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In the article the author examines the infighting that took place in the People’s Liberal Party (“Stambolovist” Party) of Bulgaria in the period of the First World War. During the period 1914-1918 both the supporters and the opponents of the head of the political power N. Genadiev used the collective memory about the eminent statesman Stefan Stambolov in order to achieve certain aims. In the course of twenty years that followed the death of the former Prime Minister of the Principality of Bulgaria his methods of pursuing of the internal and external policy had been one of the factors that influenced the processes of state formation in Bulgaria. The factions of the “Stambolovists”, which had been fighting for influence within the organization, had strived for taking up a position as a real bearers of the idea as well as continuers of the initiatives introduced by the founder of the party during his leadership of the Regency Council and the Cabinet of Ministers. Each of them had taken advantage of St. Stambolov’s memory for the purpose of the solution of certain set tasks, besides, using some controversial versions of the exceptional statesman’s activities.
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Naslijeđeni agrarni odnosi Osmanskog Carstva zadržali su se na prostorima Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca sve do sprovođenja agrarne reforme (1918-1941). Regent Aleksandar je 6. januara 1919. godine izrazio odlučnost na rješavanju ovog pitanja kojim je trebalo ukinuti kmetstvo i velike zemljišne posjede. I pored nastojanja da se agrarna reforma što prije započne i sprovede, ipak se, zbog stranačkih dogovora, njeno ozakonjenje proteglo sve do 1931. godine kada je donesen Zakon o uređenju agrarnih odnosa. U ovome radu posjedi Mahmuta i Huseina Batilovića i njihovih naslednika koji su bili predmet sprovođenja mjera agrarne reforme uzeti su kao primjerove problematike u bjelopoljskom kraju.
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Review of the monograph created by a group of authors (Otar Chigladze, Davit Andghuladze, Nana Gelashvili, Shalva Chikhladze, Archil Kalandia, Marine Jibladze) - "History of China". Chief editor and compiler Marine Jibladze, publishing house, "Golden Fleece", Tbilisi, 2022.
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The article provides a discursive analysis of the descriptions of Bulgaria compiled by Russian travelers in the first years after the fall of S. Stambolov and the normalization of relations between the two countries, in semiotic and axiological aspects. Publications in newspapers and books of those years, materials of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art are compiled. On their basis, the features of Bulgarian public life that the authors paid the most attention to are highlighted: urban improvement, political development, attitude to religion and culture. Based on the analysis of the attitude to these symbols of modernity and Westernization, it is assumed that the descriptions of Bulgaria by Russian eyewitnesses contain elements of both oriental and occidental discourse, and the descriptions are based on a comparison of Bulgaria with an ideal modernization project.
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The purpose of the article is to generalise and clarify the sources of the musical texts of irmoses’ canons of the Baptism of Jesus and the Epiphany of Church Prostopinije by Bokshay-Malynych in 1906 through the prism of close relation with the manuscript and printed irmologions of the XVII-XIX centuries. The research methodology is based on a complex system approach combining a critical understanding of literature, source studies, music-analytical, comparative methods in the analysis of musical texts. In the comparative analysis of irmoses of different lists, we use the scientific provisions by O. Tsalai-Yakymenko regarding the formative principles of time dimensional metric in sacral monody. The scientific novelty of the research consists in clarifying the sources of the musical texts of irmoses’ canons of the Baptism of Jesus and the Epiphany of Church Prostopinije by Bokshay-Malynych in 1906, structuring of the musical material, features of changes in the formation of condensed forms of singing liturgical texts. Conclusions. The analysis of irmoses’ musical texts of the Baptism of Jesus and the Epiphany of Prostopinije shows a direct connection with the manuscript and printed irmologions. The main differences in Prostopinije's irmoses are caused due to the orientation of church singers to concise and simplified forms of singing liturgical texts, the use of several typical chants, as a result of which the new intonation formations have taken place. Comparisons of musical texts from various sources demonstrate the peculiarities of the pattern formations, the preservation and renewal of ancient forms of sacral monody in regional church singing practice at the beginning of the 20th century.
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The study proposes a hermeneutic approach to the main temporal landmarks that shaped the idea and project of the Great Union, as well as on the role of reference personalities of the Romanian cultural space, whose speeches and influence, along whit the pragmatism and inspiration of some political leaders, contributed significant to the creation, over time, of the public support necessary for making the decision to involve Romania in the first world conflict. Elements of the hostile public and political climate are highlighted in which cultural personalities acted for the development of the feeling of national unity and, above all, for its fulfillment in a political project of country unity.
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This article is an attempt to reconstruct the biography of the Austrian painter and writer Hertha Karasek-Strzygowski, born in 1896 in what is now Bielsko-Biała, in the area of the so-called linguistic island of Bielsko-Biala in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This island existed from the Middle Ages until 1945. The article is also an endeavor to sketch the historical and multicultural background of the surrounding reality. This reconstruction is intended to give an insight into this ambiguous figure and her work. The article also draws attention to the fact that, although the author grew up in a multicultural environment, she almost completely ignores the existence of Polish and Jewish nationalities in her immediate surroundings, and mentions Polish people only vaguely and explicitly in a negative way. Surprisingly, she also does not mention the Second World War in connection with Poland, where her family had lived since 1914 and which she visited almost annually as an adult. The way she describes the reality of war gives the impression that it was exclusively a time of torment and fear, brought upon on the German people by the Soviet Union.
