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Italian cultural policies in Romania: From fascism to communism, 1943-1950

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Italian cultural policies in Romania: From fascism to communism, 1943-1950

Author(s): Stefano Santoro / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

This article examines the Italian cultural policies in Romania between 1943 and 1950, from the end of the Italian Fascist regime to the beginning of the harshest phase of the Cold War, considering the different cultural and educational institutions operating on the territory, from the Institute of Italian Culture to the primary schools. Despite all the difficulties represented by the war and the political-institutional upheavals which affected both countries, Italy still attempted to preserve its significant cultural presence in Romania even in the profoundly changed post-war context: the reality of the Cold War, however, put an end to this project.

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Modernsuse kogemise viisid eesti ja soome kultuuris

Author(s): Mirjam Hinrikus / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2014

Report on the conference “Ways of Experiencing Modernity in Estonian and Finnish Literature and Culture at the Beginning of the 20th Century: Similarities and Differences” held in Tallinn from 9th to 10th of December 2013.

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Portretul unei învățătoare din societatea năsăudeană de la începutul secolului XX. Virginia Grivase (1883-1950)

Author(s): Claudia Septimia Sabău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The teacher Virginia Grivase (1883-1950) is a special figure in the circles of intellectuals in Nǎsǎud, at the beginning of the 20th century. After having completed her studies in Nǎsǎud, and continued in Dej and Blaj, she was a teacher at the school in Tiha Bârgǎului and Nepos (currently villages in Bistrița-Nǎsǎud County) for more than two decades. Documents from her personal collection, kept at the Bistrița-Nǎsǎud County National Archives Service, but also from other funds and collections, as well as her literary activity (poems and essays published in magazines) prove that Virginia Grivase was not just a teacher. The friendly relationship with the writer Liviu Rebreanu and her personification in the novel „Ion” under the pseudonym Virginia Gherman confirms the above statement. This study has a double aim. On the one hand, by reconstructing the biography of this „forgotten writer”, as Teodor Tanco names her, we aim to present some aspects regarding the place, role and status of the educated woman in the society of Nǎsǎud at the beginning of the 20th century. On the other hand, we aim to find the answer to the following question: was Virginia Grivase the prototype of the Romanian woman from Transylvania, emancipated through education, or not?

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Kirjandusmuuseumi kevadkonverents „Kirjanduse pingeväljad ja adressaadi dünaamika”

Author(s): Brita Melts / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2015

Report on the conference “Kirjanduse pingeväljad ja adressaadi dünaamika” held at Estonian Literary Museum from 14th to 15th of May 2015.

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A.C. Cuza, the Jews, and the Struggle against Satan

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A.C. Cuza, the Jews, and the Struggle against Satan

Author(s): Ana Bărbulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

The present study aims at offering an analysis of A.C. Cuza’s antisemitic discourse and of the solutions he identified for the solving of what he called the “Jewish problem”. Moreover, by analyzing the anti-Jewish rhetoric brought forward by A.C. Cuza and its dynamics in time, my purpose is to prove that the legal measures implemented by A.C. Cuza after he came to power in late 1937 were no result of a political conjunction, but the materialization of a political project he had been struggling for during half a century.

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Jegyzetek a brit imperializmusról

Author(s): András Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The article discusses important aspects of modern imperialism, concentrating on the British Empire from the acquisition of to the first colonies up to the period after of the second world war, which saw the end of Britain’s colonial rule. The author divides the history of the British Empire into seven periods, concentrating mainly on the long nineteenth century, during which Britain managed to control the most important and lucrative parts of world economy and trade. Paradoxically, the summit of the British Empire coincided with the apparition of the first cracks on imperialism and the publication of the first major works which condemned imperialist practices as morally and politically unacceptable. The author argues that imperialism remains a relevant problem in the third millennia as well.

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Doctor Kh. Rakovsky as a Diplomat No. 1 of the Soviet Ukraine (1919–1923)

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Doctor Kh. Rakovsky as a Diplomat No. 1 of the Soviet Ukraine (1919–1923)

Author(s): Mihail Stanchev / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The article deals with the role of Khristian Rakovsky as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR and at the same time the Chairman of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Ukraine in the establishing international relations of the Ukrainian SSR, its international recognition, and analyzes his efforts to pursue an independent autonomous foreign policy line on the international scene.

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A brit informális birodalom Latin-Amerikában

Author(s): András Bakó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The concept of „informal empire” was conceived in the 1950s with the publication of the article by John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson intitled The Imperialism of Free Trade. The purpose of this article is to define the meaning and provide an overview of the practical application of the con-cept in the context of some concrete examples from Latin America, such as the case of the promotion of free trade and investments, as well as the abolishment of slave trade.

