A hátország megtévesztő nyugalma

Author(s): Szilárd Ferenczi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III/2016

War is a disquieting episode in one’s life, even if one sits out the clash of arms, as was the case of the people living in Cluj during World War I. However far from the battle sites, they soon fell victims to the war effort. Between 1914 and 1918 food became more and more scarce, the price of everything rose, and requisitions entered in a monthly routine. Female labor was unable to replace the many thousand men absenting the local economy. Medium sized and lower incomes drastically diminished, thus endangering the livelihood of many families. Moreover, the city was caught in a continuous gush of military personnel, and was practically run over by refugees fleeing the Romanian offensive in September of 1916. Circumstances favored the traders, the black marketers, the pub owners and the young silent movie industry. Through desperate measures city management tried hard to keep the recession afloat. The end of war erupted in a chaos of disintegration for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A new era was soon to begin for the city of Cluj.

Tarnyba Kauno miesto ir apskrities viešojoje policijoje 1918–1932 m.

Author(s): Kęstutis Noreika / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2015

The present article analyses police service at Kaunas County in 1918–1933. In 1918, when Lithuania regained its independence, law enforcement structures were organized in addition to other most important state institutions. Until mid-1920s, public order was ensured by militia because of an unstable situation in the country. On January 1, 1924, militia was reformed to police and subdivided into public, border, railway, and criminal police. Public police became the most important structure in ensuring order.There was no rush in making laws at the beginning of the Lithuanian independence as the Russian law heritage was trusted. Police officers’ recruitment was very scarcely regulated during the first years of independence. The governance structures, which were independently established, were appointed to control police activities; however, law enforcement structures were mainly operating independently because of lack of officials. At the beginning of independence, police was established during a very unfavourable time when there were no competent officials and there was a lack of finances and people suitable to hold office. An attempt was made to prepare a person for the position when s/he entered the police. For this reason, The Lower Police School was established in 1923 in Rokiškis, where policemen and senior policemen were trained. Some officers entered the school before starting their service, while others after they started their service. After three–six months training, the officers were appointed as policemen at a police station. However, policemen stayed at their position only for three years on average because of poor supply and low salaries. As the changing of officers was high, the school which trained policemen was closed in 1926.Due to the fact that the law base was undeveloped, the career of police officers depended not only on their skills but also on their relationship with their heads and the situation in the whole police system during the independence period. Ordinary policemen often broke the rules during their service time. For violations, penalties were imposed, i.e. arrest from one to fourteen days. The officers who were often at fault did not perform their service for a long time and were dismissed or transferred to another place. As policemen performed their service for a short time, they could not reach a higher rank. Every year attestation of the officers took place in the police structure. During attestation, officers could attain a higher rank, stay in the same position, or be dismissed. The changing of officers was high because of an undeveloped selection system in the police; therefore, the career of policemen at Kaunas County was very complicated during the independence period.

Prikazi

Author(s): Vanja Budišćak,Ivan Mihanović,Filip Katanić,Marko Zubak,Domagoj Novosel,Mijo Beljo,Đuro Škvorc,Daniel Patafta,Ivana Šubic Kovačević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Zrinka Blažević, Prevođenje povijesti. Teorijski obrati i suvremena historijska znanost (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2014), 192 str. Ilija Vučur, Mate Rupić, ur., Dokumenti vojne provenijencije “Republike Srpske Krajine” (siječanj – travanj 1995.) (Zagreb: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata, 2014), 412 str. Josipa Maras Kraljević, Janja Sekula Gibač, ur., Dokumenti institucija pobunjenih Srba u Republici Hrvatskoj (siječanj – travanj 1995.) (Zagreb; Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata; Hrvatski institut za povijest, Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema, 2014), 378 str. Ivan Radoš, Željka Križe, ur., Dokumenti institucija pobunjenih Srba u Republici Hrvatskoj (svibanj – kolovoz 1995.) (Zagreb; Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata; Hrvatski institut za povijest, Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema, 2015), 391 str. Henry Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin Press, 2014), 420 str. Igor Duda, Danas kada postajem pionir. Djetinjstvo i ideologija jugoslavenskoga socijalizma (Zagreb; Pula: Srednja Europa; Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile, 2015), 274 str. Samcevič Andrej Andreevič, Rusi i Ukrajinci u oružanim snagama Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 1941. – 1945. (Zagreb: Despot Infinitus, 2015), 381 str. Tomislav Brković, Stjepan Lovrić, Miljenko Petričević, Jozo Šarčević, ur., Rama 1942. Zbornik radova (Rama-Šćit: Franjevački samostan, 2014), 349 str. Zorislav Lukić, Hrvoje Petrić, ur., 110 godina Hrvatske seljačke stranke. Zbornik radova (Zagreb: Matica hrvatska; Povijesno društvo Križevci; Zaklada braće Radić, 2015), 635 str. Marko Medved, Riječka Crkva u razdoblju fašizma. Nastanak biskupije i prvi talijanski upravitelji (Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost; Riječka nadbiskupija; Državni arhiv u Pazinu, 2015), 751 str. Hrvoje Čapo, Kraljevina čuvara - Represivni aparat monarhističke Jugoslavije na području hrvatskih zemalja (1918. - 1941.) (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2015), 411 str. Alexander Watson, Ring of steel. Germany and Austria-Hungary at war, 1914–1918 (London: Penguin Books, 2015), 787 str.

