta Kolańczyk, Maria Konopnicka (1842-1910): poetka, pisarka, społeczniczka, emancypantka, Kalisz 2022, s. 129 [5], il.
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The article aims to present Herman Lieberman’s parliamentary activity in the years 1922–1926, concerning the enactment and amendment of the act on the Supreme Administrative Tribunal of 3 August 1922. The main reason for exploring this problem is the fact that his parliamentary activity, focusing on the first Polish administrative court, was omitted from his memoires and his official biography, written by Artur Leinwald. Apart from that, the topic of this article coincides with the centenary of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal. Furthermore, this publication shows how the Sejm and the Supreme Administrative Tribunal operated before the may coup of 1926, because afterwards the new executive was progressively forcing the Supreme Administrative Tribunal to cooperate with government and to support state policy. The greatest number of sources concerning Lieberman’s parliamentary activity in the interwar period can be found at the Sejm Library’s website. Therefore, the methodology for writing this article consisted in the analysis of the bills and protocols of the Sejm, the Constitutional Committee, and the Legal Committee. These sources show that Herman Lieberman was very involved in the legislative work concerning the Supreme Administrative Tribunal. Analysis of these documents makes it possible to conclude that the parliamentarian was a great supporter of setting up this court in Poland. Herman Lieberman was sure that the Supreme Administrative Tribunal would be the guarantor of the protection of individual rights and freedoms.
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The article deals with the perception of Lenin’s mummy and the Moscow mausoleum in non-fiction narratives, mainly in travel reportage, after the collapse of the USSR (considering the broader cultural background). Concerning Ernst Kantorovich’s concept of the “two bodies of the king,” the issue of Lenin’s “two bodies” was addressed. Both the phenomenon of the immortality of the “bogolenin” (Lenin-God) and the nature of the mummified body of the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution exposed to public view were described. Particularly emphasized is the issue of the Russians’ peculiar attitude toward power and the ruler.
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The paper presents a linguistic characteristic of patronyms contained in parish registers of the Orthodox parish in Białowieża in the years 1891-1895 and 1906-1910. The forms of paternal names are discussed, as well as their variability resulting from the use, as motivating bases, of various phonetic-morphological variants of first names. The onomastic material reveals that in addition to the canonical names, their literary („official secular”) and less frequent colloquial variants were used in the creation of patronyms. The variation in the forms of paternal names can also be seen at the structural level, as besides the male patronymics with -ov, -ev, -in, which were typical for the period in question, there appeared forms with the suffix -ič. In female identification formulas, otčestva were written, with few exceptions, in full forms with -ovna, -evna, -inična.
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This article reconstructs Polish intellectuals’ interpretations of M. Hrushevskyi’s multifaceted activities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The evolution of Polish scholars’ attitudes towards Hrushevskyi;s concepts was examined in two main periods. The first period (late 1890s) was predom- inantly scientific, and it centered primarily on finding the most acceptable solutions to the presented issues. The second period (early 20th century) brought a substantial radicalization of Ukrainian and Pol- ish national movements and led to the deterioration of Polish-Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia and the politicization of the historiographic discourse. At the same time, Polish scholars began to associate Hrushevskyi’s historiographic concepts with the conceptual framework of Ukrainian historical research during that period. The politicization of the Ukrainian-Polish historiographical discourse in the early 20th century reflected the general tension in the relations between the two neighboring nations on the eve of World War I. A dialogue metamorphosed into a monologue with the sole purpose of accumulating national grievances, which significantly obstructed the path to mutual understanding, as illustrated by the tragic events in our shared history in the first half of the 20th century.
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This paper examines the question of anti-Semitism through the dictionaries of lexicons as repositories of popular knowledge, from the perspective of how the concept of anti-Semitism has changed over 60 years of lexicon production and how genocide has left its mark on post-war dictionaries. The concept of political anti-Semitism, which emerged in the 19th century, appears in Hungarian lexicography at the end of the century in the crossfire of different interpretations and meanings. However, anti-Semitism first appeared as a historical concept in the 1910s, with reference to the anti-Semitic tendencies of the time. Between the two world wars, the spirit of the times reached the lexicons with, among other things, the ‚Jewish conquest’. The lexicons published after the Second World War were clearly influenced by the war. One linked genocide with anti-Semitism and treated it as a separate historical event, while the other offered a complex, historical and multi-causal explanation for the emergence of anti-Semitism.
