Iconography of an Assassin:Gavrilo Princip from Terrorist to Celebrity

Author(s): Robert J. Donia / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2014

By assassinating Habsburg Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo in June 1914, Gavrilo Princip became a historically significant but polarizing figure. Consecutive regimes and political movements of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries either valorized or disparaged him in order to promote their particular ideology or world view. In the last four years of the Habsburg Monarchy (1918-1918), he was characterized by the monarchy’s supporters as a murderous terrorist; during Royal Yugoslavia (1918-1941) he was portrayed as a Yugoslav or Serb national hero; during the Second World War (1941-1945), Nazis and Ustasha viewed him as a degenerate criminal; and in the time of socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1992) he was represented as a youthful hero of armed resistance. During the last two decades of socialism, he increasingly assumed the role of celebrity, one who drew attention and incited curiosity based not on a moral or political assessment of his deed but rather as a figure of monumental consequence in world history. Although politicians and popularizers continue to promote politically-motivated assessments of his life and deed, Princip’s posthumous persona as a global celebrity is most likely to remain more widespread and appealing than either his ideologically-inspired heroic or his demonic representations.

SUBLIMUL UNIRII BUCOVINEI CU ȚARA

Author(s): IOAN-AUREL POP / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The most impressive fundamental document of the Great Union is, in our opinion, the Declaration of Bukovina's Unification with Romania on November 15/28, 1918. This document was read and approved in the General Assembly of Bukovina, gathered in the fifth meeting of the Romanian National Council of Bukovina. This declaration was read by Iancu Flondor, the president of the General Congress of Bukovina, and was received by the congressional plenary with extended applause. The unification vote was unanimously consented by those present. We consider that the Declaration from November 1918 expresses the dramatic history of the people of Bukovina, who since 1775 have no longer been a part of their country of origin and had to endure attacks on Romanian nationality, sustained and organized by government authorities. If living among strangers, in a too optimistically trumpeted superior civilization of Vienna would have been as promised, then the people (including the Romanians) would not have found a way and a reason to escape from the alleged benefits of this “Eden” on earth. But the Bukovinian Romanians felt awful in 1918 and wanted to relinquish the solidarity with the rest of the Romanians. They are the only ones of the alienated Romanians who do not lay down conditions of any kind, which do not require anything of the great country, they are confident, ready for any sacrifice for the nation’s welfare. Bukovina 's declaration of union with Romania is – according to our personal emotional judgment – a written version of the Ballad of Ciprian Porumbescu and his operetta entitled „Crai Nou” (New Moon). All the suffering of entire generations of obedient Romanian refugees, sublimated in their elegiac folk-song known as the doina, is poured out in this text elaborated in Chernivtsi. It is about a quenched grievance, though fulfilled with the pure hope in the bright future of the nation, a hope foretold by the new, crescent moon.

UNIREA BASARABIEI ȘI BUCOVINEI CU ROMÂNIA. ASEMĂNĂRI ȘI DEOSEBIRI

Author(s): Constantin Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

In 1917, an impressive national liberation movement developed in Bessarabia. In the autumn of that year, a National Council (SfatulȚării) was formed, consisting of 150 deputies, 105 (70%) mandates returning to the Moldovans. On December 2, 1917, the members of the National Council proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Republic. At the beginning of 1918, at the request of a group of deputies from the Council, the Romanian army entered Bessarabia to put an end to anarchy and disorder. The same Council voted on January 24, 1918, the independence of the Moldavian Democratic Republic. At the meeting from March 27, 1918, it also voted for the Declaration of the conditional union of Bessarabia with Romania. On October 28, 1920, the representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan signed in Paris the Treaty on the Recognition of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania.During the war, Bukovina was partly occupied by the Russian army. On October 27, 1918, a meeting of representatives of the Bukovinian Romanians was held in Chernivtsi and proclaimed itself Constituent Assembly. On the same day, 50 members were elected in the Romanian National Council and an executive committee was created. On November 11, 1918, the Romanian army entered Chernivtsi, and in the following days took control of the entire territory of Bukovina. On November 12, 1918, the Bukovinian government was formed under the leadership of IancuFlondor as a president. On November 25, 50 new members were co-opted in the Romanian National Council, including 12 Bukovinian refugees. On November 28, 1918, the General Congress of Bukovina convened and decided the unconditional union of Bukovina with the Kingdom of Romania. After almost a year of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, Bukovina's union with Romania was officially recognized.

