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This article offers a close reading of personal memoirs about coming of age in Żółkiew in Eastern Galicia and about transitions on the way to immigration to Mandatory Palestine before WWII. It focuses on gaps in the fragmentary autobiographical texts written by Shimon Samet, a native of the town, who became an accomplished professional journalist in Israel, and reconstructs missing pieces of narrative about Samet’s brother and about the Zionist micro universe of transition and training sites in Galicia of the early 1920’s. It points to significant explanatory possibilities gained by identifying such gaps in personal and commemorative narratives.
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The subject of the paper is a unique autobiographical text written in interwar Poland by a Jewish anarchist. A small booklet in Yiddish, Memuarn oder shpliters fun a lebn fun Leybn (also known as Memuarn fun Leybn) was published in 1933 in Łódź; the Polish translation appeared in 2017 under the title Memuary albo okruchy z życia Lejba. In the first part of the paper the author of the text, Leyb Berkenvald, known as “Leyb the Anarchist,” is identified and described, with a focus on the social milieu to which he belonged, and his position on the map of interwar anarchism. In the second part, Leyb’s autobiography is analyzed from the perspective of the microhistory of affects to reveal an alternative form of male subjectivity emerging from the text, which countered the dominant, heteronormative model of masculinity. This specific form of subjectivity is interpreted – both in its hopes and disappointments – in the context of an unattainable messianic community which Leyb strove to conceive.
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The article analyzes the graphic novel Soviet Daughter: A Graphic Revolution (2017), a literary text that belongs to a dynamically developing post-Soviet Jewish American writing, as a transgenerational (auto)biographical narrative of a great grandmother and a great granddaughter. The titular “Soviet daughter” refers primarily to the great grandmother and her political genealogy; yet because of the shared migration trajectory, ideological affinities, and the construction of the text itself, it can be also read as describing the leftist great granddaughter. The novel focuses on the flight survivors who lived through the war in the Soviet hinterland; moreover, because of the genealogical distance of it protagonists, it allows us for “adoptive witnessing” of the Soviet Russia, as well as the great grandmother’s communist past. In this way, the texts displaces American literary memory of the Holocaust that here intersects with the memory of the (pre-war) communism.
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The subject of this article is a case study based on analysis of Sofia Dubnow-Erlich’s autobiography fragments concerning the interwar period. A closer look at the autobiographical texts written by the activist and writer associated with the Bund allows to trace her approach to her own life plans. It also gives a broader look at the Jewish history of activism, and intellectual and political activity in the Second Polish Republic. Reading the memoirs allows us to capture the gender perspective and shows whether and to what extent the gender influenced the actions taken by the author.
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Review of: Михаил Наконечный - Golfo Alexopoulos. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin’s Gulag. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. 328 pp. ISBN 978-0-300-17941-5.
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The article summarizes material on the training of Russian engineers and technicians in higher and vocational secondary educational institutions from the end of the XIX century to 1945. The development of the domestic higher and vocational secondary education can be considered as a single process having certain stages of development. During the Great Patriotic War, engineers and technicians taught in educational institutions, and engineers worked in the power industry whose professional becoming was connected with the pre-revolutionary period of Russian history, as well as numerous specialists trained in the pre-war years. This problem is relevant, its research potential has not been exhausted, but scientific publications are not enough nationwide. The authors come to the conclusion that in the late XIX and early XX century in Russia the basis for the quality training of power engineers was laid largely contributing to the development of the electrical power industry. The Soviet government since its very establishment, in connection with the implementation of plans of the State electrification of Russia and the industrialization of the country, paid great attention to the organization of personnel for power plants. However, the quality of training specialists was rather low due to the implementation of the forced model of economic development, which in its turn negatively affected the quality of energy enterprises organization. A forced model of training engineers and technicians was used in 1941— 1942 in relation to the growth of energy capacities necessary for the work of defense industry. Since 1943, despite the difficulties of wartime, the government took measures to arrange the work of universities and technical school, to establish the living conditions of teachers and students. As a result, in 1941—1945, educational institutions trained engineers and technicians who organized an uninterrupted supply of electricity to the defense industry and population, thereby making a significant contribution to the Victory.