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Bartłomiej Szyprowski took part in the polemic around the monograph: Oscar Szerkus, Die Sondergerichtsbarkeit des Polnischen Untergrundstaates (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2019.)
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The politician and journalist Luisa Landová-Štychová was a lifelong feminist who, as a member of the Parliament of the First Czechoslovak Republic (in the years 1918–1923 and 1925–1929), entered the public consciousness mainly through her fight for the legalization of abortion. In addition to working for women’s equality, she was involved in many other areas, including atheist associations, the anti-Austrian resistance during the First World War, organizing workers’ aid, the anti-fascist movement, scouting, and the popularization of astronomy. Politically, she always stood on the left. She gradually moved from a social-democratic to an anarchist and national-social orientation, until finally aligning herself with communismin 1925. After the war she moved even further left, to Stalinist positions. The reviewer evaluates Stanislav Holubec’s biography entitled "Nešťastná revolucionářka: Každodennost a myšlenkový svět Luisy Landové-Štychové (1885–1969)" [An Unfortunate Revolutionary: The Mental World and Everyday Life of Luisa Landová Štychová,1885–1969] in the context of the gradually awakening interest on the part of Czech women historians (less so male historians) in the history of the women’s emancipation movement and the gender aspects of modern political movements. The book under review is one of the few biographies of Czech or Czechoslovak women political figures. Based on an extensive archival legacy, the author has managed to vividly present the personality of Luisa Landová-Štychová in the span of her diverse interests, activities and personal ties, and in close connection with her era and social environment, making her biography a valuable historical and sociological probe into the cultural and political history of Czech society in the twentieth century, especially into the social milieu of the First Republic leftwing intelligentsia and Prague’s left-wing civil servants.
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On November 15 and 16, 2018, within the walls of the Pedagogical University of The National Education Commission held an international conference "Identity - Independence - Media" in Krakow. The role of the media in shaping and strengthening national identity and building the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the years 1918–2018. The conference was organized by the Institute of Information Sciences of the University of Applied Sciences. The opportunity for the scientific meeting was the 100th anniversary of independence, celebrated by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the conference was to reflect and discuss the role of the media and libraries in building and strengthening the identity of the nations of Central and Eastern Europe in the perspective of the jubilee year 2018.
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A number of historians of different generations dedicated their work to separate issues of Batumi region. After setting foot in Transcaucasia at the beginning of the 19th century, Russia diligently tried to take possession of Batumi and manages to realize this goal as a result of the Russo-Ottoman war of 1877-1878, when by the decision of the Congress of Berlin, Batumi, along with other regions of southwestern Georgia, was handed over to Russia with a status of Porto Franco. At the same time, it became obvious that tsarism had distinct colonial interests in the Caucasus as a whole, as well as in the Batumi region and especially in its coastal zone, therefore it implemented a multifaceted imperial policy: implementation of administrative arrangements or its reorganization; when deciding land and property relations, developing or implementing Porto Franco rules; when introducing city self-government or holding elections of a head of the town; when solving cultural and educational issues and etc.; The harsh colonial policy of Russia (as previously from Samtskhe-Javakheti and Abkhazia) led to the migration of the native Muslim Georgian population (Muhajirs) of Batumi region. Despite the obvious colonial policy of Russia, important economic, socio-political and cultural changes were implemented in Batumi region. Oil export of Baku gave a strong impetus to the development of not only Batumi, but the entire region. In 1883, Batumi was connected to Tbilisi, Baku and other important centers by a railway line, the Batumi port was expanded and improved, the infrastructure related to oil export was created, industrial enterprises were opened in Batumi by famous industrialists: Rothschild, Nobel, Mantashev and others. The result of this was that in the beginning of XX century Batumi turned into a large industrial and trade center and took the third place in Transcaucasia after Tbilisi and Baku. The Russian government tried in every way to use the process of economic development for the purpose of colonization - it promoted the attraction of non-Georgian population to Batumi region, however, with the efforts of Ilia Chavchavadze, Sergi Meskhi, Luka Asatiani, Ivane Andronikashvili and other statespersons the goal of tsarism - to colonize the country completely and turn Batumi into a typical Russian city - remained unachieved.
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The article examines the legal regulation of the service in the Bulgarian trade agencies/consulates for the period from 1891 to 1918. The attempts at bilateral negotiations on the subject with the Ottoman Empire are examined, the two normative acts fixing the rights and duties of the consular representatives are highlighted: the Regulations for the Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1897)and the Law on the Structure and Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1907). A detailed structure of the royal consulates can also be traced in the state budgets, where staffing and assignments are detailed. The departmental legislation set the framework for a modern consular service on a par with other European countries.
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In the presented article the author researched the role and the position of catholic mission Lazarists based in Macedonia during the Balkan Wars (1912 – 1913). The articles explore the relations of Serbia toward this catholic community but take into consideration the entanglements of the other states involved in the Balkan Wars: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and the Ottoman Empire. Special attention is given to the mission’s humanitarian work conducted during the war operations, as well as its complex position during the Second Balkan war and the problems they have faced after the Wars in Serbia and Greece. A great part of the article is dedicated to France’s attitude and aims to protect Lazarists’ work in the Ottoman Empire and accordingly its religious diplomacy. For two centuries in the Ottoman Empire Lazarists had been closely tied with the French diplomatic network benefiting from diplomatic protection while working in promoting French culture along with Catholicism. France used all diplomatic resources to (re)assure the continuity of its cultural influence after 1913 and the decay of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. The article is based on documents from the Diplomatic archive and the Archives of Congregation of the Mission.
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