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Review of: Prvi svjetski rat (1914.–1918.) I glazba: skladateljske strategije, izvedbene prakse i društveni utjecaji. Urednici: Stanislav Tuksar i Monika Jurić Janjik Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 2019. ISBN 978-953-6090-64-8.
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This paper presents reception of Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), one of the most famous English satirists, who criticised false learning, church depravity, and especially English political situation of the time, from the first mentioning of his name and works to the Second World War. During the period of more than half a century, in Croatian and Serbian periodicals were published only a few articles about him. The first article was written nearly a century and a half after Swift’s death, because there were very few people in these countries who knew English at those times. Some articles were not critically inclined, but only brought some biographical notes or anecdotes from his life. The most of them, however, dealt with Swift’s best work Gulliver’s travels, which is rightly considered to be a bitter satire on human nature. The treated articles and reviews agree with generally accepted judgements about Swift as one of the greatest satirists of all times.
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After the Great War and the creation of Greater Romania through the incorporation of Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bucovina, travel gained new significance within Romanian society. In the context of debates about the need for “spiritual unification” to complement the country’s political and administrative consolidation, travel began to be viewed as a means to build a cohesive national identity and promote unity among the diverse regions of the newly enlarged state. Consequently, Romanians were encouraged to explore their homeland and acquaint themselves with their fellow citizens. The numerous travel notes, memoirs, and announcements of various trips and excursions organized by different associations and professional societies that filled up the contemporary newspapers and magazines reflect a great interest for travel, many travellers choosing to share their experiences. Drawing primarily from these travel notes and memoirs but also contemporary press articles, the study explores the experience of travel, its hypostasis and challenges, the social and cultural interactions that occurred in different travel contexts, and the habits and customs of the Romanian society in the early interwar years they reveal.
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Potrzeba rzetelnych, zakrojonych na szeroką skalę badań nad biografią i twórczością Marii Konopnickiej nie budzi wątpliwości, zwłaszcza wobec prób jej zawłaszczania przez rozmaite środowiska polityczne i ideologie. Jedną z okazji do podjęcia namysłu nad obecnością poetki w dzisiejszej debacie o literaturze było ustanowienie przez Sejm RP roku 2022, na który przypadła 180. rocznica jej urodzin, Rokiem Marii Konopnickiej. Wśród wyzwań, jakie współczesna recepcja Konopnickiej stawia przed badaczami jej życia i twórczości, dwa wydają się kluczowe: po pierwsze – odkłamywanie publicznego wizerunku poetki (dla jednych nobliwej matrony, dla innych skandalistki), a po dru gie – ukazanie, w jaki sposób jej twórczość może korelować z obrazem obecnego, współczesnego świata.
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One of the great ladies of the purely Romanian female aristocracy was the princess and pianist Elena Bibescu. She is very little known and present in our Romanian consciousness, although in her times she was the cultural ambassador of Romanian people in Europe; she lived during the period when art experienced one of its strongest flourishes and accomplishments: the famous “La Belle Epoque” period! Elena Bibescu played the role of her life as a European cultural ambassador, an "activity" carried out in her artistic salon where people from high society gathered, a salon in which friends were connected and philosophical, literary and musical ideas were shared. Elena Bibescu was also a remarkable pianist with a talent whose echo reached from Paris, London, Bucharest, Berlin and Vienna to the United States of America, where she accomplished successful concerts mentioned in the press of the time. Along with the role of pioneer of the career of George Enescu the one who became our great national composer, the name of Princess Bibescu is also related to a new concept in Bucharest, at the high, European level to which she brought the concert. Thus, at the recital she played under the patronage of royalty at the National Theater, in the presence of the royal couple, the Bősendorfer piano house in Vienna sent the first piano of that brand to be used on the Romanian stage. Princess Bibescu, through her innate generosity when asked, did not spare any effort to support those in need, but who also put a good word for young, talented musicians and eager to assert themselves; through acculturation she brought a new breeze in the Romanian musical culture.
