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Analyzes the demographic crisis, the number of casualties and the population of Russia in the First World War, the ratio of men and women in the different regions and provinces of the country. The factors reduce fertility and increase mortality, weakening unions.
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It describes the sanitary-hygienic situation in the women's secular schools in Western Siberia in the early twentieth century. Condition of many schools did not meet hygienic standards (cramped premises, failure to comply with temperature control, sanitation, and other imperfections.), Which led to the emergence of epidemics. We consider the contribution of doctors, teachers, boards of trustees and parent committees. During the First World War, due to the arrival in the region of displaced persons and refugees, the number of epidemics has increased, which has a negative impact on the sanitary-hygienic state schools.
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Actualizes the main problems of development of women's education in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. Analyzed the views of the famous Russian scientist NI Kareeva on personal development through general and vocational education. Conclusions on the need for new approaches to scientific heritage of NI Kareeva in the aspect of personal management in the history of Russia.
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Authors reveal the main trends in reproductive behavior of noblewomen in the second half of XIX and the beginning of the XX c. The noblewomen are in the center of the research, because the modernization of reproductive behavior was the most pronounced in this social stratum. The study is based on the women’s private documents, case histories and cases described by physicians.Among approaches and methods employed one should mention the following: socio-constructivist, micro history, gender history, social and cultural anthropology, biographical method, case studies.Modernization of Russian society, the destruction of the patriarchal family,emancipation, availability of new areas for gender identity in the second half of the XIX c. contributed to the creation of a new type of mating behavior of noblewomen.It was the revolutionary process of autonomization of sexual and procreative behavior of noblewomen. Rationalization of reproductive behavior was reflected in significant reduction of births, increasing the age of marriage and the age of first pregnancy, widespread dissemination of contraception.A new type of fertility was formed very quickly — within one generation.The reduction of births in woman’s life in terms of social construction of“conscious motherhood” led to the growth of maternal roles value in female perception and dissemination of child centrism. Planning of a family became an important component of the Russian noble families. Sexual life of a married woman became more and more independent of her reproductive abilities.
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The women’s activity in non-political organizations in the early ХХ c. is considered with regard to Ivanovo Voznesensk. The author pays attention to the social work of women from the local intelligentsia and wives of textile manufacturers in charitable society. The conclusion is made that women were more active in subsidiary, medical and moral educational organizations.
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On the bases of numerous ego-documents, using biographic and psychoanalysis methods, the author outlines four general types of noblewomen in the gender system of Russian society in the early XX c. The negation of maternity and family values was represented by «new women» (feminists, nihilists) who considered maternity as the form of their personal freedom restriction. «Erotomaniacs» opposed feminine sexuality to maternal one. The social cultivation of maternal duty brought some noblewomen back to the family by means of «deliberate maternity». Women's need for the new kinds of gender identity adoption led to the «universal mothers» appearance. They defended free maternity, right to women's fertility restriction in the name of public activities. The state maternity support was aimed to help them.
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This paper highlights the issues related to the role of upper-class women in social and political life of the peoples of Dagestan. The research shows that the noble woman «goryanka» not only was not infringed in social status, but in fact was able play a very significant role in the political process. The research result are based on the literary, archival and ethnographic materials.
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The article aims to explore the circumstances of the origin of the pediatric patronage in Russia. The objective of the study is to prove that the basic methods of work with infants and their mothers were formulated and tested not in Soviet Russia, but during 1860—1910ies. The author uses an interdisciplinary, anthropologically oriented approach, makes use of the so-called everyday methods, biographical methods, as well as methods of gender and micro history. The research focuses not only on mothers of workers and peasants, but also on mothers of nobility. The article uses both objective sources of information (reports, charters of an association of charities), and subjective ones — egodocuments (women's diaries and autobiographical account), which allows to represent the process of pediatric patronage birth from the point of view of the patient, from the inside.The author argues that pediatric nursing appeared among the higher strata of society at the beginning of the XX c. in Russia. Its appearance was due to the spread of the child-centrism, “conscious motherhood” and the development of pediatric knowledge. The ideology of “conscious motherhood”, professionalization of mothers led to the fact that women in the daily care of children didn't trust their own knowledge or the advice of their friends, but only the instructions of professionals — qualified pediatricians.
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The article represents the gender analysis of Russian luxury market during World War I and February Revolution. The article contains analysis of social experience of upper-class society members, their daily pursuits and activities in emergency conditions. The major conclusions are as follows. Luxury consumption by upper-class womenfolk increased. One can say that luxury in war time has distinct female feel about it. In a way it was a compensation for the toils of war as well as means of wealth accumulation. Women psychology had a major impact on the market. The growth of luxury consumption may be explained not only by social but also by psychological reasons. Gender peculiarities of consumer activities on Russian luxury goods market were as follows: feverish demand on luxury goods bordering on prodigality. Veblen effect was demonstrated. Customers selected goods that were more expensive and were in fashion. The author explores the wide range of historical sources. The commentaries and “women” press were among the most important ones. This research represents a multidisciplinary approach drawing on social sciences, history and economics.
