Partidul Comunist Român - continuatorul pe o treaptă superioară al rădăcinii socialiste revoluționare
Propaganda paper about the Romanian Communist Party - the successor to a superior stage of the revolutionary socialist roots.
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Propaganda paper about the Romanian Communist Party - the successor to a superior stage of the revolutionary socialist roots.
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Article promoting communist ideology about the activity of the Romanian Communist Party for mobilizing the peasant masses in the anti-fascist struggle, 1934-1940.
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Among the most important topics of contemporary Istrian history is research of the emergence of the modern Croatian nation. The author argues that it is possible to interpret this process only through an integral approach considering the period from the 1830s to the 1950s, Le. to the present. He builds his concept according to Czech scientist Miroslav Hroch's model adapted to the Croatian situation by historian Mirjana Gross. Clinging to this methodological concept the emergence of the modern Croatian nation is viewed in four developmental phases: the initial, middle, interphase and final phase of the national integration of Istrian Croats. The author qualifies this process as multi-Iayered and long-lasting and often suppressed and thwarted, but indicates that today it represents a lasting and durable achievement of the Istrian Croats and Croats in general, including them among the sovereign and free nations of Europe and the World.
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The purpose of this paper is the research of immigration and emigration trends of the population in the period from 1910 to 1961/71 in the areas Istria, Rijeka and Zadar, and the islands Cres, Lošinj and Lastovo. These areas were annexed to Yugoslavia after World War II, more precisely to the republics Croatia and Slovenia, while between the wars they were under the rule of Italy. The point of departure in the analysis is the 1846 ce nsus conducted in Croatian (the mother tongue), which is then compared with the 1880 census based on the business language ("umgangs- -sprache") by means of which the number of the Italian population was administratively increased. In analysis and necessary correction of later censuses, the author had reached the following findings. Between the wars, under the fascist regime, there were 53 thousand Croats evicted, while 44 thousand Italians were settled in the Istria and Rijeka region. After World War II 163 thousand ltallans and 25 thousand Croats emigrated from Istria, Rijeka and Zadar, and also from the islands Cres and Lošinj, amounting to 188 thousand people.
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A few selected and discussed documents of the fascist official provenance written in the period from 1925 to 1931,represent the essence of economic and social problems in Istria between the Wars, even if they refer to particular problems of the "ordinary" man. I consider it necessary to become more acquainted with these issues, in order to understand the complex economic and sociological trends in Istria in the period mentioned. The subordination of these issues to political processes is a fundamental characteristic of fascist government. Insistance on such a relation, of evidently opposed categories, giving priority to short-term political interests and favouring political solutions to economic and social problems, brought the Istrian society and economy between the Wars to a chronically chaotic and "apathetic"state.
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The book review analyses the monograph "Jēkabs Strazdiņš" (Riga: Neputns, 2020) by art historian Jānis Kalnačs who has gathered all available data about the noted Latvian figural painter and art collector of the inter-war period.
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The purpose of the article was to show some aspects of women’s social movements and related press for Catholic women in the interwar Poland. Back then the religious press was an important part of publishing. Some of the papers were published directly for women. These periodicals were supporting national and religious values, were propagating the need to defend Poland and the Catholic faith against the immorality and cosmopolitism. The social movements of Polish Catholic women were strong, integrated and influenced among their members. They were showing the ideal of women in the country – both Polish-Catholic and the “Polish-Mother” – who is considered a secular apostole.
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The article is devoted to the unique in terms of form and content archive of the post-war Krakow Provincial Board of the League of Women, which is a collection of documents of various nature and origin, preserved in the legacy of Janina Jasicka in the National Archives in Krakow. This heterogeneous collection has been called the “mediated archive” because it is a contradiction to the traditional, structured institutional archive, and its shape is the result of the deliberate choices of the intermediary, i.e. the chronicler of the Management. The randomness of the preserved materials means that the collections include, for example, unique photographs that are absent from other archives, or, for example, notes about individual activists, probably made only for private use.
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Taking up the value of administration in the law of Church, the author begins his reflections with a look at the history of administration of the Church. Then, he describes the different forms of administrative acts to define the fundamental forms of administrative recourses. The last part of the author’s reflections is devoted to the conclusions and the future of the administrative law in the Church.
