Villem Ernits lähemalt ja kaugemalt
Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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The present paper’s aim is to introduce in the anthropological research the replies to the Romanian Language Museum’s 7th Questionnaire. The Musical Instruments. The manuscripts are the result of the indirect inter-war linguistic survey led by Sextil Puşcariu, including eight thematic questionnaires. The 49 replies to the indirect linguistic inquiry were wandered, but all the manuscripts were discovered during an archive organization activity. The manuscripts were kept in the envelopes in which the correspondents sent them, the documents did not undergo any processing. The replies to the Romanian Language Museum’s 7th Questionnaire. The Musical Instruments are waiting to be explored equally by linguists, ethnographers, anthropologists, musicologists, and organologists.
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It is important to study the social consequences of economic reforms in order to form an effective state policy aimed at sustainable development. This article discusses the main directions of healthcare development in Karelia in the context of forced industrialization in the 1930s. Among the achievements, it highlights the formation of a sanitary service and an outpatient network, the development of specialized medical care, including obstetrics, and the start of the routine vaccination of the adult population. Due to the workers’ declining living standards and the massive engagement of seasonal workers, leading industrial enterprises began creating their own medical institutions. Extensive training of paramedical personnel was launched for the first time. However, many health problems remained acute, especially in rural areas. Graduates of medical universities often did not remain at work for long due to the heavy workload and lack of housing. The backward communal services, difficult living conditions of migrants, and the lack of effective vaccines against a number of serious diseases contributed to a high level of epidemic threats. People complained about the queues at medical institutions, the lack of medicines, and the poor quality of medical care. Healthcare was recognized as one of the lagging areas of development in Karelia. The study was carried out on the basis of archival documents using the systemic and problem-based chronological methods.
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This review article focuses on the Czech, Slovak and Czechoslovak historiography of fascism and fascist movements in interwar Czechoslovakia. Its aim is to map, characterize and critically analyze the most important works on Czech and Slovak fascism in the First Republic from contemporary publications to the present. Thus, the chronological scope of the study includes journalistic texts from the interwar period, an extensive output from the communist era, mostly more or less ideologically burdened, as well as the numerous and diverse works of Czech and Slovak historians written since the early 1990s. The author approaches the topic from the point of view of the so-called new consensus, represented mainly by the British historian Roger Griffin, to which the author himself subscribes and which he considers to be the most influential theoretical concept in the study of fascism in contemporary historiography. He sees its main features in the emphasis on ideology in an ideal-typical conception, in the belief in the existence of a general fascism and in methodological empathy, based primarily on the discourse of the fascists themselves. At the same time, the author also shares his critique of the “new consensus”. He suggests that after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Czech and Slovak historiography did not make sufficient use of the inspiration offered by international research for the study of fascism. Although Czech and Slovak historiography quickly shed its ideological allegiance and dealt with the phenomenon of fascism in interwar Czechoslovakia extensively, producing a number of works on the topic, most of these publications have been overwhelmingly narrative and empirical, descriptive rather than analytical. Furthermore, Czech and Slovak historians have not sufficiently reflected on the international debate and current trends in their research on fascism, and have neglected comparative studies, sticking to the usual partial topics. Despite considerable progress, Czech and Slovak historiography, in the light of the “new consensus”, has so far failed to answer a number of key questions about the nature and character of fascism in interwar Czechoslovakia. The author singles out only a few scholars who, in his view, go beyond traditional approaches and are or were at the forefront of international research on fascism: these are, for the period of the 1960s, primarily the Czech-German historian Bedřich Loewenstein (1929–2017) and, more recently, the Slovak historians Anton Hruboň and Miloslav Szabó and the Czech authors Pavel Kotlán and Miroslav Mareš.
