Hierarchia aktów prawnych wprowadzonych przez okupanta niemieckiego w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie w latach 1939–1945

Author(s): Andrzej Wrzyszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

Under the decree of 12 October 1939 by the Reich Chancellor the competences to constitute legal provisions for the General Government were vested in the Ministry for the Reich Defense, the plenipotentiary for the Four- Year Plan and the Governor- General. In practice other central government bodies not provided for in the 12 October decree also issued normative acts – mainly Führer and Chancellor themselves. No formal hierarchy of legal acts was ever introduced within the General Government. On the basis of the content layout of the official journals of law one can attempt to list normative acts issued by the General Government bodies with regard to their importance. The General Governor Hans Frank’s ordinances could be acknowledged as the framework of the legislation. Apart from that he also issued proclamations and decrees. Proclamations were of a political and propagandist character, decrees concerned in most cases political system issues while ordinances were to constitute surrogate for acts. Implementing regulations, implementing provisions, notices, police ordinances, tariff ordinances, ordinances, notices, proclamations by a higher commander of Hitler’s SS and police could be placed lower in the hierarchy. It should be firmly stressed that a lot of the provisions issued by the German occupation authorities in the General Government may be regarded as “shameful law – statutory lawlessness”.

Ludobójstwo: operacja polska NKWD (1937–1938). Uchwała Biura Politycznego KC WKP(b) oraz rozkazy szefa NKWD ZSRR

Author(s): Adam Lityński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

After the Polish-Bolshevik war in 1921 between 1.1 and 1.2 million Polish people remained in Russia (later USSR). The sovietisation of Poles did not bring satisfying effects. A sense of national spirit was getting stronger. Polish operation was focusing on physical mass extermination of Poles only because of the fact they were Polish. It is estimated that 240,000–280,000 Polish citizens were arrested together with their families whereas between 220,000–250,000 Poles, most of which were the Soviet Union citizens, were shot dead or deprived of their lives in other ways, were shot dead or deprived of their lives in other ways. There are even some estimations talking about 400,000 murdered Poles. Polish operation had a typical characteristic of an ethnic cleansing and genocide. On the 14th July 2009 the Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed a resolution honoring the victims of crimes on Polish people between 1937–1939 and called it “a genocide”.

Ustrój sądowy Prus, II Rzeszy i Republiki Weimarskiej (1815–1871 i 1918–1933)

Author(s): Tadeusz Maciejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Prussia has initiated a change in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. The final separation of the judiciary from the administration was their first result. Furthermore, there was a gradual elimination of the patrimonial courts and separate municipal courts. The ultimate goal was to adapt the organization of the judiciary to the division of the country, while creating exclusive judicial system of the state. The Royal Decree of 1849 and subsequent laws from 1851 to 1852, which together have put uniform system of common courts in Prussia brought the new system of Prussian justice. The new organization of the judiciary, already for the Second Reich was composed of official courts, national courts operating in regions, and the Court of the Reich, based in Leipzig. In addition to courts of law, the courts and the special offices functioned, often associated with them, both in the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic. Almost each of the analyzed courts and the offices of the Second Reich, and later the Weimar Republic, was indirectly connected to the administrative judiciary. It occurred, at the same time, only in its most important federal states, e.g. Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony.

Orzecznictwo Sądu Okręgowego w Krakowie w sprawach o bluźnierstwo (1 września 1932 r. – 1 września 1939 r.)

Author(s): Maciej Mikuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

According to reviews of penal cases in the District Court in Kraków, there were 46 cases based on Art. 172, i.e. blasphemy, in the period from September 1, 1932 (when the new penal code entered into force) to the beginning of the Second World War. 72.5% of those accused were sentenced to 6 to 12 months in prison (1/3 of sentences were suspended). The National Archive in Kraków contains the acts of only 16 cases; the rest were destroyed. From these remaining acts we learn that most of the accused were farmers or workers who were poorly educated and owned no property, and that they committed the crime mostly during the course of a quarrel, not rarely under the influence of alcohol. Judges did not verify prerequisites of the blasphemy precisely; they did not analyse the intent of the accused sufficiently. This negligence was demonstrated by attorneys, but without any positive results for the accused. The strong social demur against blasphemy and lack of tolerance for such behaviour is visible in the extant acts.