Marea Unire din 1918 si reabiliterea ideii de participare a romanilor la decizia politica a tarii lor

Author(s): Vasile Lechinţan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

For centuries, the Romanians from Transylvania were excluded from their country’s political decision not only through foreign alliances and unjust laws but also with iniquity often filled with cruelty. Everything was determined in political forums: Royal and princely courts, Diet without representatives of the Romanians, who were the most numerous and the oldest populations, who actually gave the country’s majority ethnic character. This situation has been perpetuated from the early Middle Ages until the Great Union from the 1st December 1918. The major movements of Romanians for freedom and social and national justice were crushed with cruelty. The most notable political act of the Romanians: the Great Unification of Alba Iulia, eliminates injustice from a long history and align this part of Europe, back on justice, freedom and democracy for all its inhabitants.

Regele Ferdinand I - Cuvant pentru Unirea Neamului Romanesc

Author(s): Neculai Moghior / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

Descendant of a princely German family, Ferdinand de Hohenzollern was born on August 24, 1865, in Sigmaringen. Following the Family Pact, the prince came to Romania for the first time on May 10, 1881, as the successor of King Carol I. Under the attentive supervision of his uncle, Ferdinand will begin an intense preparation for the difficult mission with which the destiny will entrust him − the assumption of Romania’s destiny in 1914, the year in which it started the first major conflagration of the 20th century.

Victor Deleu in fruntea primului Detasament al Corpului Voluntarilor Romani din Rusia de la Kiev la Iasi si Marasesti 1916-1917

Author(s): Dragoş-Lucian Curelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

The activity of the Corps of Romanian Volunteers from Transylvania, Banat and Bucovina from Russia (ex‑soldiers and officers in the Austro‑Hungarian army fallen into Russia’s space), Romanian historiography approached this theme in its various aspects, both in their recruitment in the Romanian army, as well as the coming of the volunteers from Kiev to Iasi and then on the front line in southern Moldova, sporadically focusing on the punctual aspects of the volunteers contribution to the military events in Moldova, respectively their involvement in the Union’s achievement in the year 1918. Participation in the Russian civil war between the White Guard and the Red Army of Siberia as allied units of the Czechoslovak Legion and Allies of the White Guards, the road to Irkutk, Celebinsk and Vladivostock being approached punctually in some specialty studies, especially in the last years.

Consideratii punctuale cu privire la participarea soldatilor romani din Transilvania in unitatile militare austro-ungare inte 1914-1918

Author(s): Daniela-Stefania Curelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

Every Romanian family in Transylvania, Banat and Bucovina was affected in one way or another by the first great world conflagration, and one of these aspects, which we will talk about in the next study, was the incorporation into the Austro‑Hungarian army of a significant number of Romanians from Transylvania who were at that time in the flower of age and the slaughter of many of them on the fronts that Austro‑ Hungary was involved in between 1914–1918

Róża Luksemburg przeciwko wojnie. W stulecie śmierci

Author(s): Katarzyna Gelles / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 04/2019