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The parallel bilingual Spanish-Czech publication "Óscar Domínguez en Checoslovaquia / v Československu 1946–1949" edited by Pavel Štěpánek and Isidro Hernández Gutiérrez also served as the catalogue for the exhibition of the same name which was held at the Tenerife Espacio de las Artes (TEA) museum from October 2016 to May 2017. The Spanish painter Óscar Domínguez (1906–1957) was born in the capital of the Canary Islands and joined the international surrealist movement in Paris. He visited Czechoslovakia from 1946 to 1949, where he participated in several exhibitions and socialized with Czech and Slovak artists. A large number of his works date from this period and are now in the possession of several prominent Czech galleries (an inventory of these is included in the book). The reviewer presents six studies by four authors that map the Czechoslovak contacts and stays of the Canarian painter, some of the essential themes of his work and the unknown aspects of the relationship between the Czechoslovak and Spanish avant-garde between the wars. In her opinion, the authors succeed in clarifying the importance of Czechoslovakia for Domínguez’s work and bring to light new and extremely interesting information about the artistic relations between the two countries. She finds the rich pictorial and photographic appendix admirable, albeit weakened by the extremely poor Czech translation.
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The History Museum of Sighișoara opened its doors on June 25, 1899 at the initiative of an enthusiastic group gathered around doctor Josef Bacon. Until 1925 it was managed by the Sebastian Hann Association, and between 1925 and 1951 by the Evangelical Consistory A.C. of Sighisoara. If the period before 1934 meant a stage of accumulations and organizing at the level of permanent exhibitions, after 1934 the information on the institution is increasingly scarce. This was due to the advanced age of doctor Josef Bacon and the complicated context determined by the Second World War. The new director, Dr. Julius Hollitzer, had the merit to keep the collection intact, to continue the inventory, to preserve the heritage objects and to open the museum exhibition in the Clock Tower according to the possibilities, to the public.
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The thousands of documents related to the land of Covurlui, to be found in public or private collections, were, only to a small extent, scientifically used in various Romanian and foreign journals. We intend to present the effort of some Romanian historians, who tried to publish these testimonies related to Covorlui county.
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The brief commentary on the essay "Česká naděje na duchovní vlast" [The Czech Hopes for a Spiritual Homeland] by the philosopher Jan Patočka shows the importance of this article in the context of Patočka’s philosophical works, and analyses and interprets the text.
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The early 20th century brought an awareness of a dire need for the standardization of Estonian. The article discusses the trends and views characteristic of Estonian corpus planning at that time, focusing on the role of the approach based on actual language use, which is the most prominent principle in language planning in Estonia today. In the beginning of the last century, when most Estonians still spoke their local vernacular, it was known as the vernacular approach. Although the language reform initiated by Johannes Aavik and the language-regulation led by Johannes Voldemar Veski differed in many ways, they both found vernacular Estonian to be a source of inspiration as well as valuable material for enriching standard Estonian. Both agreed on the legitimacy of changing the vernacular elements (phonetics, morphology, syntax, as well as semantics of the elements) according to the needs of standard Estonian. Consequently, both of the dominant stances and practices of corpus planning of the time followed standardization from above, which is common for communities still in the process of creating their own language standard (see, e.g., Rutten, Vosters 2021). The opposing views were the natural development approach mainly represented by Jaan Jõgever and Kaarel Leetberg, and the democratic approach led by Andrus Saareste. Those two resisted (to different degrees, though) artificial systematization and intervention in the language, arguing that corpus planning of a language should be based on its usage, i.e., the vernacular. Thus, the latter trends supported standardization from below (see Elspaβ 2021). The article has two aims: to present the views of different language planners at the time by illustrating their ideas with abundant quotations, and to analyse the vernacular approach in their major works.
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Artykuł przedstawia jak zmieniła się struktura społeczności żydowskiej wraz z napływem do Wadowic Żydów galicyjskich, polskojęzycznych, którzy zaczęli stopniowo wypierać silnie zgermanizowanych, postępowych Żydów, przybyłych do miasta pod koniec XIX w. m.in. ze Śląska Cieszyńskiego. Społeczność wyznania mojżeszowego została zdominowana przez chasydów, przede wszystkim bobowskich, do tego stopnia, że w 1939 r. gmina liczyła już zaledwie 10-15 % Żydów postępowych. Wraz z rozwojem ruchu chasydzkiego zmienił się obraz religijny i kulturalny gminy.