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The University of Bucharest is one the oldest and one of the most important higher education institutions in Romania. It has prepared specialist for different domains of activities needed by the society and its evolution and modernization somehow mirrors that of the society. Before 1948, in the structure of the University of Bucharest there were functioning some faculties that may surprise others, because, nowadays, they represent higher education institutions on their own: Medicine, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine. Although now it is part of the University of Bucharest, the history of the Faculty of Theology may also have a similar effect, because it started in the second half of the 19th century. These all form a part of history of the University of Bucharestnot well known. It can be rediscovered employing old books and studies written by the professors of these faculties. They represent “new” sources, waiting to be rediscovered because they were published in the second half of 19th century and the first half of the next, but later they were not too much used, although they store information relevant for a number of different subjects. These sources are brought into attention of the public through the use of digital exhibitions, on the internet site of the Museum of the University of Bucharest. These exhibitions represent a first step to reevaluate this forgotten knowledge and histories of these faculties, and also to increase the level of the accessibility of the information.
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The magazines of pre-war female schools provide knowledge about the development of a new community – girls attending secondary education, which was formed as a result of numerous education reforms after 1918. The article presents the results of a content analysis of two periodicals edited by middle school students from the 1920s and 1930s. The purpose of the research was to identify the most popular issues discussed in Today and Tomorrow (Dziś i Jutro) and Youthful Flight (Młodzieńczy Lot) periodicals. It revealed the directions and goals of the pre-war education of school girls and the educational program in the interwar period. From the author’s point of view, it can be considered a universal model for the formula of pre-war school magazines, edited by girls, which significantly supplemented the rich offer of magazines for young people of the interwar period.
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The position of Polish groups of interwar Vilnius (in the first years of independence) on the issues presented in this article was varied. National Democracy did not regard Belarusians as an independent nation and denied them the right to an independent state. Democrats, on the other hand, were in favor of equal rights for all nations and granted Belarusians the right to their own culture and education. In a similar vein, the Democrats, along with Vilnius conservatives, also expressed their opinions on the Jewish question. Representatives of National Democracy found a lot of space for this issue in their statements. In the context of the dispute about Vilnius, it was emphasized that the Jews would opt for Lithuania and Vilnius’s membership of the Lithuanian state.
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The history of Romanian medicine is lacking in sources so it will be very difficult to present different careers. This is the case of civillian doctors and also military ones, that were involved in the many conflicts of the XXth century. In this regard, their personal journals, that depict their brave actions in saving the lifes of enlisted men, are invaluable. This is the story of doctor Toma Moraru, a participant in the Eastern and Western campaings of the Romanian Army, during World War II.
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The article discusses the issue of working conditions of female teachers in public mainstream education in the Second Polish Repub- lic. The analysis is based on selected press publications, archival materials, and statistical data. The author studies the question of whether the state pol- icy of the Second Polish Republic promoted the involvement of women in the mainstream education structures and strengthened their professional stand- ing. The work focuses both on the advantages of working as a folk teacher and women’s opportunity for self-fulfillment in mainstream education and on the examples of structural inequality in the access to the aforementioned career.
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The edited correspondence of Franciszek Bujak (1875– –1953), a prominent expert in social and economic history, includes 30 letters and postcards addressed to Stanisław Zakrzewski (1873–1936), a well-known and highly esteemed researcher of Polish history and Bujak’s long-time friend and collaborator. The mail dates back to the years 1902–1933 and primarily concerns private matters, although it also contains some discussions of scien- tific and organizational issues. The discussed material is stored in the Library of the National Ossolineum Institute in Wrocław.
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The paper points out the antifascist, as basic feature of the working-class movement in Romania and, in the same time, as the base of the rapprochements and of the interferential points between the Communist Party, the Social-Democrat Party and the Socialist-Unitarist Party. On remarks the part of the Romanian Communist Party as principal organizer and leader of the struggle to defense the rights and liberties, to save the national independence and territorial integrity of Romania, more threatened in the forties of XX century by the pretensions of the revisionist and fascist states, encouraged by aggressive policy of Hitler Germany. In the same time, the paper concerns more extent for part and place of the Socialist-Unitarist Party in the struggle of the democratic, patriotic and revolutionary forces led by the Romanian Communist Party in 1934—1940 years for the guarantee of the existence, of the independence of Romania. Also, are '/put in the circulation some conclusions of the preoccupations to study the activity of the Socialist-Unitarist Party. The paper emphasizes the conception of this party regarding the strategy and tactic ,of organization of the struggle against the peril of fascism and war, for the defense of the basic interests of the country.
