Stilska bliskost dva stambena objekta u Beogradu arhitekata Dragiše Brašovana i Milana Zlokovića

Author(s): Katarina Stradner / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

In the 1920s, architects Brašovan Dragiša and Milan Zloković made projects for two residential buildings with similar stylistic characteristics that are also located in the close proximity of the Slavija square. The first residential building, funded by Josif Šojat, is located in No.33 Kralja Milutina Street and second one, Škarka's villa, is located in No.13 Deligradska Street. Both buildings were built in an academic style but also contained elements of Eclecticism. They combine elements of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque architecture with elements of romanticized Rundbogenstil, e.g. the arc that dominates the facades. Projects also include elements that foreshadow the arrival of modernism in the architecture of Belgrade, as wall areas that are flat and wide with rectangular windows. The main reason why they are different from the other eclectic buildings in postwar Belgrade is the Mediterranean spirit. Influences of Zloković’s ideas came from architecture of Trieste and Brašovan’s from architecture of Budapest, cities where these architects grew up and went to school. These similarities in two projects portray a way of dealing with an identity crisis that covered territories of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but also the architects’ personal way of dealing with their own personal identity crisis.

Češki modernizam i njegov uticaj na srpsku međuratnu arhitekturu

Author(s): Ilijana Radulović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

Czech architecture, after establishing a sovereign state, needed also its independence. Its main aim was to put aside influence of Viennese architecture and become recognized. Firstly, Czech architecture found its inspiration in Bohemian Renaissance, but it later took a chance on modern tendencies. Four main acts of this modernism were cubism, rondocubism, purism and functionalism. It had its avant-garde tendencies in the beginning, but later even public and state buildings were made in modern manner. Jan Kotěra was alongside Josef Gočár, as his student, one of the pioneers of modernism leading it to its pinnacle, until the Second World War. Serbian architects went to Prague to study architecture. The amazing combination of old architecture and the new one in progress, created a very specific atmosphere of inspiration, which led to achieving new high esthetic expressions. Even though it was a political agreement on first hand, it made very important impact on Serbian architecture, not only through domestic architects, but also Czechs who came here. First modern buildings and houses were made as a product of situation. Momir Korunović, Jan Dubovi, Svetomir Lazić, Stevan Tobolar, Danilo Kaćanski, Nikola Dobrović had direct contact with Czech movements, but the translation and influence on those who did not have that contact is a wide open field for a research.

Између мита и стварности: двобој Сондермајер – Црњански (II)

Author(s): Boris Z. Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 159/2016

Klíma, Vlastimil: 1938: Měli jsme kapitulovat? Nakladatelství Lidové noviny ve spolupráci s Masarykovým ústavem a Archivem AV ČR, Praha 2012, 319 stran

Author(s): Petr Kubík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 24/2014

Review of: Klíma Vlastimil "1938: Měli jsme kapitulovat?" Publishing house "Lidové noviny" in cooperation with the Masaryk Institute and the Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 2012, 319 pages by: Petr Kubík

Służba oraz zadania i obowiązki policjantów Policji Państwowej pracujących na posterunku w Wieluniu w latach 1919-1939

Author(s): Piotr Pawlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

This article is devoted to the tasks and duties of police officers of the State Police (hereinafterS.P.) working at the police station on the example of a post in Wieluń. Outposts and policestations were the lowest level of S.P. organization structure. They were led by a commandant who held the rank of leader or senior leader and the duties were done by constables or seniorconstables. The basic task of outposts and police stations was to act as prevention and repression.Responsibilities and activities within the framework of the general security services take mostof the time, among those responsibilities are securing public safety and forestalling crimes. Inorder to fulfill their duties thoroughly police officers need to have a good knowledge of the localenvironment, its characteristic and conditions. The police officers’ tasks are: doing rounds, beingon traffic duty, being on watch, keeping safety during mass meetings or assisting in unfortunateaccidents. Police officers on duty also had to prosecute crimes, conduct investigations, go intothe escort service and work on the railways. In addition to the above duties and responsibilitiesof basic police service in interwar Poland the police officers also had atypical tasks, They hadto fulfill duties which resulted from expediency and broadly understood state’s interest such as:participating in the Polish-Soviet War, protecting the eastern border, protecting state, religiousand foreign dignitaries, securing demonstrations and strikes. Since 1928 the process of lighten-ing the S.P’s duties, that did not have much in common with the public security service, but hadto be performed because of the applicable law and judicial or administrative commands, havestarted. These activities often took a lot of the police officer’s time, and thus prevented the reli-able execution of tasks related to the protection of the right order and public security. To theirduties belonged also serving legal documents, collecting imposed charges and fines, preparingstatements and records, taking census of population, collecting information on the state of theproperty, religion or origin of the selected units, conducting inventories of arable land.Summing up, the Police officers from Wieluń State Police completed the basic tasks whichhad been imposed upon them. Some of the characteristic of the police station in Wieluń, that hadgreatly influenced the police officers’ duties were: its location near the German border, a lot ofJews and a railway line number 181. With a fairly modest state of staff, compared to the area ofoperation and the number of duties of the post in Wieluń, its officers conducted activities aimedat ensuring public safety and order.