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The reviewed book is a collection which consists of twelve thematically diversified chapters. All of them are about the Senate in the Second Polish Republic. The authors present many little-known aspects of the shape and the functioning of the upper house of the parliament in Poland during years 1922—1939. The book discusses such issues as the legal conceptions of the Senate, its structure, functions, political background and composition. The publication is a valuable supplement to the previous research. It also brings new detailed findings to the image of the Senate in the interwar Poland.
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Review of: Robert Offner; Thomas Șindilariu (Hrsg.), Schwarzer Tod und Pestabwehr im frühneuzeitlichen Hermannstadt: Pestordnungen der Stadtärzte Johann Salzmann (1510, 1521), Sebastian Pauschner (1530) und Johann Stubing (1561) (Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Hermannstadt, Band 6), Hermannstadt - Bonn: Schiller Verlag, 2020, 231 S., gebunden, Deutsch, Latein, ISBN 978-3-946954903;/ Paul Șeulean, Albert Weber, Natali Stegmann, Svetlana Suveica (Hg.), Deutsche Parlamentarierreden in Zwischenkriegsrumänien. Protokolle aus dem Abgeordnetenhaus und dem Senat (1919–1940), Frank & Timme, Verlag für wissenschaftliche Literatur, Berlin, 2021 (DigiOst, Band 13), 794 Seiten. ISBN 978-3-7329-0666-6 ISBN E-Book 978-3-7329-9321-5 ISSN 2513-0927;/ Ulrich A. Wien (ed.) Common Man, Society and Religion in the 16th century / Gemeiner Mann, Gesellschaft und Religion im 16. Jahrhundert: Piety, morality and discipline in the Carpathian Basin / Frömmigkeit, Moral und Sozialdisziplinierung im Karpatenbogen (Refo500 Academic Studies, Band 67), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021, 438 S., ISBN 978-3-525-57100-2
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Review of: Franko MIROŠEVIĆ: Hrvatska seljačka stranka u Moslavini 1905.-1941. (Zagreb: ITG digitalni tisak, 2021). 419 str. ISBN 978-953-7167-75-2.
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The end of the First World War found the Albanians in no enviable position, both in the domestic and international level. Kosovo and Macedonia were subjected to occupation, namely violent Reconquista from Serbian, Yugoslav state respectively. The situation became even more difficult, given that the destinies of peoples are determined by the factor of power and the position of the winner. Armies, which had entered Albanian lands, considered themselves part of the Entente Alliance, which won the war. Consequently, they had already made plans for cutting the Albanian lands among them. On the other hand, Albania, in this very unfavorable situation in the Paris Peace Conference (1919) have made the correct efforts historical injustices that had been done in the past and reconfirmation of independence. The situation was far more complex than can be said, therefore at the last moment, when we face seriously open to question, to reconfirm the independence of Albania and is preparation script fragmentation of Albania between Italy, Greece and the Kingdom of SCS, came the response from American diplomacy and President Wilson for reconfirmation of Albania's independence and accession of Albania state to the League of Nations.
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The article traces the activity of Axinte Frunză as a Latin language teacher at the “C. Negruzzi” College in Iași and as a man of culture. Born in Bessarabia in 1859, Axinte Frunză was pursued by the Russian secret police, managed to cross the Prut river and settled in Iași, where he spent most of his life. In 1897 he became a teacher at “C. Negruzzi” College. In 1913, he became a collaborator of the Iași magazine “Viața românească”, where he published articles, short stories, but also translations of various Russian writers: Vladimir Korolenko, Anton Chekhov. In 1915, he published the book România Mare (The Greater Romania) in which he talks about the necessity of uniting Bessarabia with Romania. Three years later, he published the Grammar of the Romanian Language for the Bessarabians.
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The article proposes an approach to the topos of the city, illustrated by the city of Bălți from the Interwar Romania. The evocations of the Interwar scholars who visited Bălți and offered edifying testimonies are analyzed, among which C.R. Munteanu, Dimitrie Iov, Leon Donici, Neculai Macarovici. They record the essence of the city through the lens of their own subjectivity. The result is a multi-perspective game of projections of a provincial urban space, gloomy, lonely, monotonous, which cultivates a kind of defensive resistance. The authors perform a series of (self)imagological exercises, creating images of the way people lived in Bălți and especially the way in which they are reflected in the visitors’ eyes.