Barbara Gołajewska-Chudzikiewicz, Świat, którego już nie ma

Author(s): Jakub Gałęziowski,Barbara Gołajewska-Chudzikiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2015

The biographical account of Barbara Gołajewska-Chudzikiewicz was recorded in 2007 as a part of the documentary project “The Forgotten Witnesses to the 20th century” run by the KARTA Centre and the History Meeting House. The narrator tells the story of her life, as well as the story of her family, starting in 1918. As the material is very extensive, in this publication only the fragments regarding the years 1918–1945 are presented. The narrative, in a manner typical for landed gentry of the Kielce region, contains a description of Ms Gołajewska-Chudzikiewicz’s childhood and family life in a small landed estate of Bieganów in the times of the Second Polish Republic. It gives insight into the course of her education, upbringing of children and young people in a landowning family, relations between the servants and the landowners, everyday life in the manor house, along with civilization difficulties, celebrating of holidays, the manor-village relations, and finally the general way the landed family functioned between the countryside and the city. The next important part of the narrative starts with the outbreak of WWII and conveys the everyday life of the manor under German occupation in the General-Government. The narrator describes the functions of the Polish manor in occupation conditions: helping and giving shelter to those displaced from the territories incorporated to the Third Reich, helping the Warsaw Uprising fugitive fighters, active participation in the Home Army structures, and relations with the German invader, as well as food and clothes extortions run by armed groups of unknown provenance, and confrontation with the Soviet army entering from the East.

ZAŁOŻENIA I PRIORYTETY POLSKIEJ POLITYKI SPOŁECZNEJ W LATACH 1918–1939

Author(s): Paweł Grata / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2012

The process of creating the basic assumptions of the social policy of the Second Republic was extremely complicated and a coherent vision of the state's involvement in solving social issues was developed only in the thirties. At that time there was a clear definition of the Polish social policy framework. The final design included the issue of employment, social security, welfare, immigration and health care. An important factor in the development of social policy objectives was their dependence on economic conditions and the related development of methods for solving the ever changing social issues. With time, the modernization efforts were more and more important, due to them the Polish social policy was supposed to become more modern and focused on the removal of not only the effects but also the causes of the problems in society.

Matične knjige župe Dubrave 1708.-1946.: izgubljeni svjedoci naše prošlosti

Author(s): Marinko Marić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

The article presents the results of research based on the analysis of archive sources about the church parish registers of Dubrava in Herzegovina, from its foundation in 1704 until the destruction of the registers in 1985. The author describes the importance of registers as the most relevant sources for historical, demographic and genealogical research, their history, origin and development. The paper delivers details on the oldest preserved registers in the world, then in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the area of Trebinje-Mrkan, including the area of the parish of Dubrava. A brief history of the parish, its territorial scope and the church divisions, i.e. the establishment of new parishes that split from the Dubrava parish are also described. The main part comprises the historical facts of the parish registers of Dubrava. According to sources, their destiny had been traced before 1832, when they were destroyed in fire. However, what was unknown refers to the records kept after this year, when the Communist authorities confiscated the registers from the parish office in Prenj and deposited them in the Registry office of Crnici. There they suffered the same fate as the older registers, they were mostly destroyed by arson in 1985. Having followed the traces of the register remains which were not completely burnt but were, more or less, charred, the author conducted interviews with the then registrar, police investigators and other eye witnesses of the event and on the basis of their testimony tried to track the rest of the registers.