Rola ministra sprawiedliwości w postępowaniu przed Senatem Rządzącym Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego w sprawach administracyjnych

Author(s): Grzegorz Smyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The dominant role of the minister of justice in the proceedings before the Governing Senate in administrative disputes, was one of the characteristics of the Russian monarchy. Control and supervision of public administration, including the settlement of administrative disputes, remained the fields implemented in the procedure within the administration itself. No strict distinction between the control and supervisory functions of the appropriate bodies, in particular the Governing Senate, meant that the dominant role in the proceedings in administrative matters held the central government authority – the minister of justice. The conduct of the procedure as well as the contents of provided judgments were determined by the decision of the minister of justice. Entrusting the supervision of the administrative departments of the Governing Senate to the minister of justice, and enabling him to intervene in every stage of the proceedings in administrative disputes, provided the Russian bureaucracy with effective protection against unfavorable decisions. Consequently, the Governing Senate could not fulfill the role of an independent judicial authority whose task was to control – independently and impartially – the legalism of administrative operation of the authorities of the Russian State.

Generalne Gubernatorstwo (1939–1945) – bariery w przedstawianiu prawdziwej historii (na przykładzie dwóch ważnych publikacji z lat 2014–2015)

Author(s): Andrzej Wrzyszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Scientific research on the political system, legal system, economic and population situation etc. of the General Government in the years 1939–1945 is very advanced but there still appear barriers restricting the full objectivity of its results. The paper presents doubts concerning the overall credibility of two crucial publications from 2014–2015. To summarise, it would be worth stressing that both analysed books undoubtedly contributed to broadening our view of this difficult period in Polish history. However, the necessity of careful reading and drawing proper conclusions taking into consideration objective limitations the Authors had to face should also be mentioned here.

Comuniști din România în arhiva Cominternului: Elena Filipovici, sfârșitul unui revoluționar de profesie, 1934-1937, I

Author(s): Cristina Diac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2017

Starting from Elena Filipovici’s case, this article explores the history of the CommunistParty of Romania in the 30’s, emphasising especially the period between 1934 and 1938. It refers to how the popular front strategy influenced the C.P.o.R.’s leadership and the Romanian political colony in Moscow. It also tries to explain how the political networks functioned during the Great Terror, and how the personal and professional interfered.Elena Filipovici, a Romanian professional revolutionary, was subject to an inquiry which led to the activist’s death in December 1937. This article concentrates on how this person reacted prior to her arrest and imprisonment.

Vladimir Streinu (1902-1970)

Author(s): Octaviana Jianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2017

This paper is dedicated to the figure of the literary critic Vladimir Streinu. The article aims to describe some general aspects regarding the condition of the writers' elite in communist Romania. Vladimir Streinu, a famous journalist and aesthetician of the 1930’s and 1940’s, began to be marginalized from 1947 due to his past and his democratic views. In the autumn of 1959, this critic was arrested and imprisoned in the Jilava Penitentiary, together with Noica-Pillat batch, because he had listened to imperialist radio stations, read banned texts and commented hostilely, together with his accomplices, the “achievements of the Romanian popular-democratic regime”. He was recruited by the Securitate during his detention, being asked to cooperate with this repressive institution after his release.

Exclusion et répression. Franco et la dictature issue de la guerre civile

Author(s): Diego Gaspar Celaya,Julian Casanova Ruiz / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2017

This article explores the main outcomes of the Spanish Civil War, emphasizing the repression policies unleashed by the nationalist faction at the end of the war. The authors analyse the dynamic of repression, and how the international events, especially the Second World War, influenced it. The legal system established at the end of the Civil War, the architecture of the Spanish repressive system, the mechanism of the legal denunciations are in-depth analysed. The article also refers to the victors and vanquished as social groups, how these groups emerged, how they behaved in the aftermath of the war, who benefited from Franco’s victory and who lost the most from it.