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The Union of 1918 stands in Romanian historiography as the great event of national history, the moment when Romanians who had been living for centuries under foreign rules came together in one united country. Despite the enthusiasm of those days, soon it became obvious that putting together areas with different histories, different backgrounds, and different cultures was not such a simple process. The difficulties and the setbacks of the aftermath of the Great Union entered more recently the attention of the Romanian historiography, preoccupied for a long time rather on its significance for the nation than on its hardships. The present study addresses one of the issues debated in the interwar Romanian press, regarding the extent to which Transylvania was getting loose of its foreign marks and gaining a Romanian character.
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The very short-lived newspaper, Erdélyi Társaság, appeared in Tg.Mureș in the period 1921-1922. It was created as a society, cultural, arts newspaper. In its columns it presented society news, literary works, sporting events, cultural events. The newspaper is considered to be almost unique in the history of the Tg. Mureș written press.
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Rview of: Intelectualii din județul Bistrița-Năsăud și Universitatea din Cluj (1919-1940). Restituiri documentare, editori Adrian Onofreiu, Claudia Septimia Sabău, Ana Maria Stan, Cornelia Vlasin; Studiu introductiv Ana-Maria Stan
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Between the two world wars, the Bosnian Podrinje consisted of eight districts: Bijeljina, Cajnice, Foca, Rogatica, Srebrenica, Visegrad, Vlasenica and Zvornik. Cajnice, Foca, Rogatica and Visegrad were an integral part of the Sarajevo district, and Bijeljina, Srebrenica, Vlasenica and Zvornik were part of the Tuzla district. 269,961 inhabitants or 14.28% of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina lived in the area of Bosnian Podrinje. There were 118,081Muslims or 43.74%, Orthodox 145,094 or 53.75%, Roman Catholics 3,674 or1.36%, Greek Catholics 73 or 0.03%, Evangelicals 2,108 or 0.78%, Jews 831 or0.31%, and others and without confession 109 or 0.04%. Muslims made up the majority of the population in the districts of Cajnice, Rogatica, Foca and Srebrenica, and Orthodox in the districts of Bijeljina, Visegrad, Vlasenica and Zvornik. Slovenians (249), Czechoslovaks (348), Ruthenians (22), Poles (122),Russians (190), Hungarians (682), Germans (2,695), Albanians (72), Turks (10)lived in the area of the Bosnian Podrinje, Romanians (203), Italians (30) and others (826). According to the 1931 census, 2,323,555 inhabitants or 16.68% of the total population of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 340,597 inhabitants or 14.66% of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina lived in Bosansko Podrinje. There were 149,783 Muslims or 43.98%,Orthodox Christians 182,046 or 53.45%, Roman Catholics 4,966 or 1.46%,Evangelicals 2,351 or 0.69%, other Christians 130 or 0.04% and others with no confession 663 or 0.19 %. Muslims made up the majority of the population in thedistricts of Cajnice, Rogatica, Foca and Zvornik, and Orthodox Christians in the districts of Bijeljina, Srebrenica, Visegrad and Vlasenica. The literacy of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was at a low level. It took a lot of work to improve this situation. It was not easy at all because the "new state" was facing numerous problems that could not be solved quickly. Between the two world wars, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a predominantly agrarian country. In 1931,1,534,739 inhabitants lived in the Drina Banovina. There were 773,001 men or 50.37%, and 761,738 or 49.63% women. There were 665,665 or 43.37% of people earning for a living, and 869,074 or 56.63% of dependents. Among the earners there were 468,079 men or 60.55% and 197,568 women or 25.94%. Among dependents there were 564,152 women or 74.06% and 304,922 men or 39.45%.there were 468,079 men or 60.55% and 197,568 women or 25.94%. Among dependents there were 564,152 women or 74.06% and 304,922 men or 39.45%.
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