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Проведение репатриации польских военнопленных в Минусинском уезде Енисейской губернии в 1921 г.

Author(s): Renata OPŁAKANSKA / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The article deals with the issue of repatriation of prisoners of war of the 5-th Polishrifle Division in the Minusinsk's County of the Yenisejsk`s province in the early 1920 's.After the conclusion of the of Riga peace treaty between Poland and Soviet Russiathe repatriation procedure was started. At that time in the Minusinsk's County was 418prisoners of war. There were prisoners of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies and theformer lieges of the Russian Empire. Natives of the Russian Empire accounted for one thirdgroup of Polish prisoners of war, but among them were many representatives of the nobility,as well as persons who have received education before the war. The Prisoners of war werepart of labour brigades in the Yeniseijsk`s province which were sent to the logging andworking industrial enterprises.All of the prisoners of war were to be registered. Special Commission including theSoviet leaders of Polish origin, dedicated to setting of Polish nationality to persons who hadno documents.During the registration, some of the prisoners of war were persecuted by the Cheka.The arrested prisoners were charged with voluntary service for Kolchak, counterrevolutionarypropaganda. It was a violation of the Agreement of the repatriation betweenPoland and Soviet Russia. After the repatriation a small group of Polish prisoners of warremained to Minusinsk`s County.

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Oskarżeni o współpracę z bolszewikami i działalność komunistyczną przed siedleckim Sądem Okręgowym w latach 1918-1939

Author(s): Danuta Sowińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

Interwar period in Poland was full of many phenomena, which are elements of the development of the new state. Among them was also condemn those that interfere destructively on the general public, and even were the factors threatening the sovereignty of the newly liberated country. In the former Polish Kingdom, attention is the problem of Polish citizens cooperate with the Bolsheviks during the 1920 war phenomenon is met with strong opposition of the broad masses of society and special interest of justice. The case list the Criminal Division of the District Court of Siedlce, early 20s Twentieth century, was the site of many processes, accused of favoring the Bolsheviks, against the Polish state. Each of the pending issues here, reveals another reason to establish this collaboration. Frequently it was the fear, the defendants rarely reveal ideological reasons. With time, these processes took place Lawsuits brought accused of belonging to a communist organization. Although the scale of their operations within the jurisdiction of the District Court of Siedlce was not large, it is especially in the early 30s became prominent among the workers and artisans. Also carried out active propaganda among young people, with an affected by unemployment and lack of prospects. Their goal was to overthrow the existing regime and take power in Poland. Therefore, any Communist activity, increase its vigilance of law enforcement and justice.

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Jewish Students at the Lviv Polytechnic until 1939 (statistical statement)

Author(s): Józef PIŁATOWICZ / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

The aim of this paper is presentation some statistical data on Jews studying at the Lviv Polytechnic until 1939. Also, the question of Jewish women – students of the Lviv Polytechnic, has been examined. The Author have touched upon a completely new research area which is women’s education in the broadly-defined technical field at the turn of the 19th and 20th century.

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Inside the tremendous tobacco industry of Haskovo in the 20th century

Author(s): Veselina Uzunova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article presents a short extract from the monography "The Untold Stories of Haskovo Merchants and Fabricants" which is the first complete and detailed economic history of Haskovo region from 19th to 21st century, with great contribution to the local and national history. The article follows the history from the introduction of tobacco processing and cigarette making to the tobacco worker strikes in 1953, which is the most essential part of the history of the tremendous tobacco industry of Haskovo. The subject has been elaborated little and unsufficiently by Bulgarian historians and quite well by foreign ones, more or less correct in the historical data and detail, but competently captured the local culture and lifestyle in spirit of time.