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The article, based on the analysis of the fundamental scientific work of the famous Russian ethnographer S. I. Rudenko “The Bashkirs. A case of ethnological monograph” (the second part was published in 1925), considers the status of women in traditional Bashkir society. Shown are the attitude of S. I. Rudenko and other Russian researchers of the second half of XIX — early XX c. to the social status of women of the Muslim peoples of Russia. On the basis of the detailed analysis of works of Russian scientists and researchers, S. I. Rudenko comes to the conclusions about the status of women in traditional Bashkir society: it was better, than position of women of other peoples of Russia — both Christian and Muslim.
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Management of city of Košice was after outbreak of World War I. exposed to the various types of challenges how to deal with war situation. It was necessary to improvise and adopt measures which were not applied in peace time. During the first phase of the war it was not going well for Austria-Hungary. The pressure of Russian Army upon eastern part of Austria-Hungary resulted in large number of refugees who were looking for shelter in Košice, from north-eastern counties and from region of Galicia. It was necessary to provide sufficient supplies of food and lodging for these people. Also it was needed to fulfill government requirements in regard to taking care of soldiers. A specific problem created upholding public order and security of civilians in Košice. It was no easy task, because war situation placed difficult and for peacetime unknown challenges for the magistrate. Paper is analyzing described issues and is devoted to solving individual aspects of described problems.
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The questions under consideration concerning the expansive nature of the category of a medium (but also the analytical reasons for this consideration) depend on the reflection on local modernities, the search for the elements which may have had something in common with the processes taking place in the world centres of cultural modernisation, and the local discontinuities. I am well aware of the exaggerated claims I decided to include in this text. Perhaps such provocations may bring us closer to a better understanding of the specific natures of local modernisations, which were taking place in a different social and economic context, with limited resources in both an economic and a cultural sense (concerning the competences of the audience). e category of transmediality may be viewed in a similar way. The primary meaning of this term may be used in two ways, despite the fact that, according to both Jenkins and Freeman, it is related to the top -down planning and devising of the strategies of big businesses and countries (Freeman argues that the final phase of the development of analogue transmedia emerged from the 56 government propaganda). Firstly, transmediality may be treated as an indicator of development (here perhaps conceived of as ‘keeping up’ with the cultural centre). In this view, it will be another way of analysing culture, about which Antonina Kłoskowska wrote that ‘despite using the mass media, the culture was still not -so -mass’ (2006:418). In Poland, it was not until after WWI that it became possible to cross the second threshold of entry into mass culture i.e. not only using the mass media, but also developing sizeable institutions which could be identified with the developed industries of culture. For this reason the first transmedia attempts in Poland can be found in the late 1960s and 1970s and include such titles as Czterej pancerni i pies (Four tank -men and a dog; apart from the book and television series there were also comic strips in press, fully -Dedged comics, and even fan clubs), Stawka większa niż życie (Stakes Larger than Life; television series and comics, but also television plays), or the series of crime stories, television episodes and comics 07 zgłoś się (07 Come In).
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The article addresses issues of regional cinema history in the case of Lower Silesia before the year 1945 and enlivens the discourse on the relationship between metropolis (Wrocław) and periphery. The development and growing significance of cinemas in local communities is shown on the examples of Strzelin – then a city of several thousand residents – and Kloster Street in Wrocław. Discourse of metropolis and periphery is expanded by the examples from Świdnica (“the first stationary cinema in Silesia”), Polanica Zdrój (“the biggest cinema in Kłodzko County”) and Bolesławiec (“the first city in Lower Silesia in which sound films where projected”). The article is concluded with a description of Historical Database of Cinemas in Lower Silesia, which – being a tool for data capturing and analysis – constitutes a substantial support for traditional methods of research in humanities.
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In the 19th century Piotrkow was a town where Polish and Jewish society lived together. Poles, however, presented a greater percentage of the whole society, that was 60% . Since1867 the development of economy and culture was directly associated with the administrative functions of the town. Those who organized the cultural life in the town were mainly the intellectuals. They initiated a great number of social enterprises as well as formed the public opinion. Moreover, the news from Warsaw exerted the direct influence on the cultural life of the town. The capital city of Poland affected Piotrkow in nearly each sphere of life. The Warsaw press was subscribed and the Warsaw repertoire of theatres and cinemas was imitated.
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As is known, there are not any sources available on the occasion of we can use definite statements about the change of Erzurum population with settlements that based on b.c.e 4000 in a plain at past. It is not possible to get a statistical data belongs to that years by the reason of dominated communities for centuries did not conduct the census or any tangible evidence does not existed even if they did. Notwithstanding, there could be obtained information about city population based upon the data by several itinerants and statesmen. After entered under Ottoman Empire’s rule, the records of city population became obtainable via either Cadastral Record Books or Dividend Books. Population data of Erzurum in Ottoman Empire period could be obtained especially in censuses conducted as from the nineteenth century. According to the results, determined that Erzurum population changed as a result of administrative changes and wars, and consequently showed various increasing and decreasing.