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Moment crucial dans la destinée de plusieurs peuples, moment pendant lequel, jusqu'au déclenchement de la conflagration mondiale, les peuples ont passé par d'autres «guerres» successives — la guerre diplomatique, la guerre des nerfs, la guerre des messages et des ultimata — l'an 1939 a signifié pour la Roumanie aussi une période des plus dramatiques de son histoire d'entre les deux guerres. Dans une croissante tension internationale pendant que les Grandes Puissances avaient transformé la carte de l'Europe dans un échiquier et employaient les petits Etats comme des simples pièces de sacrifice dans l'injuste jeu de leurs intérêts, le peuple roumain s'est trouvé dans la situation de défendre avec du courage le patrimoine national. Dans la configuration des forces politiques et sociales roumaines, l'attitude envers les hauts commandements de la nation a été diversifiée comme motivation, manifestation, méthode ou apport. Mais ce qui est sûr c'est que, ayant des intérêts et des positions différentes, chaque classe sociale, chaque groupement politique, chaque entité nationale de Roumanie a été profondement intéressé dans le maintient et la défense de l'unité nationale, de l'intégrité territoriale et de la paix. De ce point de vue l'an 1939 constitue un trésor qui atteste la vocation et la décision de la Roumanie en faveur d'une existence pacifique et indépendante.
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L'ouvrage se réfère à certaines actions des masses ouvrières du département de Prahova dirigées par le Parti Communiste Roumain, pour les droits et les revendications démocratiques, contre le fascisme et contre le périle de guerre. La mécontentement de la classe ouvrière a été déterminé par l'agravation de la situation matérielle des travailleurs, par la baisse des paies, par la hausse des prix des articles de première nécessité, par le grand nombre de congédiements et d'autres. Cette situation a eu pour effet le déclenchement de nombreux conflits et actions grévistes entre 1938—1940, qui par la fréquence, par la combativité et par le grand nombre de participants ont constitué l'une des principales formes de manifestation de l'opposition/de la classe ouvrière du département de Prahova envers la politique de la dictature royale. Tous les conflits et les actions grévistes ont été accompagnées par de nombreuses réunions et manifestations révolutionnaires des travailleurs du département de Prahova, dans plusieurs localités et ayant un profond caractère antifasciste et antiguerrier, pour la défense de l'indépendance et de la souveraineté nationale.
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The model of the national-state and territorial structure of the USSR was implemented in strict accordance with the Marxist-Leninist theory of socioeconomic formations. According to this theory, every society goes through several stages of development: the primitive system, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and communism. This is a naturally progressive process. Based on the works of Engels, Soviet scientists created a theory of the development of ethnic communities. Each formation had to correspond to a certain type of ethnic group. Guided by the "right of nations to self-determination," each nation was to receive its own statehood.This model existed before the collapse of the USSR. Since the 1980s it began to crumble, various ethnic groups, or rather their elites, were dissatisfied with their status. The autonomous regions of the North Caucasus began to transform into republics. The republics wanted to get the status of an ally. Administrative transformations did not improve the economy and living standards but on the contrary, led to increased bureaucratic growth. However, National Societies believed that the key was to appoint “their own” (a person with whom they had an established relationship and understanding) boss. Different peoples within the same autonomy often clashed. At the end of the twentieth-century tensions grew in the North Caucasus. It became obvious that the formation of territorial units along ethnic lines did not justify itself, however, this structure is preserved at the present time due to the fear of destabilization of the situation.
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The article reconstructs the history of the Museum of Tropical Medicine of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, created by Giuseppe Franchini, professor of Colonial Pathology, who moved from Bologna to Modena in 1930. At the University of Modena, thanks to the financial support of the city authorities, Franchini was able to give adequate accommodation to the Museum, unique in Italyand of great international importance, which was expanding and acquiring specimens from various parts of the world. The history of the Museum is related to their transfers and rearrangements: the reconstruction of its history is an indispensable first step of a modern and engaging setting up which should mainly valorize the scientific and multidisciplinary context of the collections, with specific reference to the studies and researches on tropical medicine, parasitology and also on the infectious diseases that the coronavirus epidemic has made very topical all over the world. Secondly, the rearrangement of the Museum should be an opportunity to critically present the historical context that was decisive for the realization and progressive expansion of this museum which, alongside the laboratories, was part of the educational infrastructure available to doctors, veterinarians, nurses, and missionaries active in the colonies as well as in the Modena University Clinic. Another aspect that should not be overlooked is that it also served the propaganda of the Fascist colonial policy, supported by the leader Benito Mussolini, who wanted to safeguard the health of those who worked in the African continent. Lastly, the reorganization of the museum should aid the reinterpretation of the multicultural contexts attested to by the geographical breadth of its holdings, by giving a voice to the migrants who join our communities and by facilitating their social inclusion through direct dialogue and common initiatives. The Museum’s redevelopment project is part of a larger endeavor, Ago Modena Fabbriche Culturali, funded by the Modena Foundation, which envisages the redevelopment for cultural purposes of the entire large area of the complex of buildings called Sant’Agostino and in particular the relocation of some University Museums to the buildings overlooking via Berengario that were built by the University of Modena between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to house medical clinics.
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