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Realizacja postanowień Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 17 marca 1921 roku w zakresie wymiaru sprawiedliwości

Author(s): Robert Jastrzębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article – divided into four sections – is centered around the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 17 March 1921 in the area of the administration of justice. The first section discusses the work on a draft constitution carried out between 1917 and 1921, with particular focus on the judiciary. The second analyses the content of the provisions of the Constitution referring to the administration of justice. The third deals with the judicature. In this section, the author discusses the organisation and work of, among others: the State Tribunal, the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, the Competence Tribunal, and courts of common pleas, paying particular attention to the unimplemented norms of the Constitution – mainly the failure to establish administrative courts of different instances with the participation of citizens, and the absence of citizens serving as justices of the peace or jurors. Two issues played important roles in the implementation of constitutional norms regarding the administration of justice. The first was the political situation in Poland after the 1926 May Coup. The second was the amendments to the Constitution introduced in connection with the entry into force of the 1926 “August Amendment”, that gave the President of the Republic of Poland the power to promulgate ordinances having the legal effect of legislative acts. This allowed the Polish government of that time to carry out, to a great extent, a standardisation of the courts of common pleas, which was accomplished by promulgation of the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 6 February 1928 – the Act on the Organisation of Courts of Common Pleas. Additionally, between 1929 and 1932 the government embarked on an extensive program of dismissing existing judges and appointing new ones. Importantly, this was accompanied by a change in the line of jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, according to which courts lost their authority to examine the constitutionality of ordinances promulgated by the President of the Republic of Poland. In the final section of the article – the summary – the author notes that the implementation of the norms of the Constitution concerning the administration of justice was, to a great extent, non-existent, given the political situation after the May Coup. It further points out that the same was also true in the period between 1944 and 1952, during which the basic principles of the Constitution of 17 March 1921 applied.

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Pododbori Udruženja rezervnih oficira i ratnika u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Mislav Gabelica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

In this article, based on the available literature and press, the author analyzed the activities of the Croatian subcommittees of the Association of Reserve Officers and Warriors, one of the most politically and socially influential military-veteran associations in the Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia. At the same time, he emphasized the conflicts of these subcommittees with the headquarters of the Association, observing them in the context of internal political relations in the Yugoslav state, as well as the foreign political situation in the Yugoslav environment in the interwar period. He concluded that these conflicts were primarily influenced by the strong centralization of this society and the inequality between the members from the so-called „Prečanski” regions and those from Serbia. Towards the end of the existence of this society, in the wake of the breakup of the Yugoslav state, conflicts broke out due to the loss of faith of members of the Croatian subcommittees in the meaning of the existence of the Yugoslav state.

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Československý konzulát v Kyjevě objektem zájmu NKVD (1936–1938)

Author(s): Jan Dvořák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The article aims to map the counterintelligence activities of the authorities of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del – NKVD) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic against the Consulate General of the Czechoslovak Republic in Kyiv, which existed between June 1936 and April 1938. The authors make primary use of recently declassified documents from Ukrainian security archives and diplomatic reports of Consul General Rudolf Brabec (1884–1955). They first outline earlier Czechoslovak diplomatic representations in Soviet Ukraine and point out that their functioning was of particular importance for the newly established state, especially because of the existence of a large Czech minority there. The re-establishment of a diplomatic office in Ukraine after almost ten years took place after the establishment of official diplomatic relations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union in 1934 and the opening of its embassy in Moscow. Czechoslovak diplomacy considered this step a success, but quickly sobered up. As the authors document, the Czechoslovak consulate almost immediately became an object of interest for the Soviet security forces and, after a few months (like other embassies in Ukraine) a central lightning rod for the then Stalinist regime’s growing fears of foreign threats. Even before the “Great Terror” began, the consulate was the target of sophisticated actions by the Ukrainian NKVD authorities in an effort to control and gradually paralyse its activities, which eventually contributed to its closure. The authors show a clear connection between the measures taken against the Kyiv consulate and the repression of the Czech minority in Ukraine, which claimed many innocent victims in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

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History of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy in Periodicals of 1918–1945.

