Jugoslovensko-italijansko pomorsko rivalstvo na Jadranskom moru 1919–1929.

Author(s): Goran Latinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The Italian domination was quite evident in Yugoslav-Italian rivalry at the Adriatic Sea from 1919 to 1929. Italian merchant fleet was much more developed than Yugoslav, both by number of ships and by their tonnage, while Italian ports were better equiped than Yugoslav. The adventage of Italy was also in the fact that it owned the most important ports on eastern Adriatic coast, Trieste and Rijeka/Fiume (since 1924), and that both were very well connected by railroads to Central Europe. The possibility of transport of people and goods by sea had exceptional influence on Yugoslav-Italian economic relations in that period, with Italian maritime companies holding the primacy in the trade exchange between the two countries. Over 70% of all Yugoslav export by sea from 1925 to 1927 was in the hands of Italian merchant fleet, which also covered significant percentage of all Yugoslav imports. The rivalry between the two countries continued after 1929, and it was also characterized by the Italian domination.

Poseta Milana Stojadinovića Italiji decembra 1937.

Author(s): Bojan V. Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The official visit of Yugoslav Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Milan Stojadinović to Italy at the beginning of December 1937 is considered to be a courtesy call following Italian Foreign Minister Ciano’s visit to Belgrade in March 1937 when Italian-Yugoslav Agreement was signed. During his stay in Rome, Stojadinović met Mussolini and talked about the current situation in Europe and foreign policies of two countries. He was also received by Italian King Victor Emanuel III and pope Pius XI. The second part of the visit took place in Milano were Yugoslav Prime Minister visited industrial complex and military center. Although no new agreements were signed, this visit is vitally important for understanding the politics of the two governments in the following months and years. The press of both countries paid much attention to this visit and informed their public regularly and in detail about it. Leading Italian newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Stampa and Yugoslav Politika and Vreme were in the forefront. Hundreds of articles were written, dozen new photos were made and published on front pages. Italian and Yugoslav newspapers often republished foreign articles about the visit but exclusively theose with positive connotation, considering the visit as a crucial act for European peace at the time.

Robert Schuman o sibinjskim žrtvama

Author(s): Mato Artuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 16/2016

This paper analyses a letter and an article of Robert Schuman in which he expressed great sympathy for the fight of the Croatian people against the dictatorship of the monarchist Yugoslavia. By using his influence, he endeavored to change the well established attitude of the French public on the circumstances in Yugoslavia, particularly in Croatia, an attitude that had been created by Yugoslav diplomacy and by venal newspaper.

Nagyrománia születése (I. rész)

Author(s): Ambrus Miskolczy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Great-Romania was born by the destruction of the Habsburg Monarchy. In november 1918 the invasion of the Romanian Army, the will of the Hungarian governement to respect the idea of the self determiantion of the people and the capacities of the Romanian national leaders in Hungary created the condition for organizing a national assembly ment to vote the union of Transylvania with the Old Kingdom. The Romanian elites from historic Hungary feared and fought the corruption of the new national state. Iuliu Maniu, the transylvanian national leader remained the emblematic figure of this fight, and that of the respect of the constitutional rights. Nevertheless, the corruption remained the main illnes of the system, and it offered a modus vivendi for the new national minorities.

Zavaros versengés – A romániai zsidó vagyon párhuzamos népinémet „árjásítása” és „nemzeti” románosítása az Antonescu-rezsim idején

Author(s): Sándor Komáromi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

Baier, Hannelore: Dubiouse Konkurrenz – Arisierung versus Rumänisierung in der Zeit des Antonescu-Regimes. = Spiegelungen. 11. Jg. 2016. No. 1. 55-69. p.

Magyar színjátszás Pozsonyban

Author(s): Olga Cholnoky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

Tóth László: Kényszerpályán. A pozsonyi magyar színjátszás az államfordulat idején (1919 – 1924) = Fórum Társadalomtudományi Szemle. 2017. 1. sz. 27 – 66 p.

Znamenalo vítězství spojeneckého tábora v první světové válce též výhru míru?