Акад. Димитър Косев – изследовател на външната политика на управлението на Андрей Ляпчев (1926–1931): Историографски наблюдения

Author(s): Rumyana Parvanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2014

The article observes some areas of the scientific creativity of D. Kossev which were dedicated to the Bulgarian history in the 1920s and developed by him in the 1950s and 1960s. It also traces scientific publications on Lyapchev’s foreign policy written by other scholars in the late 1940s – mid 1960s. The author focuses on the historiographical reassessment of the foreign policy of the Bulgarian State (1918–1944) – reassessment that started in the end of the 1960s until the mid 1970s. She also reveals D. Kossev’s attitude to the theses of historians such as N. Genchev and I. Dimitrov and highlights D. Kossev’s contribution made in his monograph published in the mid-1990s, on the foreign policy of Bulgaria under the government of A. Lyapchev. An attempt is made to assess the work in terms of the development of objective historical processes and in view of its place in the historiography on foreign policy of the interwar Bulgaria. Attention has also been paid to the most recent scientific writings dealing with the external aspects of the refugee and the stabilization loan and reparations.

Преброяване, труд и общество: руската емиграция в България през 20-те години на ХХ в. Ч. І-II

Author(s): Penka Peykovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2014

The subject of present study is the socio-economic outlook of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria as revealed by the 1920 and 1926 Bulgarian population censuses. The quantitative analysis of these census data gives the opportunity to examine in details Russian emigration’s labor activity, social structure and participation of its labor resources in various sectors, sub-sectors, professional groups and individual crafts of post-war Bulgarian economy and especially to delineate Russian women’s place in Bulgaria labor market, their social role. In the first part of the study investigated the literacy level, economic activity coefficient and sex structure of Russian immigrants’ economic activity, and in the second one – its social structure based on status in employment and occupational distribution within the social groups. Russian immigrants’ (sub)sectoral employment was predetermined by the (sub)sectoral development of the Bulgarian economy in whose structure dominated agriculture, and in industry – light industry (food and textile ones). Despite these realities about half of the Russian immigrants worked in industry, which was due to the post-war boom in some of its branches. In the initial period of their coming to Bulgaria the next in line sector, where they found jobs, was agriculture, but in 1926 we see them in public service- and liberal professions. As it concerns the social structure of the Russian diaspora in Bulgaria within it prevailed the workers – about 70% that was in contrast to the Bulgarian society, where its share was not large (but growing); the proportion of Russian workers in the entire working class in Bulgaria was small (0,6%). Russian workers were most numerous in agriculture and coal mines, but their share was most essential in the construction of roads, bridges and railways, maritime transport, metal mines, salt works, production of vegetable oils, livestock trade. Employees among Russians were around 15% (1926); their relative share within all employees in Bulgaria was much larger – they constituted more than 2% of them. Their biggest share was in the professional groups of dentists and dental technicians (17%), engineers (14%), doctors (12%), musical artists (10%). Independent, self-employees were few in Bulgarian society, among Russians even less – with a downward trend; remarkably, the latter were more in the variation of Russian women than within the one of Russian men. In distinction from the typical for Bulgaria female employment in agriculture, thanks to their high literacy and education, the Russian immigrant women found job performance mainly in public service- and liberal professions, and by mid-1920s they had already entered industrial production.

Приноси на проф. Любомир Милетич за изучаване на историята на българския език и срещу опитите тя да бъде крадена

Author(s): Georgi Mitrinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

Conference Report

Формиране и развитие на международните образователни обменни програми на САЩ през 30-те – 60-те години на XX век: цели на културната дипломация

Author(s): Simona Samuilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

The purpose of this article is to examine the establishment and trace the development of educational exchange programmes in the United States during the first four decades of their existence. During this period, educational exchanges became an integral part of public and cultural diplomacy of the United States and thus a major element of their relations with other countries. The International exchange programs in Washington appeared in the 1930s. They were created in response to the threat of Nazi penetration in Latin America and a corresponding decrease of the American influence in the region. Cold War further politicized cultural and educational exchange, considering it an important element of opposition to the Soviet cultural propaganda. Concerns about the national security helped to unify the activities of public and private sector in the promotion of American power and influence around the world. This aspiration defined the objectives of cultural diplomacy, namely restraining the communist influence; strengthening the strategic position of the United States in the world; disseminating democratic values, and creating influence among the political elite of other countries.

Граф Мурани или вторият дом на цар Фердинанд. Изследване за връзките на династията на Кобургите със Словакия. Roman Holec. Coburgovci a Slovensko (Роман Холец. Кобургите и Словакия). Bratislava, „Kalligram“, 2010. 463 s.

Author(s): Nikolay Kochankov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

Book Review

Владимир Златарски. Райхът и Царството. Германското присъствие в България (1933–1940 г.). С., Изд. „Авангард Прима“, 2014. 415 с.