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Situated in the artistic cultural horizon of Timișoara - European city -, the present survey examines the fragments of models of a civilization reflected in the field of façade ornamentation, promoting the values of the artistic heritage at the beginning of the twentieth century, a chronological level that refers to the evolution on European coordinates, but also to the West-East confluences, shaping a syncretic artistic identity in which eclectic plastic formulas are combined. The art of the façade reflects the imaginary of any stylistic period, which emerges as the expression of an ideological situation, to which local traditions or those that penetrate the space of confluences in which Banat was before the union of 1918 also contribute.
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Zeiten des Umbruchs sind Zeiten der Unsicherheit. Sie zeichnen sich wesentlich dadurch aus, dass alte Gewissheiten verloren gehen und – nach Reinhart Koselleck – die „Zukünfte“ noch im Unklaren sind. Die Zeit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg war global betrachtet der bis dahin wohl größte politische und soziale Umbruch, den eine große Zahl von Staaten und Gesellschaften gleichzeitig erlebten. Die Unsicherheit über die Zukunft der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Ordnung prägte vor allem auch die Länder Ostmitteleuropas. Die Transformationen in der Zwischenkriegszeit, die Otakar Odložilík bereits 1950 als einen der größten Umbrüche der Geschichte Mittel- und Osteuropas bezeichnete, stellen einen markanten Wendepunkt dar. Die Nachwirkungen des Ersten Weltkriegs und der Zusammenbruch der alten Imperien führten zu einer beispiellosen Neuordnung des politischen Gefüges in dieser Region. Dabei verflochten sich Prozesse der Demokratisierung und Nationalisierung untrennbar in einer „doppelten Transformation“. Sie manifestierte sich in der Entstehung neuer Staaten und demokratischer Regierungsformen – namentlich in Polen, Litauen, Estland, Lettland, Finnland und der Tschechoslowakei – sowie in den demokratischen Reformen, die in Ländern wie Ungarn und Rumänien eingeleitet wurden. In weiten Teilen des post-zarischen und post-habsburgischen Europa markierte das Ende des Weltkriegs kein Ende der Gewalt. Alles war noch in Bewegung – welche politischen und gesellschaftlichen Formen sich am Ende in stabiler Form herausbilden würden, war noch unsicher.
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The present paper presents the cases of two cities from the Central and Eastern Europe. It is about Bucharest, the capital of the Romanian Kingdom, and Liov, the capital of the province of Galitia. They are approached in key moment for the assertion of identity, that is the official manifestations occasioned by the first Romanian national exhibition in 1906 and respectively the anniversary of 250 years from the siege of Liov from the side of the Cossacks in 1905. By depicting these events, I have in intention the set up a radiography of these two cities, situations of the modernization in the area, but especially to identify the key topics advanced in the public speecj by the local elites. These topics would represent essential itemsin articulating the 20th century Romanian, Ukrainian, but also Polish national imaginary. At a first sight, Bucarest could be regarded as the symbol of the administrative centralization and political uniformity, as they were put into practice by the Liberal elite in the capital. On its turn, Liov, as framework of the coexistence of three nationalities having antagonistic political projects, could be considered as example for the centre-periphery dynamics, where the authorities in Vienna made attempts the implement a multi-country political culture to the inhabitants of the AustrianHungarian Monarchy. One of the ambitions of this study is to indicate that, despite these appearances, the centralist pattern wish and imagined by the Brătianu family was negotiated and adapted by the conservative governments that reached the political power in the reference period. Meanwhile, the regional politics in Galitia that intended to harmonize the national interests find the reluctance of the coherent opposition of the local ethnies, which were ideologically organized on the pattern of the nations that had already achieved a state framework where to express their national ambitions (e. g., Italy, Germany). Finally, by raising a question mark on the preponderance of the centralism, as Bucharest has been associated with155 , or of the multinationalsim, as it has been defined related to Liov, by the Romanian, Ukrainian, and Polish historiographies, I would suggest the continuity of the public speeches between these failed projects and various political arrangements that Romania, Ukraine and Poland were forced to initiate in the 20th century (perhaps the policy towards the ethnic minorities is the most relevant example). Moreover, these failed projects were converted during the same century in a nostalgic speech for the pre-First World War Romania and respectively for Galitia as a representative of the multiculturalism in Central and Eastern Europe.