Author(s): Karel Straka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2014

The First World War was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. From the time of its occurrence until the approach of World War II, it was called simply the World War or the Great War. In America, it was initially called the European War. The immediate trigger for war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. This set off a diplomatic crisis. Within weeks, Europe was at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, paving the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

Поларно братство (La Fraternité polaire) у Београду

Author(s): Nemanja Radulović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Polar Fraternity (La Fraternité polaire) was occult society active in interwar Paris. Among its members were important names of French occult scene. According to some statements, as given in society ’s bulletin there was also branch operating in Belgrade in 1930s. However, this assertion could not be confirmed. Using archive materials, we demonstrate in this paper the existence of Belgrade group. The most important figure active in it was philosopher Ksenija Atanasijević, therefore we also pay attention to her attitude toward occultism. Ksenija and circle around her were also involved with Theosophy and Co-Freemasonry. Their interest in this overlapped with activity in feminist movement.

Veprimtaria e diplomacisë shqiptare në Paris në mbyllje të Konferencës së Paqes (14 janar – 3 mars 1920)

Author(s): Marenglen Verli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2015

Peace Conference in Paris, organized after the First World War by the victorious powers, France, Britain, the United States and Japan, among others, addressed the issues of borders and the status of the Balkan states and within them the "Albanian issue". Although neutral in the global conflict, Albania risked to be annihilated.Albanian official delegation of the interim government of Dürres, who went to Paris, soon was convinced that not only the correction of past injustices against Albania was not happening, but the new danger was threatening to fatal. Drawing position and omissions didn’t bring any benefit. To the great powers, particularly France and Britain, Albania was the country to be sacrificed again in order to normalize the situation in the region.Accord or compromise of 13-14 January 1920 was the worst aspect. France, UK and Italy, in the absence of the representative of the US, adopted a resolution that was opposed not only by the US but also Yugoslavia. Right from this moment, the developments in the Albanian territory, diplomatic and popular movement, took an interesting direction. Therefore, there is space for the historiography to deepen its overview. This article aims to enlighten a period of several weeks after the 14 January compromise that significantly increased the role of the Albanian factor in making decisions for the future of Albania.On March 6, the US president gave a definitive answer to "The Adriatic Case."By supporting the proposal for direct talks between Italy and Yugoslav, in order to flush the contradictions between them, the head of the White House stressed that the Albanian issue "should not enter into the discussion proposed between Italy and Yugoslavia" and that he "will not approve any plan that would give Yugoslavia a territorial compensation in the northern part of Albania, for what may rip off somewhere else ".US president's determination forced European allies to withdraw and came to help to both Yugoslavia and Albania. Yugoslavia had now the opportunity to negotiate directly with Italy, as for Albania the risk of division was postponed and Albanians gained a lot of valuable time which they knew how to exploit.

Arhitectul Statie Ciortan – promotor al unui program de arhitectură cu caracter administrativ

Author(s): Valeriu-Eugen Drăgan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2017

One of Ion Mincu’s disciples, architect Statie (State) Ciortan (1876–1940) belongs to the second wave of Neo-Romanian style leading figures. Although he is one of the top fellow professionals, his name – linked to buildings destined to financial public administration – is often mentioned in various name lists, among other architects who promoted the above mentioned style, under the quite ungrateful label among others. Rarely are his innovative contributions to the field of urbanism referred to, partly because it is are perhaps considered less spectacular or less ample than other interventions from the same time period. Never has Statie Ciortan’s role in structuring and defining an administrative nature architectural program been highlighted. Quite on the contrary, his mark has been diminished, some of the administrative financial buildings being considered merely standard projects. It is not our main objective to elucidate this situation, which to some extent casts a shadow on the work of an important architect from the inter-war period. However, we do have the responsibility to at least attempt to clarify the frame of mind on which his work is based – in that epoch context – and whose value is only tacitly, indirectly acknowledged through the use of the said buildings for new purposes, different from the original ones, considered nowadays even more important.

Edmund Veesenmayer nevezetes jelentése

Author(s): Pál Pritz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2017

A thousand-page volume containing the national-socialist Germany’s foreign policy documents related to Hungary was published in 1968. Even before the book release, rumour held it that the book will contain a text that will finally hold a true mirror to Hungarians. It was the document mentioned in the title of this essay. However, using the methods of source criticism, the author proves that Veesenmayer’s report was prepared as a weapon of war. It is the work of a fanatic devotee of an empire at the eve of destruction, intended to postpone the downfall through maximally exploiting (also) the Hungarian resources. His (caricaturist) image of Hungarians, along with its true elements, is an often-cited topos of Hungary’s opponents/enemies.