Author(s): Vitka Toshkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

Book Review

OD NAMIESTNIKA DO WOJEWODY. LIKWIDACJA ZABORCZEGO SYSTEMU PRAWNO-ADMINISTRACYJNEGO W GALICJI W OKRESIE BUDOWY II RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ (1918–1921). WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA

Author(s): Ryszard Tomczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2010

The Polish State, after the years of partitions after the World War I, beside the fight for borders,was forced to undertake some actions to unify law and administration of the lands that had been in different systems of the partitioning countries. One of the more difficult challenges was regulation of the territory of the former Austrian partition. Especially in Eastern Galicia, hardbitten in the World War I, the Polish-Ukrainian War, and the Polish-Bolshevik War. In the first days of November 1918 the Polish authorities in Warsaw delivered the authorities of the Austrian Empire their position to take over Galicia. On the territory, destroyed due to war actions, the Poles introduced new regulations and administration. It happened gradually, when fights moved eastward and peace conditions were introduced. On the turn of 1918/1919 the Chief of State Jozef Piłsudski issued first decrees that concerned organization of the administration, administration of justice, police, and finances on the territory of Galicia. In 1919 the first Polish Parliament – Sejm started its activity. Then the process of law unification started, concerning among others the lands of southeastern Poland. After the Polish-Bolshevik War, in 1921 the territory was divided into four provinces (Voivodeships): the Krakowskie Province, the Lwowskie Province, the Tarnopolskie Province, and Stanisławowskie Province. Provincial administration started their activity. In the years 1918–1922 the main legal and administrative structures of the State were shaped on the territory of southeastern Poland (the territory of the former Austrian partition).

Владимир Златарски. Райхът и царството: Германското присъствие в България 1933–1940 г. (Das Reich und das Königreich. Die deutsche Anwesenheit in Bulgarien (1933–1940). София, Изд. Авангард Прима, 2014. 415 S.

Author(s): Vitka Toshkova / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2014

Book Review

Obywatelstwo państwa polskiego w świetle orzecznictwa Najwyższego Trybunału Administracyjnego 1922–1939

Author(s): Dorota Malec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

After Poland restored its independence in 1918, the subject of Polish citizenship was regulated by the provisions of international law, particularly those found in the Versailles Treaty of 24 June 1919, as well as by those formulated in the Treaty with Austria signed in St. Germain en Laye on 10. Sept. 1919, those laid down in the Treaty of Riga of 18 March 1921, and additionally, by the provisions of domestic law, namely the provisions of the Statute on Citizenship of the Polish State of 20 Jan. 1920. It was as early as during the work on the aforementioned Statute that there appeared problems that, in the years which followed, became detectable in decisions taken by the Supreme Administrative Tribunal. It was the latter that – within the scope of its competence – controlled the legality of decisions made on the occasion of adjudicating in matters concerned with the application of provisions on citizenship of the Polish state. In the judicial decisions of the Tribunal, which was established in 1922, there dominated those concerned with the certification of citizenship for which there applied the individuals who acquired the citizenship by virtue of law. The Tribunal also frequently decided in matters referring to making an option of citizenship, the option being allowed by the Versailles Treaty. The Tribunal cautiously appraised the proceedings designed to expel an individual from the territory of Poland. What the Tribunal considered to be a defect in the proceedings was inter alia too general a justification of decisions that referred to the refusal of granting citizenship to the person applying for it. Although the doctrine of the time regarded the act of granting citizenship as the decision that the competent organ made within its discretionary power, the Supreme Administrative Tribunal oversaw each case to ensure that the boundaries of the discretionary power were not exceeded. Likewise, in each case the Tribunal considered itself to be the organ that was competent to check the regularity of proceedings. In each case the Tribunal made a penetrating interpretation of provisions and would repeatedly return to the most difficult questions. Among the latter there were inter alia the interpretation of such notions as affiliation with the commune, domicile and the place of settling and military service as titles that justified the acquisition of citizenship. As a result of its control over the administrative practice, the Tribunal managed to reveal many infringements of provisions. This led to the quashing of decisions that were subject to complaints. In this respect the activities of the Tribunal deserve credit.