Administracja rządowa i samorządowa gminy miejskiej Gdańsk w wersalskim Wolnym Mieście (1919–1939)

Author(s): Tadeusz Maciejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXIV/2015

The government and the self-government of the municipality of Gdansk in the Versailles Free City of Gdansk (1919-1939) had its origins in Prussian law and the law of second Reich. After the adoption of the constitution on 14 June 1922, due to its art. 69, a new law on the administration of the municipality of Gdansk was passed on 9 October 1923. It consisted of 42 articles divided into 9 chapters. The most important provisions related to such issues as the Municipal Assembly of Citizens - Stadtbürgerschaft, especially its tasks, structure, proceedings, relation to the Senate, internal commissions, budget, and finance and municipal officials. The law in that shape was in force until 1939, despite the fact that the power in the city was taken by the Nazis.

Sprawozdanie z działalności magistratu miasta Praszki za lata 1922-1925

Author(s): Zbigniew Szczerbik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

The article presents the source material written by the mayor of Praszka Ignacy Kowalczyk and his town councillors containing the report on the work of Town Hall and Town Council in Praszka in the years 1922-1925. The aforementioned period of time was particularly difficult in the history of Poland because of the recent armed conflict with Bolshevik Russia, the formation of the western border on the river Prosna, the hyperinflation and the monetary reform introduced by Władysław Grabski. All of those circumstances influenced not only the social and economical situation of Praszka citizens, but also the activity of the local authorities. The report shows both the town of Praszka together with its inhabitants and achievements of the authorities in the above-mentioned period of time. The published source material has been retrieved from the archives of the Museum in Praszka.

McElligot, Anthony: Weimar Germany Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, 324 stran

Author(s): Ondřej Cinkajzl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 15/2009

Review of: McElligot Anthony "Weimar Germany" Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, 324 pages by: Ondřej Cinkajzl

Dobra Zamoyskich

Author(s): Zygmunt Klukowski,Jarosław Pałka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 92/2017

Ordynacja - chroniona specjalnym statutem, na który przysięgał przed Bogiem każdy nowy ordynat - od XVI wieku skutecznie pomnażała dobra rodu Zamoyskich. Wybitny kronikarz Zamojszczyzny opowiada o ostatnich latach jej istnienia.

Wojna 1920 roku wedle Józefa Piłsudskiego i Michaiła Tuchaczewskiego. Znaczenie polskiego zwycięstwa dla Europy

Author(s): Włodzimierz Suleja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The study presents two opinions about the events of 1920, especially about the Soviet offensive under the command of M. Tuchaczewski and the counter-attack near Wieprz prepared and commanded by Józef Piłsudski – from the point of view of the main characters, who fought in 1920, and presented two different points of view a few years later. A polemical clash, especially in the case of Piłsudski, proves a talent for writing.

Ochotnicy wolności

Author(s): Gabriel Ersler,Juliusz Hibner,Edmund Marciniak,Roman Melchior,Sygmunt Stein,Aleksander Szurek,Jadwiga Wełykanowicz,Jeremi Galdamez,Maciej Sanigórski,Jean-Charles Szurek,Jordi Guixé i Coromines / Language(s): Polish Issue: 90/2017

Wojna w obronie hiszpańskiej republiki - reakcja na frankistowski pucz z lipca 1936 - wywołuje międzynarodowy zaciąg ochotników. Wśród nich są także Polacy, znani później jako dąbrowszczacy. Stają do walki w konflikcie, który stanowi swoiste preludium II wojny.