Olvasónapló. Romsics Ignác Horthy-könyvéről

Author(s): Ágnes Heller / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Od spowiednika do społecznika. Transformacja roli społecznej duchownego w II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Karol Chylak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The easiest and perhaps a bit stereotypical thinking about the role of priest makes him positioned in sacred space. Undoubtedly, he is an activist in this area by taking responsibility for leading his flock to redemption. Without any doubt the roles connected with holding particular positions in the governmental structures were traditional. In addition clergy, especially lower ones, were often in a position of a mediator (peasant – landlord). These traditional roles were built in feudal society and in this social structure. Meanwhile, the industrial revolution and intense processes of industrialization and urbanization changed the face of the world, they changed the circumstances in which people were supposed to live in those days. There were social and political changes that could not be unnoticed, in particular voting rights were given to other groups of people and modern concepts – which met with a wide public response (socialism especially) – were developed. They became the basis for the change of church’s and clergy’s attitudes towards both society and their place and role in the society. A doctrinal basis of this transformation became the encyclical of Pope Leon XIII Rerum novarum as of 1891 together with it the Quadragesimo anno (1931) implemented four decades later. There was a great social movement in Poland at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The movement that initiated and activated, in other words woke communities up to life, that built social capital. Of course that movement had different social composition but a very important part in that composition was assumed by clergy. Both social status and priestly role were formed again. Changes in attitudes towards a man and interest in man’s mundane part of life had to result in both the transformation of the clergy’s role and the extension of their responsibility for the secular sphere. Times of the Second Republic of Poland led to a complete development of new roles and attitudes among clergy.

Himmlerova elita v Sudetech

Author(s): Jan Zumr / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2017

Immediately after the occupation of the Czechoslovak border region in October 1938, ten Allgemeine SS regiments were built there. Together, it had about 20,000 men, and was the largest component of the SS represented in the occupied territory. Membership was mainly formed by former prominent members of Sudeten German-American organizations. After the outbreak of World War II, most of the Allgemeine SS personnel were called to the Wehrmacht or the armed services of the SS. Its organization in the Czechoslovak border region before this period is discussed in the following studies.

Cserepek. Kun Béla és Horthy Miklós pályájának, egyéni és politikusi profiljának összevetése hatalomra kerülésük közel százéves távlatából

Author(s): Gergely Bödők / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

Kun, the Foreign Affairs Commissioner of the Revolutionary Governing Council, and Miklós Horthy, the Minister of Defense of the Counter-Revolutionary Government in Szeged, the Commander of the National Army, and later the Governor of the country for a quarter of a century, are controversial and divisive figures of the 20th century Hungarian history. This study compares the personal and political profile of these two leaders on the basis of the historical achievements of the past hundred years. Beyond their starting position and their origins, there are far more important differences in their ideological positions and identity. Their careers, however, also present some similarities (e.g. the circumstances of their accession to power and the international aspects of their failure).

Латинская Америка во внешней политике СССР в 1920–1930-е годы (по материалам протоколов заседаний Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б))

Author(s): L. S. Jeifets,A. S. Andreev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 21/2017

Soviet foreign policy in Latin America continues to be a “lacuna” of historiography. This article examines the foreign policy of the USSR in relation to Latin America in 1920s and 1930s based on discussion in the Politburo of the RCP (b) — VKP (b). The documentary basis for the study are protocols of the Politburo meetings, available to researchers in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). The authors analyze the decisions taken by the highest leadership of the Bolshevik Party in relation to Latin America, showing mechanisms for the implementation of these decisions. For the first time in historiography is demonstrated the role of the Political Bureau in the formation of the Latin American vector foreign policy of the USSR. The consequences of the Civil War and the isolation of the Soviet Union forced the country’s leadership to seek new trade and political partners. The authors conclude that while the Politburo was seeking to resolve specific economic problems it did not have a plan for the development of relations with Latin America. The article shows that the first economic partners of the USSR in Latin America were Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile and Brazil. An important role in the formation of the Soviet Union’s relations with Latin American countries was played by business associations, “Yuzhamtorg” in particular, through which Soviet Government developed trade transactions with the governments of Latin American countries

