We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
On the basis of source material this paper deals with the phenomenon of prodigality in everyday life in Bosnia in the period from 1878 to 1914. Special attention is dedicated to the lawsuit by which a person could have been proclaimed a spendthrift and the possible misuses of it which thesources clearly indicate. The author searches for the answer to how someone could have been declared a prodigal. A comparison has been made of officially proclaimed prodigals with the years and religious belonging, but with regard to mentally challenged persons. Beside this, through several concrete examples, the author has offered a detailed insight into the complexity of this problem and its importance for everyday life, not only of a spendthrift but also of his family, and more.
More...
This study complements the research made on the history of the Greek Catholic deanery of Mureș, at the early twentieth century. The period is one tense for the alienation of parishes, which were joined in 1913 to the Hungarian Greek Catholic Diocese of Hajdudorog, the disruptions of the First World War were also added. In this context, the dean Dionisie Decei remained under the ruler of Blaj and faced a series of administrative, financial, social and cultural problems. Finally, he tried to oversee the morals of the Greek Catholic communities under his authority. Based on several unpublished archival documents this study captures the moral deviations of the era especially.
More...
Here is published the diary, kept during the Balkan war, by one of the prominent Bulgarian politicians before September 9th 1944, minister of public buildings, roads and public works (1935–1939) and a member of the 25th Ordinary National Assembly (1940–1944) – Spas Ganev. The diary covers the period from September 17th 1912 to March 23rd 1913. It is interesting for the nowadays reader, because it reveals the immediate experience of an officer – a participant in the war, gives an almost daily idea of the Balkan war times and notes some of the discontent among the young officers, points out some disadvantages of the military leaders and conveys impressions about the military life in a relatively restrained, devoid of euphoria way.
More...
Based on unpublished judicial and administrative records, police declarations and evidences of prostitutes kept in the National Archives of Romania Bihor County Branch and on secondary literature, the paper focuses on the presentation of the brothels of Oradea (Nagyvárad) and of their leaders in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in a time when society tolerated, but did not accepted entirely the phenomenon of prostitution. The paper deals as well with the attitude of the urban society, especially of those who lived in the proximity of these institutions towards these establishments and their residents.
More...
War is a disquieting episode in one’s life, even if one sits out the clash of arms, as was the case of the people living in Cluj during World War I. However far from the battle sites, they soon fell victims to the war effort. Between 1914 and 1918 food became more and more scarce, the price of everything rose, and requisitions entered in a monthly routine. Female labor was unable to replace the many thousand men absenting the local economy. Medium sized and lower incomes drastically diminished, thus endangering the livelihood of many families. Moreover, the city was caught in a continuous gush of military personnel, and was practically run over by refugees fleeing the Romanian offensive in September of 1916. Circumstances favored the traders, the black marketers, the pub owners and the young silent movie industry. Through desperate measures city management tried hard to keep the recession afloat. The end of war erupted in a chaos of disintegration for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A new era was soon to begin for the city of Cluj.
More...
The Bulgarians in Adrianople at the end of 19th – the beginning of 20th century had four secondary schools – one for boys and one for girls, respectively for the Orthodoxies and for the Eastern Catholics (Uniats). After a short introduction in the history of the Bulgarian Uniat secondary school for boys in the Thracian city, guided by the “Brothers of the Resurrection”, it is shown in the light of documents, hold in the Bulgarian historical archives of the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia.
More...
The author shows the numerical and territorial distribution of the Serb population in Croatia during the 19'h century and the structure of their vocations and occupations. Throughout 19'h century, the participation of the Orthodox in the Croatian population demonstrated a decline. While in 1840 they represented 31,41% of the population, in 1900 that participation was only 25,52%. The Serbs were mixed with other nationals even in places where they were majority. Only in few districts, their participation in general population exceeded 80%. The majority of Serb population is made of agrarian inhabitants. However, although their participation in cities was not great, their economic strength and political positions were responsible for their relatively great influence.
More...