Kontroler państwa

Author(s): Mieczysław Dębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 91/2017

Doświadczony urzędnik Najwyższej Izby Kontroli zagląda za kulisy władzy II RP.

The iron guards of Ukrainian nationalism

Author(s): Marek Wojnar / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (27)/2017

Ukrainian nationalism of the interwar period was a political trend that shared some similarities with its Romanian counterpart. While the older generation of activists from the OUN (Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists) did not come close to the extremism of Romania’s Iron Guard, the younger radicals found common ground with the movement.

„SIEWCA PRAWDY” – TYGODNIK DIECEZJI SANDOMIERSKIEJ W LATACH 1931-1939

Author(s): Michał Leszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38 (1)/2014

The Catholic magazine Th e Sower of Truth (‘Siewca Prawdy’) was published by the Diocesan Graphic and Printing House in Sandomierz. During the years 1931-1939 the weekly came out in the Diocese of Sandomierz, in whose territory Th e Sower of Truth was distributed. The magazine was predominantly concerned with Catholic topics. The issues included fragments of Sunday’s Gospel, pastoral letters and prayers. A lot of space was taken up by articles that spread and built up faith. The weekly was focused on reports of events in the diocese. Apart from that it brought news from Poland and the world, also of a political nature. Texts concerning the household and agriculture were published. Th e Sower of Truth got involved in politics not only when it related to Catholic issues. The magazine also reported secular social events taking place in towns associated with the diocese. Th e weekly was addressed to a Catholic reader. The magazine was distributed in parishes by priests and members of Catholic associations. Nowadays The Sower of Truth is an excellent source for the research of the history of Sandomierz and the diocese in the interwar period.

REKLAMA KSIĄŻKI I PRASY NA ŁAMACH „GOŚCIA NIEDZIELNEGO” (1923-1939)

Author(s): Eliza Lubojańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34 (1)/2012

Reklama książki współczesnej pojawia się zarówno w mediach drukowanych, jak i w radiu, w telewizji i w Internecie. Książka należy jednak do dóbr najsłabiej promowanych przez mass media, gdyż na jej propagowanie przeznacza się stosunkowo niewielkie nakłady finansowe. W artykule Jaka reklama wydawnicza? Problem z koniecznością wyboru autor zaznacza, że reklama prasowa jest książce potrzebna i powinna być przy tym dostosowana do grupy odbiorców pisma, uwzględniając przy tym ich preferencje czytelnicze i oczekiwania.

GOŚĆ NIEDZIELNY – CHARAKTERYSTYKA DODATKÓW DO CZASOPISMA W LATACH 1923-1939

Author(s): Eliza Lubojańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28-29/2009

Tygodnik katolicki „Gość Niedzielny” jako organ Kurii Diecezjalnej w Katowicach, ukazuje się od 9 września 1923 roku z inicjatywy ks. Augusta Hlonda. Od początku na łamach pisma zamieszczano materiały religijne, dotyczące funkcjonowania administracji apostolskiej Górnego Śląska oraz refleksje moralno-społeczne. W latach 30-stych magazyn zróżnicował się tematycznie, poszerzając przy tym krąg odbiorców dzięki powstałym dodatkom tematycznym

KSIĘGARNIA I DRUKARNIA KATOLICKA W ŚWIETLE POSŁUGI BISKUPA STANISŁAWA ADAMSKIEGO W LATACH 1930-1939

Author(s): Gabriela Łącka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28-29/2009

Utworzenie w 1922 diecezji Śląskiej wyzwoliło wśród księży wiele nowych inicjatyw społecznych i kulturalnych ograniczanych dotąd polityka pruską, które stwarzały duże możliwości działania na polu organizującego się życia państwowego, szkolnictwa stowarzyszeń i instytucji kulturalnych, a także organizacji powstającej diecezji. Księża rozumieli potrzebę utworzenia wydawnictwa katolickiego skierowanego na szerszego odbiorcę, nie tylko na środowisko ludowe lecz także na różne potrzeby tworzącej się diecezji. Jedną z takich inicjatyw było powołanie w 1925 roku spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością pod nazwą Księgarnia Katolicka spółka z o.o w Katowicach. Inicjatorami założenia drukarni byli księża: Teofil Bromboszcz – wikariusz generalny Administracji Apostolskiej, Teodor Kubina – proboszcz parafii mariackiej w Katowicach oraz Jan Szymała i Wojciech Sołtysik.