Accordіon оn national concert stage: recognition and approval in the 1920-1940s

Author(s): Valeriy Marchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2015

In the article reasons of confession and fixing of accordion are certain on the native concerto stage in 1920 – 1940th. It is found out that an accordion appeared in the field of vaudeville music at the end of 1920th – at the beginning of 1930th. The reasons of accordion appearance on the soviet stage were novelty comparatively with other instruments by the external attractiveness of accordion, its unusual thing, colourful timbre. It is set that the confession of accordion and fixing of its positions on the concert stage, the manner of upright playing became traditional style. Accordionists carried out technically difficult works in a rapid rate, accompanying an own playing motions of corps. The features of functioning of accordion in composition vaudeville ensembles and jazz bands are showed. It is found out, that at first an accordion appeared on the Soviet concert stage in 1928 – 1929 in composition the First symphonic orchestra of accordionists under the direction of L. Banovich. Later an instrument entered in the complement of jazz bands of A. Cfasman, L. Utjosov, B. Rensky, G. Varsa, L. Yablonsky. Collectives executed vaudeville dance music and original jazz compositions. It is underlined that the important thing for development of accordion art was that an accordion was mastered by the musicians of contiguous specialties such as conductors, composers, pianists, bayan-players that came forward as soloists-accordionists of vaudeville ensembles and jazz bands. It is highlighted that the input of mass factory production of accordions took place in 1936 on the Leningrad factory of "Krasny partisan". In Ukraine the mass production of accordions in 1939 was adjusted on the Poltava factory of musical instruments. The ways of the accordion development are traced in the years of The Second World War. Accordions with bayans were the most popular musical instruments at that period. Accordionists were soloists, accompanists who entered in the complement of concert brigades and ensembles. After the end of The Second World War there were many captured accordions of the German and Italian production. These instruments were better than the home models of accordions. An accordion got great popularity at the domestic musical space. The bright appearance of the instrument and unusual timbre attracted attention to the accordion of many fans of music.

Les auteurs Français de la revue Chretienne Sociale (Juin 1931—Décembre 1938)

Author(s): Henri De Montety / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2015

The journal Korunk Szava was published from 1931 to 1938. With a legitimist political viewpoint and rather social orientation, it also represented a progressive approach to religion and thus had close relations with the so-called French convertis, known for aiming to create a new alliance with tradition. Korunk Szava published texts written by authors like Jacques Maritain, François Mauriac, Paul Claudel and Charles Péguy. Facing the Nazi peril earlier than their French counterparts, Hungarians developed a particular vision of the nation, while they also shared their ideas on the subject with their French colleagues.

EASTERN GALICIA PROBLEM IN THE FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD

Author(s): Ihor Tsependa,Volodymyr Velykochyi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The article attempts to define the role of affiliation of Eastern Galicia and its place in the foreign policy plans and inner policy activity of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period. The achievements of Ukrainian and Polish historiographies are analyzed.

Organizacja i funkcjonowanie Policji Państwowej w Okręgu Wileńskim w okresie międzywojennym - zarys problematyki

Author(s): Krzysztof Halicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2008

The process of constructing police structures in the Vilnius district was taking place in very specific conditions. In the first years, in the Middle Lithuania region, many criminal acts were committed. The Vilnius police district was one of the last districts organized in this part of Poland. At first it was called Headquarters of the Vilnius Land, and since 12 July 1922 - Headquarters of the XVI District of the State Police. Vilnius region was permanently endangered by some antistate and diversionary activities incited by the eastern neighbour. This was the reason that the State Police was put in the defense system of the eastern border, and after overtaking these duties by the Border Protection Corps, police was still cooperating with it. Progressive organizational development and rising number of functinaries were the factors of establishing a safe area in the Eastern Poland, along with Tarnopol, Nowogródek and Polesie regions. So Polish rule in the Vilnius region stabilized the inner situation and created amicable environment for citizens.