Author(s): Viktor Vasilovič Kichera / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the proposed article, an attempt is made to critically study the history of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy (MGCE) on the basis of the press. First of all, attention is focused on the regional press. In general, both church and secular publications were used. The period was not chosen by chance, because it is the period of the interwar and wartime periods of the Czechoslovak Republic. The main task of the research is to study not only the subject matter of the publications, but also the views that were covered in each periodical. The fact is that depending on the edition and the publisher, the content of the publications was appropriate. If religious topics and protection of the Church prevailed in church periodicals, then in government or independent periodicals, in addition to general news, there were also critical articles about the Church. Particular attention is paid to historical topics in these periodicals on the history of the Mukachevo Eparchy. In general, information in journals and the press can significantly supplement historical knowledge not only of the history of the Church, but also of the history of state-church relations and the history of Czechoslovakia of the studied period.

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ACTIVITATEA LUI CONSTANTIN DIAMANDI ÎN CONTEXTUL NEGOCIERII TRATATULUI FRANCO-ROMÂN (1924-1926)

Author(s): Ionel Doctoru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 59/2022

Signed on June 15, 1926 but dated June 10, 1926, the Romanian – French Treaty represented one of the greatest successes of interwar Romanian diplomacy. Constantin Diamandi, Minister plenipotentiary of Romania in France, represented the central figure of the French-Romanian negotiations. The negotiations of the parties covered a period of 3 years, including practically Constantin Diamandi’s first mission to Paris. In this content, the Minister plenipotentiary’s actions included the interaction with a wide range of political leaders, sometimes with completely different points of view and ideology and so, the Romanian diplomat was forced to overcome his personal political beliefs in order to understand a wider spectre of mentality. In Paris, Diamandi’s initiative suffered from the repeated modification of the French approach in foreign policy so that the diplomat was determined to rethink his strategy in front of various French political figures who were not willing to make any compromises. In these conditions, the diplomat gave proof of creativity and political realism and his pressure on the Quai dʼOrsay covered various segments – media, political and last but not least, epistolary.

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ALPHONSE DUPRONT ÎN ROMÂNIA: 1932-1940/41

Author(s): Stefan Lemny / Language(s): Romanian,French Issue: 59/2022

The activity carried out by Alphonse Dupront in Romania between 1932 and 1940 represents a significant page of his life and the cultural history through the intellectual relations between France and Romania. Before delving into historical work with all his pen craftsman-ship, he had played a role in history-making pursuant to his professional commitment to serve his country՚s relations and cultural representation. Assuming his mission diligently, he had served more than France’s prestige in the world, particularly in Romania, and more than the development of the relations between the two countries: his activity also contributed to the cultivation of the European cultural ideal from the end of the interwar period, when it was more threatened than ever. Pierre Chaunu highlighted the significance of the years spent in Romania, which allowed him to discover a whole new manner of being European and understanding Europe from the perspective of the East ignored by the westerners. Hence, the Romanian experience had long-standing effects on the subsequent career of the historian attracted by his university duties, first in Montpellier between 1940 and 1956, then at Paris IV University (he became its chairman in 1969).Of course, despite his deep insight into the Romanian world, Dupront never claimed to have been a specialist like Paul Henry – his predecessor as the head of the French Cultural Institute, the author of a fundamental monograph about the Bukovina churches. This is the reason why he declined the invitation addressed by Demostene Botez to write a paper about Eminescu in the journal “Viața Românească” for a homage issue of 1963, “[...] I believe in what I write. The more extensive the topic, the more respect it demands” – having read and known the great poet’s work during his stay was not enough for him to comment upon it. Dupront proved to be one of the great historians of his country when he defended his thesis on the “myth of the Crusade” in 1956, and continued to be a friend of Romanians and helped to make their history known.

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Lühidalt

Author(s): Anika KRONBERG / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2023

Review of: Hendrik Adamson. Kirjade kuningas. Koostanud Hando Runnel, toimetanud Katre Ligi. Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2023. 255 lk.