The article presents the results of research based on the analysis of archive sources about the church parish registers of Dubrava in Herzegovina, from its foundation in 1704 until the destruction of the registers in 1985. The author describes the importance of registers as the most relevant sources for historical, demographic and genealogical research, their history, origin and development. The paper delivers details on the oldest preserved registers in the world, then in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the area of Trebinje-Mrkan, including the area of the parish of Dubrava. A brief history of the parish, its territorial scope and the church divisions, i.e. the establishment of new parishes that split from the Dubrava parish are also described. The main part comprises the historical facts of the parish registers of Dubrava. According to sources, their destiny had been traced before 1832, when they were destroyed in fire. However, what was unknown refers to the records kept after this year, when the Communist authorities confiscated the registers from the parish office in Prenj and deposited them in the Registry office of Crnici. There they suffered the same fate as the older registers, they were mostly destroyed by arson in 1985. Having followed the traces of the register remains which were not completely burnt but were, more or less, charred, the author conducted interviews with the then registrar, police investigators and other eye witnesses of the event and on the basis of their testimony tried to track the rest of the registers.
More...
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba rekonstrukcji zaleceń kierowanych do kobiet ciężarnych na terenie ziem polskich w ostatnich dekadach XIX w. i w początku XX. Podstawę źródłową dokonanych ustaleń stanowi literatura o charakterze poradnikowym w zakresie zdrowia i higieny, a także edukacji dziecka. Odtworzone zostały porady ówczesnych lekarzy, higienistów i teoretyków wychowania dotyczące higieny kobiety brzemiennej, których przestrzeganie przyczynić się miało do dobrego stanu zdrowia matki, w szczególności zaś korzystnie wpływać miało na stan zdrowia i całe przyszłe życie noszonego w jej łonie dziecka.
More...
Cultural propaganda was an essential tool in the implementation of the Eastern policy of France. From the mid 1830’s to the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918), relying on the religious protectorate over the Christians, the Western state gave political support and funded the educational activities of the priests of the Order of St. Lazarus and the nuns of St. Vincent in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The religious communities built dozens of educational institutions, in which thousands of young people were educated in line with the French education system. Thus the Western state asserted its cultural influence in the strategically important region of Eastern Mediterranean.
More...
Austria-Hungary was the Great Power which supported the Albanian national movement from the end of the nineteenth century. With the outbreak of the general uprising of 1912 Albanian efforts to secure the support of the Great Powers were focused mainly on Austria-Hungary. The end of 1912 marks a crucial stage in the development of Albanian national movement. At the time, diplomacy of Austria-Hungary was activated to find solutions to the unresolved issues created as a result of the Balkan war. The situation created after the start of the Balkan war sparked concerns and response of the Austria-Hungary which was very much worried because of the potential instability and uncontrolled situation in the South-Eastern Europe. Austria-Hungary applied active policy to prevent occupying of Albanian lands from the Allies. Proclamation of the Independence of Albania was not an unexpected act from the Austria-Hungary because Wien organized a crucial support for the Albanian leaders. Without this kind of support regarding the Albanian question Albanian lands would have been more severely affected.
More...
The Polish Socialist Party (PPS) had a long and strong tradition of paramilitary activity since 1904. Socialist armed formations – the Fighting Emergency Squad and the Peoples’Militia – were very active during the struggle for Independence and – afterwards – frontiers of the Second Republic of Poland 1917–21. In later period militia of the PPS fough tboth against rightists (especially in Józef Piłsudski’s coup d’état in 1926) and communists.The Warsaw branch of militia gradually became independent from the Party’s leadership and engaged in criminal activity. Finally militiamen split up and created so-called Former Revolutionary Fraction of PPS in 1928.
More...
Restoration of Polish independence in November 1918 allowed the initiation of the process of reconstructing state structures. For the reborn state, the restitution of its proper place on the international arena required falling back on multifaceted measures of both political and military nature. The directions of these actions resulted from the current situation in the international milieu, which was primarily analysed from the angle of ensuring security for Poland, both in external and internal aspect. While formulating the assumptions for Polish foreign and military policy, taken primarily into account were the country’s geopolitical situation, its economic and military condition, and also the forecasted developments in the states posing potential threat of war. Improvement of security, especially in the external dimension, was envisaged first and foremost in concluding political and military alliances by the state. Of extremely important role here was diplomacy and military intelligence, which provided continuous inflow of information that greatly facilitated the decision-making process.