The aim of the paper is to present the profile of Rosa Luxemburg as an example of complex and diverse Polish-German relations at the turn of the 20th century. She began her career in the Polish labour movement in the Russian Partition and later continued developing her career in the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She engaged in all forms of political activity gaining international recognition. The research problem is to review the figure of Rosa Luxemburgon the centenary of her tragic death, as a woman who evades simple categorization but came to be known as an intellectual and a leader in a world then dominated by men. The focus is on Rosa Luxemburg’s involvement in actions against the impending world war. Contrary to the militaristic mood prevailing in the German political circles and German society, she courageously and tenaciously carried a pacifistic message - which remains relevant to the present day – that unleashing a war for the benefit of a minority brings only destruction and victims. For her peaceful beliefs and uncompromising attitude she paid with years of imprisonment as she spent almost the entire time of war in prisons: in Berlin, Wronki near Poznań and Wrocław. The authorities insisted on keeping her away from soldiers and labourers who were becoming increasingly susceptible to her words and influences. She was released from prison only on the 9th of November1918, the day of the outbreak of the German revolution. It is important to highlight her insightful criticism of the then attitude of the SDP, which decided to support the partition plans of the imperial government which ultimately resulted in a split of the labour movement in Germany. The author state sthe thesis that the inconsistency and irrecoverable loss of unity of the left-wing party as well as its incoherent actions paved the way to power for the Nazis. The research method used inthe study was analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s rich epistolary and journalistic outpu twith reference to mostly German literature on the subject.

Vasile Pârvan. Corespondență inedită din vremea studiilor 1904-1909

Author(s): Alexandru Zub / Language(s): Romanian Issue: I/1968

Acest articol publică 55 de scrisori inedite ale lui Vasile Pârvan din perioada studiilor (1904-1909).

Vasile Pârvan - Preocupări bibliografice și documentaristice

Author(s): Alexandru Zub / Language(s): Romanian Issue: I/1968

Acest articol prezintă o latură a personalității arheologului Vasile Pârvan.

Aspecte ale desfăşurării primului război mondial în documente de arhivă

Author(s): Elena-Mihaela Prisacariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2015

This study reflects the importance of the local archive in the reconstruction of the events happened during the Second World War. The author reconstructs the local history using the archives of the local church.

Cultul eroilor în Comăneştiul primei jumătăţi a secolului al XX-lea

Author(s): Elena-Mihaela Prisacariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2014

Glorifying our ancestors and recalling the brave facts of our heroes was and still is, one of the Romanian peoples concernment, disregarding the geographic place they have taken, daily activities or hobbies. Novel documents existing in our archives offer an image of the activities rolled on at the beginning of the XX century. In this activities a special part was taken by the priests from Comanesti, the representatives of the parishioners and the local authorities. The documents from the archives retain data about the organizing of such activities commemorating the people’s heroes, recalling the memories of former leaders, kings, ministers and also activities which main purpose was to reinforce some of the greatest events in our history: the Big Union, Independence Day, the reigning of Carol I etc.

Aradul, cetate a Marii Uniri

Author(s): Eugen Gagea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2014

Following the establishment of the Central National Romanian Council in Arad, on October 30, 1918, Arad becomes the political center of the Romanian nation in Hungary and Transylvania,with an important role played by Vasile Goldiş, who is regarded as the doctrinarian of the party. On November 6, 1918, C.N.R.C. published the Manifesto to the Romanian nation, which called on Romanians to enroll in the national guards and to wear the symbol of national unity, the Romanian tricolor flag. Another important measure in preparing the great historical act of1 December 1918 was the re-issuing, in Arad, of “Românul” (The Romanian) newspaper managed by Vasile Goldiş. In November 1918, C.N.R.C. held talks with the Iaşi government and representatives of the Hungarian government, after which the Arad based leadership of C.N.R.C. decided to convene the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia, where Romanians would pronounce themselves on the union. On November 30, 1918, preparations were being made in Arad, with an enlarged conference of C.N.R.C. being convened, and the text of the Great Union Resolution was written and presented at the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia by Vasile Goldiş.