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„Magángyarmatosítók” Mozambik portugál múltjában

Author(s): István Rákóczi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

One of the Myths of Portuguese History is how this poor Iberian country with only „historical attitude and behaviour”, was able to create an enormous African Empire during the „Scramble for Africa” in the last quarter of th 19th century. In contrast to this, the present article aimes to opt for an opposite thesis and different arguments: an „economical approach” of the Portuguese Imperialism in Africa through some examples in North and Central Mozambique. The „ad hoc character” of the Portuguese presence in the Zambezi river valley demonstrates the vulnerability of the Metropole and the very relative success of the territorial organization of the colony in the hands of „private” capitalist companies.

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A nyugati imperializmus hatásai az indiai és kínai történet-írásra: Rajendralal Mitra és Wei Yuan esete

Author(s): Ádám Róma / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The 19th century saw the expansion of the West – and most notably that of the British Empire – in Asia. The growing British presence in the Indian subcontinent through the East India Company culminated in the „Company Rule” from the eighteenth century onward, until the Crown took over its place in 1858. While the Indian subcontinent became the subject of direct colonial administration, the Qing Empire avoided the same fate. Nevertheless, the threat of colonization, especially after the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the „unequal treaties” left a profound impact on the Qing court and the Chinese literati. While the experience of the two regions was markedly different, the Western presence not only altered the history of these two civilizational behemoths, but also the contemporary notions of „history” in both cases. My aim is to compare the effect of this „Western presence” on the historiography of the two regions, through the life and scholarship of two historians, Rajendralal Mitra and Wei Yuan.

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A „német világpolitika” baloldali olvasata a német történet-tudományban: Fritz Fischer, Sebastian Haffner és Hans-Ulrich Wehler

Author(s): Péter Csunderlik / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

Since Mein Kampf no book has had as much impact on German society as Fritz Fischer’s Griff nach der Weltmacht (1961), which sparked one of the greatest historical debates of the 20th century. Fischer's book, which criti-cizes „German world politics” proved continuity between the aggressive policies of the Second (1871–1918) and Third Empire (1933–1945), so National Socialism cannot be considered a simple „accident” in German history. Sebastian Haffner joined this discourse with his monograph The Seven Deadly Sins of the German Empire in the First World War (1964) as did Hans-Ulrich Wehler with his book and university textbook, Bismarck und der Imperialism (1969) and Das deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918 (1973). The study shows through three smaller „case studies” the emergence of a new German historiography that stands for „social liberal democracy” and is critical of the German past and perceives historiography as a critical science.

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A vilmosi Weltpolitik a mai német történetírásban – két példa alapján

Author(s): Gábor Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The article compares books written by two scholars dealing with Wil-helm II’s Weltpolitik before the First World War. Heinrich August Winkler’s works, published in 2000, remain within the framework which German historians had been elaborating for decades, pointing out the domestic reasons (internal frictions between agrarians and industrians, workers’ movement etc.) of offensive foreign policy. Andreas Rödder’s approach from the late 2010s focuses more on images and perceptions of Germans and German policy in and outside of Germany. Seen from today, Rödder’s work delivers a more plausible analysis of the international relations before the First World War; however, he also tends to homogenize the era and seems to neglect minor changes or developments within the scrutinized period.

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Búr Gábor munkássága az Afrika-történeti tanulmányok (II.) tükrében

Author(s): Viktor Marsai,István Tarrósy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

This brief article offers an overview of some of the major works of Gábor Búr in a similar manner as the volume entitled African History Stud-ies (II) does, by selecting several of his earlier publications via which many of his decisive attributes are revealed. Having spent two valuable periods in South Africa in 1990 and 1994, he became a leading academic on the history of apartheid, in particular, but South Africa and its peoples, in general, together with the broader context of the history of Sub-Saharan Africa. Among his 9 books, 63 book chapters and dozens of journal articles, several are considered as fundamental pieces in the Hungarian knowledge corpus on Africa. A true educator of many, Gábor Búr can always grab the attention of the various different audiences he has been engaging with. His new book of 600+ pages will certainly take its readers on yet another enchanting ride on African History.

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Scripting Refugees: Historians and Narrations of Refugeedom in Czechoslovak History

Author(s): Michal Frankl / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The article analyses the current state of historical research on twentieth-century refugees who fled to Czechoslovakia. By highlighting parallels in the narratives of different types of migration, it demonstrates how methodological nationalism influences historiographic writing about refugees. It argues that most of the published research can be attributed to one of two broadly conceived scripts, one of which focuses political refugees while the other addresses mass displacements due to war or ethnic cleansing. Whereas historians tend to depict those in the former category—especially the refugees from Russia and Ukraine and from Nazi Germany in the interwar period—with an individual focus on their biographies and agency, the latter group—in particular refugees during World War I and after the Munich Agreement—are treated in a more general manner that dwells on statistics and government produced categories. Political refugees are portrayed as active participants in cultural and political struggles, while the masses of refugees tend to be viewed as passive recipients of aid. The study illustrates how the production of historical sources by elite members of refugee groups on the one hand, and nation-states on the other, influences the structure of historical narratives—both in terms of what is emphasized and what goes unsaid or unheard.