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„Kui ilusasti on Jumal mind loonud, et ma tohin eestlane olla.” Lapsepõlveprojektsioone naisautorite 1930. aastate teise poole realistlikus lasteproosas

Author(s): Mari Niitra / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2023

The period of Estonian independence between 1918 and 1940 was also a prolific time for Estonian children’s literature: various genres evolved and books were being published vigorously. However, works from that period have received relatively little attention from researchers. This article focuses on realistic children’s fiction written by women in the second half of the 1930s, known as the authoritarian Era of Silence. Characteristically of the era, there were public debates on whether children’s literature should depict reality in an idealized way or handle problematic aspects as well. In this article, I have analyzed how childhood and the conditions of children’s upbringing are depicted in these works, as well as how societal and educational expectations are reflected in them. The range of families portrayed in these stories varies from orphaned children and poor families to modern, well off households. Recurring themes are the importance of education as the key to a better future and overcoming poverty. Rural life is idealized and essential connections with country life are always emphasized. On the one hand, these works depict the growing up of first generation urban intellectuals who fled the harsh conditions and poverty of countryside, but on the other hand, it is considered important to introduce children to rural life as something “genuinely Estonian”. For example, children working as herders during the summer vacation is a recurring motif. The books reflect the intellectual debates of the time which sought a balance between tradition and modernization, even seeing modern urban life as a certain threat to national identity. Children are associated with the nation’s future, hence the exemplary moral attitudes of the characters and their willingness to assume the role of either a civil or war hero.

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THE ROMANIAN PRESS AND MARRIAGE (THE INTERWAR EPOCH)

Author(s): Fănel Teodoraşcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

In the present study, we aim at investigating what some of the Romanian journalists from the past used to write about “marriage”. The period researched by us is, mostly, the interwar one (that is, between the two World Wars from the 20th century). In order to conduct our study, we also read texts which do not belong to the interwar period. We focused mainly to some matters/topics such as: marriage scammers, the ideal (in) marriage, marriage as a business, marriage through matrimonial ads, rules imposed to the woman who wanted the title of “good wife” etc.

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Notes on the Beginning of Romanian - Portuguese Diplomatic Relations (1880-1922)

Author(s): Mircea Iliescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In 1880, the first special Romanian mission was sent to Lisbon with the objective of acknowledging Romania’s independence and establishing diplomatic relations between the two states. For almost 40 years, the diplomatic project could not be realized. Only in 1919 and 1920 was it possible to open legations in Bucharest and Lisbon. At the consular level, there are two honorary consulates of Romania in Portugal (1896 and 1906) and one of Portugal in Romania (1912). The Portuguese initiative from 1909 should also be mentioned. In conclusion, we cannot speak of a continued Romanian diplomatic presence in Lisbon before 1928.

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THE PAINFUL MEMORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR: RETREAT TO THE ”CAPITAL OF RESISTANCE” IN THE ROMANIAN WAR NOVELS FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD

Author(s): Iuliana-Gabriela Blăjan (Popa) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

A nation's participation in war involves more or less assumed risks, and the interplay of all the mechanisms involved in the logistics of war can never be known in advance. This study argues that, following the principle of causality, the war literature centred on the major military conflict of the early twentieth century eloquently seconds history in its presentation of events. Revisiting one of history's eternally contested dilemmas of the human perspective on an approaching war, the genre literature reinforces the idea that the 'diagnosis' is often wrong and far too optimistic. Novels by Romanian writers of the interwar period present the tragic exodus to Moldova as an artistic replica of an event that is strikingly similar to the simplified presentation of historical fact. The idea that emerges from the fictional framework of these novels is that the exit from neutrality, although animated by the best intentions, has a high degree of dangerousness, and its repercussions are only the predictable consequence of a reality that is deliberately ignored. However, literature does not limit itself to justifying this error of perspective and its results - the unreasonable enthusiasm of the public, the weaknesses of the political class, the ignorance of one's own capacity for struggle - but, through its obsession with making the spasms and nebulousness of history accessible, seeks to clarify the disturbances of perception and orientation and, ultimately, to make human existence more coherent, more tolerable and less overwhelming. What is certain is that Romania's military intervention in the First World War, a crucial event in national history, was made at the cost of immense sacrifices, and fiction encapsulates in words what history enshrines in eternity through blood. The image of an entire nation taking refuge has aroused great interest among novelists, and their artistic contribution on this thematic segment illustrates the interdependence of history and literature, not only by presenting events chronologically, but above all by facilitating an understanding of a frightening historical reality and the sinister energies unleashed with the outbreak of the Great War.