«Мобилизация Средневековья» как инструмент формирования представлений о славянском единстве

Author(s): Alexander Iljich Filyushkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (22)/2017

In the Middle Ages the theme of Slavic unity was not developed. It was discussed by intellectuals of that time in two directions: 1) the unity of origin; 2) unity of faith. In the Early New Time, in the period of the formation of the Slavic early modern nations, these ethnogenetic legends were connected with the history of local national herous, dominated over the discourse of the Slavic Unity. The idea of Slavic unity gets explosive development in the late XVIII±XIX centuries. It was connected with the growth of the national liberation movement. The twentieth century with two world wars, two Balkan wars, a Soviet-Polish war, etc., when the Slavic peoples found themselves on different sides of the front, and a short period of existence of national states Eastern Europe (1918±1939) brought disunity to the Slavic world. About his imaginary unity only cultural memory remained. Then a brief outburst of the unification of the Slavs was associated with the Soviet project of the “belt” of socialist countries (or “cordon countries”, as it was called in the West), was kept at the will of the USSR and quickly ceased to exist with its disintegration in 1991. Medieval symbols and images in the 20th cent. worked more for national projects than on the idea of Slavic integration. The 21th century brought the Slavic idea by postmodern deconstruction. The Slavic idea today has lost its positions and holds a secondary existence as an idea of a cultural and shrinking memory of the past.

Пасхальная тема в поэзии Саши Черного

Author(s): Marina A. Zhirkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

This article analyses the peculiarities of evolution of the Easter theme in the poems of Sasha Chorny. In his early period of the creative work (1904–1918) the poetry take a satirical form: the poet points out the loss of the sacred significance of the celebration of Easter (the poem “Easter Сhimes”, “Holiday” (“General of Vodka…”), “Prazdnik” (“Bright Hyacinths, Hyacinths Spicy…”), “Legend”). During the period of emigration (1920–1932) of Sasha Chorny focuses on the prose, the genre of the Easter story appears. The Easter theme continues to develop in the poetry, whose keynote implicates joy and sadness (“Easter in Gatchina”, “To Little Friend”). The sadness is caused by homesickness. Recollections about the past and children, his little friends, help the author and his lyrical heroes overcome the pain of separation. The holiday brings a serene joy, comfort and spiritual transformation, hope for a miracle, the most important of which is return of the Motherland.

Формування національної специфіки українського видовищного плакату кінця ХІХ – першої третини ХХ століть

Author(s): Andriy Budnyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 28/2015

The article explores the origins and development of national specifics in Ukrainian spectacular poster in accordance with the changing social conditions, social instruments and with the influence of trends. View of Soviet era was formulated by Vladich L. (1989) in book "Masters of Poster": "Ukrainian poster did not have any tradition in pre-revolutionary art" and was only a "borned by October". They partly touched the designated topic O. Lagutenko. Russian dissertants, as Ksenia Lapina, considers the poster as a whole as Russian, without resorting to national specificities. Ukrainian poster had already existed in the second half of the XIXth century. The earliest examples of Ukrainian posters were printed sometimes in two languages – Polish and Ukrainian, related activities of "Theatre of Ukrainian Conversation" (1861). The first signs concerned only national language and didn’t found itself in decoration or illustrative part of the posters. With the abolition of the ban (1881) on Ukrainian national theater troupe emerged, including the distinguished groups of M. Kropivnitskiy and M. Staritskiy. They became customers of a new type of free typography posters that were no longer limited to basic notification report viewer, and tried to create an image of the play by introducing national character in font.

Розвиток музичної освіти на Тернопільщині в умовах полікультурного середовища (1880-1939 рр.)

Author(s): Oksana Boichuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2015

The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival documents and materials by the press panoramic coverage of music education in the Ternopil region. It was found that one of the determinants of professionalization of art in the province was multicultural composition of the population. The role of music schools formed and operated in cultural and educational societies. Emphasized their significant contribution to the dissemination and popularization of national art to the general public. Aspect Ukrainian society the humanitarian values causes increased interest to art historians and researchers of the cultural heritage of the past, as well as the characteristics of the formation and experience of educational institutions. This, in turn, makes it possible to understand and are committed to adopt the most valuable for improving the national education system. It is important in this context is historical and pedagogical analysis of the theory and practice of education through the prism of development at the regional level and learning processes taking place in the socio-cultural context and largely influenced the spiritual and cultural development of national education.