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Sebastian Ramisch-Paul: Fremde Peripherie – Peripherie der Unsicherheit? Sicherheitsdiskurse über die tschechoslowakische Provinz Podkarpatská Rus (1918–1938)

Author(s): Bálint Varga / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Sebastian Ramisch-Paul: Fremde Peripherie – Peripherie der Unsicherheit? Sicherheitsdiskurse über die tschechoslowakische Provinz Podkarpatská Rus (1918–1938). (Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 53.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2021. X, 279 S., graph Darst. ISBN 978-3-87969-462-4. (€ 55,–.)

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Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer

Author(s): Tatsiana Astrouskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer. (Europas Osten im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 7.) De Gruyter. Berlin – Boston 2017. VIII, 355 S. ISBN 978-3-11-055543-1. (€ 49,95.)

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Incunabulele bibliotecii Batthyaneum din Alba Iulia-date referitoare la cercetarea colecţiei

Author(s): Andreea Mârza / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 61/2022

This research has as a starting point some information discovered in the library catalogues where reference is made to the existence of duplicate incunabula in the book holdings. They are catalogues drawn up after the death of the library’s founder, bishop Ignác Batthyány (+ 1798) by the second librarian, András Cseresnyés. Following the bishop’s death, the Government of Transylvania also requested the inventory of the book holdings and writing catalogues to know the exact holdings considering the lawsuit filed by the family of the deceased bishop.On this occasion, librarian A. Cseresnyés drew up several catalogues to which he also added that of the duplicates existent at that time. Among the duplicates are mentioned a series of incunabula which over time were given in exchange (in 1826) or sold (between 1930 and 1931) due to financial difficulties. Of those discovered to date, only the bishop-founder had incunabula in his collection. Of these, several tens with lacks, damp stains, fragmented etc were removed from the initial holdings. The library needs a new incunabulum catalogue to contain maybe also a short description of the circulation of each copy till Transylvania; similarly, it also needs to find out, if possible, about the potential local collectors, especially local private individuals, for example from the Saxon Transylvanian area. The incunabulum collection held by the bishop founder of the institute from Alba Iulia was amassed in different ways; all of them left traces on the works such as ownership marks.The study also tackles the works or articles written in Romania concerning the incunabulum collection of the Batthyaneum Library to offer, we hope, a starting point for researching the holdings and, perhaps, for writing a new catalogue.

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Elena MARUSHIAKOVA, Vesselin POPOV (eds.), Roma Voices in History. A Sourcebook

Author(s): Manuela Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 61/2022

Review of: Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov (eds.), Roma Voices in History. A Sourcebook, BRILL, Ferdinand Schoningh, 2021,

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Напуштање Јалије – Од Пијаде Капетановић до Паулине Лебл Албале: развој образовања и друштвени активизам Јеврејки од средине 19. века до Другог светског рата

Author(s): Čedomila Marinković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2022

The essay examines the history of female education in the Belgrade Sephardic community, as well as the modification of their traditional role in Jewish society as a result of the introduction of obligatory education for girls. Presenting some of the most important figures in the process, from the first Yali’s female teacher, Pijada Kapetanović, through Esther Russo to Paulina Lebl Albala, special attention will be paid to examining the possible influence of Judaism’s wellknown educational habits and traditionally more liberal attitude toward women on the emergence and development of Jewish women’s societies in Belgrade in the middle of the nineteenth century and the easier penetration of educational ideas within this community.

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POLITIČKO U MANJINSKOJ KNJIŽEVNOSTI: POLJE JEVREJSKE KNJIŽEVNOSTI U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI IZMEĐU DVA SVJETSKA RATA

Author(s): Damir Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2022

Jewish literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars is not the result of a peaceful weaving of tradition, but a constant struggle of different forces that made certain writers and their works important and famous, and marginalized others. The founding of the Jewish newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina between two world wars opened the possibility for public debate, polemics, and numerous literary contributions in the Judeo-Spanish and Serbo-Croatian languages. These newspapers show how a field of Jewish literature was formed and how the success of some writers and the oblivion of others was influenced by what we can conditionally call political and which is always present in the structure of the field as a force that regulates, directs, and shapes it.

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