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RIVALRY FOR INFLUENCE BETWEEN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND POLITICAL REGIMES IN THE LITHUANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN 1918–1940

Author(s): Dangiras Mačiulis / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2023

In the interwar period of the 20th century, the formation of the national education system took place in Lithuania. The Catholic Church sought to actively participate in the creation of this system in order to consolidate the principles of the organization of its educational system. The political regimes in interwar Lithuania sought to create a unified national education system, and the Catholic Church sought to make the educational system in line with its principles in the field of education. The article reviews how the Catholic Church and political regimes competed for dominant influence in the field of education in Lithuania during the interwar period (1918–1940). It is said that the struggle for influence in youth education was most clearly manifested in the field of secondary education (higher than primary education), because the position of the Catholic Church in this field was the strongest: Catholic educational societies had created a network of private schools. The Catholic Church and the Christian Democrats defending its position held the view that only a confessional school that nurtures the Christian spirit is suitable for Catholic children. Therefore, the state is required to finance private Catholic schools that meet the educational ideals of Catholic society. Catholic public figures and Christian Democrat politicians proposed to implement the principle of cultural autonomy in the country’s education system, which would guarantee the financing of private Catholic schools. During the period of Lithuanian parliamentarism (before the coup d’état of December 17, 1926), the position of the Catholic Church in the field of education clashed most strongly with the viewpoint of left-wing political forces. The leftist political forces sought to entrust the state with the right to determine educational ideals. The idea of a denominational school was alien to the left wing – they considered it an internal concern of the religious community itself, and the introduction of compulsory religious education in schools contradicted the fundamental values of the left-wing activists. After December 17, 1926 the nationalist political regime, established during the coup d’état, was guided by the rule that the monopoly of education must be in the hands of the state – only it has the exclusive right to educate its citizens. These attitudes were reflected in the education reform carried out in the mid-forties, which not only unified the educational chain up to high school, but also demonstrated the government’s unwavering political course towards the monopolization of the educational system. The monopolization of education by the state brought the nationalist government into conflict with the Catholic Church, which, defending its rights in the education system, demanded the implementation of the principle of cultural autonomy. The government sought to monopolize education and ended this process in 1938, the year the new Constitution of Lithuania was adopted.

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POSŁUGA KAPELANA WOJSKOWEGO W LATACH 1918-1920 W ŚWIETLE PAMIĘTNIKA KS. ANDRZEJA MASNEGO-MKNIEWSKIEGO CM

Author(s): Wacław Umiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 120/2023