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According to the Berlin Treaty that was signed at the end of the First World War, northern Dobrogea had given to Romania and southern Dobrogea had given to Bulgaria. Bulgaria had left southern Dobrogea to Romania with regard to Bucharest Treaty, southern Dobrogea was given back to Bulgaria under the pressure of Germany. Between 1913 and 1940, Romenian government wanted to turned the region into a Roman area. Romania and Bulgaria has respected the rights of Turks due to obeying the provisions of the Berlin Treaty and low number of their population but later then, Turks were forced to emigrate to Turkey. It was appeared that Ottoman Empire had produced a number of policies in order to turn the deplorable situation of Balkans to Ottoman Empire’s advantage and in desire to had an administrative center in Dobrogea, seperately or with the partnership of Germany and Bulgaria. For this purpose, various reports for population of Dobrogea had been prepared. In 1917/1918’s, Dobrogean Turks had started to migrate to Anatolia in groups and at the same time, Ottoman Inspector Mehmet Ali had been in Dobrogea for investigation of the region. The report that was prepared by him has given information about demographical structure of the region, Muslim households and propagandas of Romenian and Bulgarian Governments.
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From past to present, intelligence units place importance on kontrespiyonaj activities as well as undertaking intelligence service. The importance of the kontrespiyonaj activity continues to increase with advancing technology. Making propaganda, one of the important tasks of intelligence, gained importance in World War I and II, maintained the sensitivity of Hitler on propaganda and the Mahsusa Organization, Ottoman intelligence agency, carried out the studies on this subject. With the information age, propaganda media consists of TV, Film industries, news and documentary programs anymore as well as magazines and brochures. Sometimes this media tries to provide assistance of the community in some countries, it is also used as tools to influence the regime of countries which creates threat perception.
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Energy resources, especially hydrocarcons like oil and gas, today is one of the most important factors that determine the political economy of international relations system. In this direction, the struggless among big states over energy resources in the last century is expected to continue to increase in the 21stCentury. The area of this fight has expanded to the Caucasus and Central Asia together with the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. The Caspian Basin is located in the lands of Eurasia has become the most important centre in the geography with its rich hdyrocarbon resources and geopolitical position Especially, encountered instability in Middle East and neccessity of ensuring energy supply security for states makes Caspian more attractive for regional and global powers. İn this study, we specifically analyzed the Caspian basin the complement of Caucasus region in terms of a kind of unresolved legal status problem and we have tried to reflect the perpectives of the Caspian littoral countries on the issue.
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The purpose of this article is to define the possible meanings and connotations of musical compositions and their conversion into the lingual substance of poetry. Since the issue is varying internally and always needs particular examples, the undertaken analysis concerns two pieces of art: Fountain of Arethusa by a Polish composer Karol Szymanowski and a sonnet of the same title written by his friend and relative, writer Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. Firstly, the matter of literary title and its associations is compared in both pieces, which leads to conclusion that while the name of composition generates loose and imprecise connotations, literature requires more specification, nonetheless both the composer and the poet understand mythical subject alike and reception of the work of the latter is based on emotional and semantic qualities similar to those included in the composition. Then, the subject of musical genre is depicted, with emphasis placed on literary connotations and their implications in the process of transcription of music into words. As the poet uses sonnet, which apparently has got poor connections to music, the motives of such choice are enumerated, including significance in European culture and interior dichotomy, both of which one can find in Szymanowski’s work. Further, the article describes relations between music character indications in musical score and particular lexemes in the poem. Musical work can exist in literature in many ways, first of which is being a theme of objective or subjective description. Such illustration of music in the poem is analysed. Then the euphonious and rhythmic features of the text are described in order to prove that music exists in the sonnet in its sound as well as being a scheme which is reinterpreted and imitated by the writer. The analysis shows that although one cannot translate musical matter into words, it is impossible to ignore many intersemiotic correlations between music and literature. Every example of such coexistence – either on the ground of semantics or form – must be studied individually.
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Turkology studies in Bulgaria in scientific context have started in the first years of the last century. In 1906 beginning with the establishment of a course of Turkish language at History-Philology Faculty of The Sofia University certain steps have been made towards scientific research. With time, the published works of turkologists from countries like Russia, Poland and Hungary have contributed to the field. After The World War II a Soviet model was buildt in Bulgaria leading to substantial changes in all fields. In the context of Y. V. Stalin’s National Question Theory certain rights were given to national minorities. Having the largest population after Bulgarians, Turkish minority was provided with opportunities for development in educational, science and cultural fields. In 1952 with the establishment of Turkish Philology at Philology Faculty of The Sofia University (afterwards renamed to Turkology) as an independent department, Turkology studies were placed on a scientific basis. Leaded by Azerbajdzanian turkologists, reputed intellectuals from Turkic World have contributed essentially to the raising of specialist among the Turks in the field of Turkology. Courses were given in The Turkology Department, young students were educated in Baku, exchange visits were made between students of Department of Kazakh Language and Literature of Alma-Ata University and Sofia University Turkology Department, research personnel were trained in Baku and Alma-Ata. However, all relationships with the Turkic Republics of the former Soviet Union ended after the assimilatory ethnic oppression on Bulgarian Turks.
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