More...
The archive numbers of the German paper Lodzer Zeitung, which was issued in Łódź between 1863–1915, allow presumptions regarding the life in the city of Łódź in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The paper prints official announcements and implements this way the plans of the current authorities in the city. The texts show at the same time the multicultural nature of the society in Łódź, which has build the industrial metropolis in the 19th century.The issues of the Lodzer Zeitung are furthermore an important witness to political events in Europe and the world, as well as express the bond of the Germans in Łódź towards their heritage and the city they have devoted their lives to.
More...
The implementation of the The relation between the Adriatic Powers and Albania in the period from 1912 to 1914 fit in the center-periphery relation theory that Johan Galtung has elaborated in his Structural Theory of Imperialism. The basis of this relation was the concept of interest which had put both Powers acting as the Center on an equal footing. While in the relation established between the Center and the Periphery, the latter represented by the Albanian state and the Provisory Government of Vlora, the concept of interest was not founded on the same equality pattern. As the weaker party in this relation, the Provisory Government of Vlora which was not recognized by the Great Powers and held transitory office, was inferior and obliged to accept dependency and subjugation by the Adriatic Powers. The economic control of Albania was used by both Austro-Hungary and Italy as a means to secure political domination in the country, aiming at excluding as much as possible the involvement of other Great Powers in matters concerning the independent Albanian state. However, the Entente Powers were an obstacle which resulted to be impregnable. France, Russia and Great Britain did not allow the exclusive economic and political domination of the independent Albanian state by Austro-Hungary and Italy. Therefore, the question of assigning foreign specialists and advisers for Albania along with the question of the Albanian National Bank did not receive a definitive solution due to the rivalry among the Great Powers.
More...
Review of: Fitim Rifati: Kosova Gjatë Luftës Së Parë Botërore 1914-1918, Instituti i Historisë-Prishtinë, Prishtinë: 2019, 410 f.
More...
This article explores the use (and misuse) of history in communist Albania. History is linked through many threads with politics and its writing, and regardless of the efforts of many historians to depoliticize their work, continues still to be largely a political act. In this sense, the writing of history during communism is not an exception from a general rule. However, as it is the case in dictatorships, the politics and ideology are not merely generated by the historians themselves but are dictated from the political authorities, sometimes even from the leadership. This was the case in communist Albania, and the revolt that took place in Central Albania in 1914-1915 was a case in point. It was Enver Hoxha himself who laid down the main thesis on how the historians had to analyze this revolt. Indeed, the Albanian Stalinist leader considered history as a powerful tool to legitimize his power and the communist takeover in Albania at the end of World War Two. Merging Marxist-Leninist historical model with nationalism E. Hoxha constructed a narrative that aimed at proving that the establishment of the Albanian Communist Party (after 1948 renamed Albanian Labor Party) and its coming to power was not an accident but rather the fulfillment of the logic of history. For this reason, E. Hoxha wanted to prove that there were historical antecedents to the communist-led resistance of WWII. The Revolt of Central Albania that took place in 1914-1915 was one of those key revolutionary moments. This uprising had a pronounced Islamic tint and its targets became Prince Wilhelm Wied, the Prussian noble that the European Powers appointed at the head of the newly founded Albania, and the Albanian landed nobility, which supported the prince. According to the ALP’s leader, the uprising of 1914-1915 was a peasants movement against their landlords, where class struggle and liberation war merged into one single denominator. Comparing this insurrection with the German Peasant Revolt of the XVI century, Enver Hoxha argued that behind the religious slogans hid a political program and Islam provided the peasants with a language to expose their goals. This rebellion, he argued, failed because the bourgeoisie, which entered in an alliance with the landed aristocracy, did not support the peasants. The true liberation of the peasantry would come during the WWII, when it entered in alliance with the working class. In this way, E. Hoxha constructed for Albania a replica of the Soviet unilinear and universal historical narrative disregarding the local dynamics and particularities.
More...