The purpose of the article is to introduce the issue of military pastoral care during the Polish-Ukrainian War (1918–1919) and the Polish-Bolshevik War (1919–1920). One of the important events after the end of World War I was the establishment of the Field Bishopric of the Polish Army in Poland. Rev. Stanisław Gall, previously auxiliary bishop of the Warsaw Archdiocese, became the first field bishop in 1919. The article showcases the rules of military chaplains during this difficult period. The main part of the publication was devoted to the life and activities of Rev. Andrzej Masny-Mkniewski, CM. His ministry as a chaplain was analysed in detail on the basis of his personal recollections. At first, he served in the general hospital, as well as on the streets of the city during the defence of Lviv (from November 1918 to February 1919). He served as chaplain of the 8th Legion Infantry Regiment from 24 March to 12 November 1919. Together with the regiment, he participated in the Battle of Denysiv and Berezhany, among other battles. Then, by decision of the military pastoral authorities, he was assigned to the 35th Infantry Regiment, where he remained from 25 November to 10 September 1920. Noteworthy in this period is his heroic stand during the retreat from the Dnieper and Grodno rivers, the attack and assault on the village of Kalinowo near Wyszków, as well as during the crossing at Borkowo near Nasielsk. In the memoirs of commanders, he is remembered as a pastor who fulfilled his ministry not only in the barracks, but above all as a zealous confessor during frontline battles. He celebrated Mass and organized other services in many places and attended funerals of fallen soldiers. He visited soldiers in the hospital, during rest, as well as during combat operations. He spared no effort or good word to encourage soldiers to fight the advancing enemy. As the regiment’s education officer, he also fulfilled his duties in every respect, distributing books to subunits and individual soldiers and arranging various talks.

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The collector Jindřich Waldes and the curator Jan Hofman: One museum, two approaches

Author(s): Kateřina Hrušková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The study deals with an aspect not considered until now in relation to the Waldes Museum of Buttons and Fasteners, existing in Prague-Vršovice between 1916 and 1945, founded at the initiative of Prague industrialist, collector, and patron of the arts Jindřich Waldes. Alongside Waldes, the other key figure was art historian, conservationist and museum curator Jan Ješek Hofman, whose work between 1916 and 1919 in many ways achieved the plan to build a collection and research institution. What was behind this outwardly-representative, functioning private institution and how did the relationship between Waldes, an enthusiastic and affluent private collector, and Hofman, the expert tasked with putting his ideas in place at a professional level, actually evolve? The study aims to present an interpretation of the relationship by analysing preserved archival materials and period publications. It also represents the Waldes Museum as a remarkable museum experiment.

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Cultural Heritage in the Field of the Idea of Nature Protection in the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939) as an Antecedent of Ecological Education in Poland at the Turn of the 21st Century

Author(s): Edyta Wolter / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

the heritage of Polish culture, Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939);nature conservation, ecological education;Act of 10 March 1934 on nature conservation;spiritual “fathers” of nature conservation/ecological educationThe aim of the article is to present the heritage of Polish culture on the example of the co-creators of the idea of nature protection, the “spiritual fathers” of ecological education in the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939) who developed normative acts of nature protection, such as the Act of 10 March 1934 on nature protection. They contributed to the establishment of the Temporary Commission for Nature Conservation (1919) / State Council for Nature Conservation (1925), the League for Nature Conservation (1928). They were advocates of nature reserves, national parks, as well as broadly understood education of Polish society aimed at raising ecological awareness (environmental education). The research problem is set in the interpretative paradigm of humanistic, social sciences. Consequently, a qualitative method of research was applied (qualitative text analysis /qualitative analysis of documents), in which hermeneutic understanding and text interpretation is relevant. The source basis includes printed texts and scientific research directly and indirectly connected with the subject issue. Shaping environmental awareness in the process of environmental education in the Second Polish Republic has a timeless value. It is a valuable heritage of national culture and an antecedent of ecological education implemented in the general tendency of postmodern culture, which evokes the ideals of the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

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On the Beginnings of the Axiology in Employment Using the Example of the Act on Juveniles and Women Work of 1924

Author(s): Maria Bosak-Sojka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article analyses the first Polish regulations concerning the employment of juveniles and women. In the original version, both entities were protected by a common, collective legal act. In addition to the normative analysis, the paper aims to indicate the emerging protective regulations and to highlight the threads considered today as the axiology of employment in relation to these particularly protected entities. The study was enriched with views expressed in the then literature on the subject and references to practice, as well as an assessment of the solutions used from the perspective of almost a hundred years from the enactment of the law. Due to the proposed temporal scope, the article is innovative, allowing at the same time to highlight the most important changes in the scope of the discussed matter. In perspective, this study will be used to evaluate the regulations currently in force, which are addressed separately to working women and juveniles.

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