Forma rządu i typologii ustrojów politycznych w socjalistycznie ukierunkowanej myśli politycznej na Ukrainie Zachodniej w okresie międzywojennym XX wieku

Author(s): Ruslan Demchyshak / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2015

Persuasion of theorists of Ukrainian political opinion of Western Ukraine, publicism and position papers of socialistic aspiration parties for the purpose the analysis of forms and institutional bases of the state are investigated. Payment of the Ukrainian thinkers-socialists in the range of problems of classification of the political regimes, determination of their signs are analysed. The scientific contribution of theorists of Ukrainian political opinion of socialistic aspiration out to research of forms state government, principle of distribution of power and system of inhibitions and counterbalances between its branches, state-political institutes of country's, parliament and government, problem of rights and freedoms of person, electoral process, local self-government leader are found out. Political priorities of scientists and ideologists of Ukrainian organized socialism are investigated, their constructions of process are exposed.

UZURPACIJA ZEMLJIŠNIH POSJEDA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI U SVJETLU AGRARNE LEGISLATIVE OD AUSTROUGARSKE UPRAVE DO 1948. GODINE

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 19/2016

This paper deals with the usurpation of property of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a view to changes in the area of property ownership. In this regard, the adoption of regulations and the implementation of a number of measures by the authorities, there has been a significant change in property ownership structure of land and other real estate in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A special influence on the change had “agrarane reforms” implemented several times in the period from 1918 to 1990, but also other social and economic processes, such as nationalization, confiscation, expropriation and land consolidation committee. All this has had an impact on the change of property ownership pictures in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These processes particularly impacted Bosniak property, which was significantly reduced, and thus their economic strength and power, but also a living space. All these processes were carried out under the pretext of “reform”, and accompanied by adequate legislation, which allowed them to be the same from a legal and practical point of spend freely.

Aated ja stiiliotsingud: ekspressionism 1920. aastate eesti teatris

Author(s): Luule Epner / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2015

In Estonian theatre, the experience of World War I found expression somewhat belatedly, in the early 1920s, when Expresssionist plays, mainly by contemporary German playwrights – Ernst Toller,Walter Hasenclever, Georg Kaiser et al – were staged in the Estonia Theatre, in the Drama Theatre and in the amateur Hommikteater (Morning Theatre, 1921–1924). The article examines the most significant Expressionist stage productions, focusing on the relations between their ideological, affective and stylistic dimensions. Critical and audience receptions of Expressionist plays are discussed as well.In the Estonia Theatre, a group of young actors and directors(Ants Lauter, Erna Villmer, et al) sought to innovate theatrical language by making use of new, Expressionist devices. In contrast, the amateur Hommikteater (led by August Bachmann and Nigol Andresen)placed emphasis on spreading the ideals of new humanity and social justice, which reflected the left-wing sympathies of the troupe , but their work was also distinguished by an inventive style and a strong emotional impact on audiences. The members of the literary group Tarapita (who promoted Expressionism themselves)enthusiastically supported Hommikteater. This little theatre became highly influential in the process of theatre innovation, despite its very small audiences.However, the key ideas and ideals of postwar Expressionism (including a strong anti-war pathos) had rather little effect on Estonian theatre in general. Expressionism mainly contributed to the widening of the stylistic palette of Estonian theatrical art. This can be partly explained by the social situation of the 1920s: victory in the War of Independence and the subsequent building of the independent Estonian state raised nationalist spirits and made people less sensitive to the destructive experiences of World War I as reflected in postwar German Expressionism.

PROIZVODNJA DUHANA U HERCEGOVINI NA PRIMJERU RADA DUHANSKE STANICE MOSTAR U 1932. GODINI

Author(s): Sead Šejtanić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2015

Tobacco came to Herzegovina during the period of Ottoman rule, and with the establishing of Austro-Hungarian administration the state instituted monopoly on its production, which was continued in the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Herzegovina was a suitable area for the cultivation of tobacco, especially of the more quality kinds. The planting of tobacco was a very serious, demanding and risky business which required at least ten months of work per year. The state authorities, charged with monitoring these activities, had through their officials and tobacco stations, as is shown in this paper on the example of the Mostar tobacco station in 1932, invested maximum efforts so that farmers would cultivate fields that were appropriate for this culture, to plant those kinds of tobacco for which they were given seeds, and the whole process did not end there, but was continued until the buyout at the end of the year. A strict inspection overview was maintained through various measures, from counting of bundles and leaves, submitting of tobacco damaged by natural causes, sorting of tobacco according to the rules of submitting crops, and through many other control measures. It can be said that the whole procedure was placed under strict supervision of legal regulations, state authorities and their inspection officials. Apart from domestic use, the tobacco of Herzegovina was also exported as a quality and recognizable good.

Dragana Gnjatović, Privilegovana agrarna banka : prilog istoriji poljoprivrednog kredita Srbije 1836−1947 ...

Author(s): Žarko Lazarevič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014