Return Migration to Austria-Hungary from the United States in Homeland Economic and Ethnic Politics and International Diplomacy

Author(s): Kristina E. Poznan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

While Austro-Hungarian officials initially opposed emigration and considered it disloyal to leave the homeland, the massive growth of transatlantic labor migration, its economic benefits, and its potentially temporary duration prompted a change in governmental attitudes and policy at the turn of the twentieth century. Even as it continued to discourage and police the exit of emigrants, the Hungarian government, in particular, also became an active promoter of return migration. Using files from the Hungarian Prime Minister’s Office, the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, and the joint Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry, this article examines the Hungarian government’s attempts to encourage return migration to further its economic and nationalist goals. These initiatives emphasized the homecoming of desirable “patriotic” subjects, of Hungarian-speakers, and of farmers and skilled industrial workers to address the state’s perceived labor needs. Officials debated the risks of welcoming back migrants with undesirable social and political orientations and speakers of minority languages, as well as the risks of potential conflicts with the United States government.

Featured review

Author(s): Rudolf Kučera / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918. Band XI. Die Habsburgermonarchie und der Erste Weltkrieg. 1. Teilband. Der Kampf um die Neuordnung Mitteleuropas. Teil 1. Vom Balkanenkonflikt zum Weltkrieg. Teil 2. Vom Vielvölkerstaat Österreich-Ungarn zum neuen Europa der Nationalstaaten. Edited by Helmut Rumpler. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2016. 1521 pp.

Guvernul P.P. Carp și problema reformei administrative la 1912

Author(s): Ecaterina Negruți-Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: V/1972

Articolul prezintă câteva aspecte legate de problema reformei administrative la 1912.

Szövetségek és politikai kötelékek Erdélyben, 1917–1918

Author(s): Norbert Falusi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

Political actors, even on different sides of the political fence, are able to make alliances. Sometimes their relationship is indirect but have common goals they pursue together. Since the turn of the century, the debates related to nation, state and the Transylvanian region focused on property rights, voting right reforms and the unanswered question of nationbuilding. Even if the various - and at times competing - Hungarian political groups offered different answers, for example in the question of suffrage, all were organized around the identity politics of the thousand-year-old state and the Hungarian nation-state's history. This study examines how a regional anti-Tisza alliance was organised after 1910 by different political actors mainly connected to the independentist opposition, as well as the social democrats. They started a political movement, wanted to act locally and regionally, they repackaged the Transylvania-question into a self-defence strategy, and attacked the ruling party's administration and its representatives from the outside and from the bottom. The Transylvanian Committee of the Hungarian National Council was formed in October 1918 by the Independent, Radical, and Social Democratic parties to make a last attempt to save Transylvania.

100 éve történt: A magyarországi és erdélyi helyzet amerikai szemszögből – 1919. január–február

Author(s): Zoltán Peterecz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

The one hundredth anniversary of the end of World War I and the subsequent peace negotiations inevitably get in the historically limelight. In this fashion, this article will deal with American involvement in Europe, but especially in Hungarian affairs, doing this in the private realm rather than on the official spectrum. American participation was always on the border of official and unofficial, which statement is even more true in the case of the successor countries in Central Europe. A few Americans visited Hungary during the Peace Conference in various capacities. Although their official work has been to a large degree uncovered by historians, their private work still remains elusive. Hence, the diary of such an American officer will shed light on various interesting angles of the American thinking of the era and the relationship between American representatives and various Hungarians of the day. The article will introduce Charles Moorfield Storey’s journal, a significant part of which was written during his stay in Hungary and Transylvania in the first few weeks of 1919. Storey was a member of the famous Coolidge Mission, whose headquarters was at Vienna. From here Americans set out to visit and gather information on the various countries in their purview, including Hungary. Based on the diary entries, one can learn about daily work of the Americans at the Paris Peace Conference, the Coolidge Mission, and Storey’s experience in Hungary shortly after the conclusion of the war.

Szeged francia megszállása és az antant-intervenciós tervek

Author(s): Miklós Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

Dr. Tauffer Emil (1905) és Roediger Ernő (1907) jelentései a Fiume–New York közötti kivándorlásról

Author(s): Márton Pelles / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2019