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The aim of the article was to establish the first place of residence of the Karol and Emilia Wojtyła family in Wadowice. The primary sources for this study were materials held in the state archives, the Wadowice local government units, church archives and state institutions. A comparison of the contents of the cadastral map and the protocols of building and land parcels - documents found in the resources of the State Archive in Bielsko-Biała and the National Archive in Cracow-was of a decisive importance. Source analysis has led to the conclusion that the house in which the Wojtyla rented a flat was built between 1901 and 1911 by Emilia Polony, the grandmother of Professor Anna Polony. It exists to this day and is located next to the General Leopold Okulicki roundabout in Wadowice (ul. Lwowska 103). The building was located on the outskirts of the city, in a floodplain, in the immediate vicinity of two railway lines. It was one of the typical buildings of the old low-rise buildings of Wadowice. Certainly, the rent, for renting a flat there, was not high and was not beyond the financial capacity of Karol Wojtyla, an accounting sub-official. The Wojtyła lived there until November 1914, when they had to leave Wadowice due to the evacuation of military officials employed by the District Complementary Command (Ergänzungsbezirkskommando) to Moravia.
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One of the most important sources of social history research are school registers, which provide a detailed picture of the social background of pupils who attended the institution, even at a nominal level. In my paper, on the one hand, I present the historiographical significance of the register books of Transylvanian Reformed secondary schools, comparing them with the register books from secondary schools situated in Trianon-Hungary. On the other hand, in the light of the research that has so far been carried out using school registers, I identify further research directions using the registers of Transylvanian Reformed secondary schools.
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The article examines infant mortality – the mortality of children aged from 0 to 364 days in the Greek community of Odessa during the period from 1860 to 1920. It aims at the demographic analysis of infant mortality in the Greek population of Odessa that, in general, involves the discussion of statistical figures demonstrating the development of the phenomenon in question including trends, frequency, seasonality and social structure of infant mortality. The work is based on data derived from the records of birth registers of the Greek Church of the Holy Trinity in Odessa. It addresses a number of demographic characteristics such as the seasonality of infant deaths, times of their peaks, the causes of deaths, and the social belonging of the deceased. In particular, the highest mortality rate in the 60-year period is observed during the winter and summer months. This shows the regional urban specificity, where the peaks of the deaths clearly reflect the living conditions in Odessa. The infant mortality rate in Odessa appears not very high when compared to that in other cities of Europe and Russia. This indicates a quite favorable situation in the urban environment of the time. The prevalence of mortality among boys, both in the perinatal and postnatal ages, is indicative, and the percentage of the latter age group continued to increase at the expense of boys. The high percentage of the church funeral services for the Greek children of formally foreign subjects emphasizes the complex composition of the Greek population of Odessa and, at the same time, the economic activity of the townspeople.
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The problem of chances of survival of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy had been a topic of thousands of books and articles in many languages and it is difficult to study all of them. The question whether or not the Habsburg monarchy was doomed to dissolute because of nationality tensions still remains inspiring. Researchers still take up new and detailed topics. Basing on their output it is possible to reassess the problem on more general level. The factors of economic development, administrative structure of the dual state, external enemy, bureaucracy, army and dynasty will be taken into consideration. They will show to what extent the cohesion of AustriaHungary was maintained before 1914.
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On June 4th, 1920, in Trianon, Hungary signed the peace treaty, due to which it lost 2/3 of its lands and 1/3 of its population. This meant the disintegration of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose strong position was sought-after by the Hungarian political elite in 1867-1920. The author of the article analyses the three stages of this project implementation, including the attempts to create a unified Hungarian nation, modernization of Zalitavia and the struggle to maintain the borders after the end of the World War I. The facts known from numerous studies were confronted with the opinions of the most important critics of the ruling elites of that time, journalists of the periodical „Huszadik Század”.
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After 1864 the cities of the Kingdom of Poland went through a lot of changes which can be defined with the word ‘modernization’. It refers to various spheres of reality, from economic, through social, and, finally, to cul- tural processes; it also concerns everyday life, which can be understood as material surroundings of an individual, communication, infrastructure and urban space, entertainment and free time. Using the press from that time, it is possible to trace some of the aspects of the modernization processes, the speed with which it occurred, and the relationship with the centre. The example of Lublin presents some characteristic trends of the provincial cities: following in the footsteps of Warsaw with a few-year delay, but also the problems (e.g. financial ones in the case of infrastructure or the required entertainments), which became common in the provinces; it is a fact that the material things spread faster than attitudes and some top-down activities associated with introduction of standardization, norms, and regulations in various spheres of life.
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