Nuncjatura Apostolska bez nuncjusza w Czechosłowacji okresu międzywojennego

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The study focuses on the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, when the Apostolic Nunciature in Prague was vacant and represented only by chargé d‘affaires, who were in charge of the Vatican embassy. During the interwar period this happened twice, in 1925–1928 and 1934–1935, in both cases for appeal of the Apostolic Nuncio to Rome. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Nunciature was headed by very able officials who analysed the political-religious situation in the country and informed the high Vatican circles about important events in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, they attended negotiations regarding the future Apostolic Nuncio to Prague. The Czech-Vatican relations were strained and significantly disturbed; in fact, the situation could have easily escalated into an open rupture. It is neverthlees owing to to the activity of the above-mentioned officalis that the Holy See and Czechoslovakia avoided a complete severance of diplomatic relations.

Polsko-czechosłowackie powiązania w działalności Walerego Goetla (1889–1972)

Author(s): Zbigniew Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The text presents the figure of Walery Goetel, who in the first half of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the second half of this century worked hard to protect the geological and natural values of the Tatra Mountains. Through his research activities, the scientist fostered Polish-Czechoslovak cooperation, an easy task particularly in the interwar period. Notwithstanding a difficult geopolitical situation, together with researchers from the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Walery Goetel attempted to establish a national park for the whole Tatras. It was intended that researchers would carry out their studies within the park, and its natural assets would be enjoyed by both Polish and Czechoslovak tourists. Even after the annexation of Zaolzie by Poland in 1938, Walery Goetel looked for every opportunity to work with Czechoslovak scholars, criticising the policy of his own government towards the southern neighbour. The Polish geologist’s commitment resulted in the establishment of landscape parks at the Polish-Czechoslovakian borderline after the Second World War.

Rudolf Kimla: profesor lékařské fakulty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze a člen PAU v Krakově.

Author(s): Petr Svobodný / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

The intensity of scientific contacts between the countries is evidenced, inter alia, in the make-up of the foreign members of the academy of sciences of a given country. In the case of the Academy of Learning in Kraków, later the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) and the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts (ČAVU), the relations have been thoroughly investigated by a Czech historian M. Ďurčanský. As regards the relationships in the field of medicine, a mutual membership of a group of foreign members of PAU and ČAVU was uncommon, a notable example being Rudolf Kimla, the professor of the Faculty of Medicine at Charles University in Prague. Kimla was renowned for his work for the development of cooperation within the Slavic medical milieu, which was fostered by Slavic doctor conventions. Kimla’s appointment as a foreign member of PAU (1935) followed his participation in a congress of Slavic doctors held in Poznań in 1933.

Művészeti témájú bölcsész hallgatói dolgozatok a debreceni egyetemen 1914–1949

Author(s): Viktória Tamusné Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

Koncepcje sojuszy polsko-czechosłowackich w latach 1919–1943

Author(s): Błażej Szymankiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Ukraińska policja, nacjonalizm i zagłada Żydów w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu

Author(s): Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The Ukrainian police actively participated in the extermination of Ukrainian Jews. While in central and eastern Ukraine a signi􀏐icant percentage of the Jewish population managed to survive the occupation, in its western territories (Volhynia and Eastern Galicia) more than 90 percent of the Jews were murdered. One important difference between western Ukraine on the one hand and central and eastern Ukraine on the other was nationalism. Western Ukraine was the home of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists which in the 1930s and early 1940s transformed into the main Ukrainian fascist movement and in 1943 formed the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Even though the Germans prevented the OUN from establishing a fascist state modelled on the Independent State of Croatia and arrested its commanders, the OUN sent its members to serve in the police which helped a small number of German functionaries with the ghettoization, appropriation of Jewish property, and extermination of the Jews. The extermination of the Jews was one of the main political goals of the OUN which used the German-controlled police to achieve it.

Jüdische Kriegerdenkmale und Zivilreligion in Ungarn (1914–1944)

Author(s): Norbert Glässer / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2014

Emancipation and social engagement facilitated the Central European Jewry’s identification with the modern notion of national identity. During the Great War this often came into conflict with Jewish universalism. Those of Jewish denomination supporting the various national identity notions identified with the war aims and propaganda of the given nation while they tried to find the antetype of the new circumstances in the Jewish past and Judaism.