МОТОРИЗАЦИЈА ТЕШКЕ АРТИЉЕРИЈЕ У ВОЈСЦИ КРАЉЕВИНЕ СХС/ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ (1918–1941)

Author(s): Dalibor Denda / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

The paper is based on the archival sources from the Military Archives in Belgrade, published documents and appropriate literature. The author presents development of the heavy artillery motorized units in the Army of Kingdom SCS/Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1941, including its performance during the short April war 1941. During the 1920‘s Yugoslav army possessed only 9 heavy artillery motorized batteries consisted of 18 Škoda М16 305 mm siege howitzers which were captured from the Austro-Hungarian army at the end of a Great war. First plan of Yugoslav General Staff was to create 4 army regiments of motorized heavy artillery, but there were not enough artillery pieces for that purpose. When the new 12 Škoda heavy artillery motorized batteries comprised 20 M28 150 mm long range guns, 10 М28 220 mm howitzers and 4М11/30 305 mm siege howitzers were purchased from 1929 to 1934 from Czechoslovakia, Yugoslav army managed to create 3 motorized battalions of heavy artillery which should convert to 3 artillery regiments during the wartime. A new material consisting of 18 new Škoda motorized batteries (12 Škoda 150 mm howitzers and 6 Škoda 105 mm long range guns batteries) was bought 1937, also from Czechoslovakia. After that a new artillery unit was formed as a 1st heavy artillery regiment which should be converted to 114th and 115th war regiment of heavy artillery during the war time. Yugoslav General Staff had idea to purchase 18 more heavy artillery motorized batteries from Škoda Company and to create another 2 heavy artillery regiments forthe war time (one for each of 7 war time armies), but they did not make it until the beginning of hostilities with Nazi Germany in April 1941. In April 1941 Yugoslav Army had 124 heavy artillery motorized pieces. According to the project of the strategic deployment of the Yugoslav forces elaborated inside the Yugoslav war plan R – 41, heavy artillery motorized units were deployed as a part of 3rd group of armies in Macedonia, 5th Army in eastern Serbia, 6tharmy in Šumadija, and 1st group of armies in Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia.The overall impression of its activities in the April war 1941 is not different from the general remark on the attitude of the whole armed forces, who, except for a few examples of courage and self-initiatives, were infected by defeatism and vulnerable to actions of the ”fifth column”, so that they could offer only sporadic and short-lasting resistance

Małe Seminaria prowadzone przez Księży Misjonarzy św. Wincentego a Paulo w latach 1918-1939

Author(s): Wacław Umiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12-13/2001

Określenie „Małe” seminarium sięga czasów św. Wincentego. Ten wielki reformator kleru francuskiego realizując zalecenia Soboru Trydenckiego, kiedy zaczął zakładać seminaria duchowne przeznaczone dla kandydatów do stanu duchownego w pierwszym rzędzie usunął z istniejących już zakładów dzieci. Wiedział jednak, że już w latach młodzieńczych może kształtować się prawdziwe powołanie. Dlatego był jednym z inicjatorów tworzenia małych seminariów, czyli szkół apostolskich1. Z czasem zakłady takie zaczęły powstawać w wielu krajach. Zakładali je biskupi lub zakony i zgromadzenia.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşında Sovyet Rusya'nın Malî ve Askerî Yardımları

Author(s): Ülkü Çalışkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2006

The military help of Soviet Russia to Turkish Independence War has started after the "Soviet Help Treaty" which was signed on 24th August 1920. According to military accounts which were before the Great Assault, the Russian covered approximately 35 percent of military equipment and material. Except for some amount of ingot gold which was brought by Halil Pasha, Soviet Russia declared that officially it would give 10.000.000 gold rubles every year with the Turkish-Soviet Friendship Treaty (Moskow Treaty) which was signed on 16th March 1921. Yet it has sent only 15.000.000 gold rubles in two years time. This mentioned help has also carried out with the money which was collected from Buhara Republic and sent to Moscow transmit to Ankara. Connected with the economical situation of Soviet Russia, in 1922 the help decreased. In addition, the matter of communist actions being followed in Turkey the signature of Ankara Treaty with France and the establishment of political relations with the west become effective over the decrease of help. With the political support given to Turkish Independence War, military and economical support from Soviet Russia have played important role over the discouragement of the West's exploitative resistance.