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In the 1920s and 1930s, the theory of the novel started becoming visible in the texts of novels themselves. This article examines novels with experimental narrative structures, comparing for the first time Bulgarian, Romanian, and French texts that tried new literary ‘cuts’. These writers discussed the role of the narrator throughout the text itself, either in their own name or through the narrator’s voice. They declared a search for authenticity and sought the connection of literature with another ‘fashionable tailor’: Cubism in art. It became apparent that these Modernists displayed a negative attitude towards Paul Bourget, a French writer who had at the time ‘cut out’ an emblematic figure of a successful European novelist. An increased interest in America and the Americans – in a tentative mixture of admiration or rejection – could also be observed in these novels.
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This study aims to present the economic and social history of the tea farming industry in Turkey between 1920-1960. In Turkey, the “domestic tea” farming industry was initiated and continued under an initiative led by the nation-state at all stages. The present study investigates the historical process between 1920 and 1960 based on news reports from the central and local press, agricultural journals of the time, and parliamentary records, using also local, and regional historical resources. The state-led initiative is considered both an intervention that regulated social and economic structure in rural areas and a policy to encourage “domestic” tea consumption. The reasons underlying this intervention are addressed in two periods. In the first period, the primary goal was to overcome social and economic problems specific to Rize, the central city of tea cultivation, and the Eastern Black Sea Region, of which Rize is a part. In the second period of the state-led tea farming initiative, the goal was to complete the goals of the preceding period, and to satisfy the domestic demand for tea consumption through “national self-sufficiency” policies, and to start tea exports in the years to come. As a consequence of these efforts, not only tea has become a drink easily accessible by all social classes in Turkey today, but also the social structure in the tea-producing rural areas has been transformed.
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The year 2020 saw the centenary of the return of Pomerania to Poland, which regained access to the Baltic Sea. This event, along with many other issues connected with the establishment of the Polish state after the First World War, has been the subject of historians’ research for years. This also applies to history educators who analyse the contents of school textbooks. The author of this article, which is consistent with this research trend, decided to analyse dozens of the most popular textbooks for teaching history in secondary schools used by Polish pupils over the past 30 years, i.e. in the period from 1990 to 2020. The article primarily uses the philological and comparative methods. The undertaken analysis helped to distinguish from the school textbooks three main threads concerning Poland’s return to the Baltic Sea, namely the speech by the President of the United States Thomas Woodrow Wilson of 8 January 1918, the resolutions of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Poland’s Wedding to the Sea of February 1920. As a result, it has been shown that these issues have an adequate place in textbooks, as far as it was required by curricula for teaching history in the 1990s, as well as the later reformed curricula created during the first two decades of the present century. This results from the fact that practically all analysed textbooks provide basic facts concerning the circumstances of the retaking of part of Pomerania by the Republic of Poland after the end of the First World War, which are presented with a short commentary and sometimes with additional content for learning, and with particular consideration of international conditions of this process. What should be noted in the analysed textbooks is that they are free of ideological influences, which had been visible in Polish history textbooks before 1990.
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Review of: Aleksander Łupienko - Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher (eds.), Rampart Nations: Bulwark Myths of East European Multiconfessional Societies in the Age of Nationalism, Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2019, 416 pp., 14 ills., index, a note on transliterations and toponyms; series: New Perspectives on Central and Eastern European Studies, 1 Tomasz Gromelski - Felicia Roşu, Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017, 216 pp., bibliog., index, ills., maps Piotr Głuszkowski - Jan Trynkowski, Polski Sybir. Zesłańcy i ich życie. Narodziny mitu [Polish Exile-Settlers in Siberia: The Birth of a Myth], Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN, Muzeum Historii Polski, Warszawa, 2017, 470 pp., index of persons (trans. Tristan Korecki) Eryk Krasucki - Elwira Wilczyńska, Diabli z czubami. Niemcy oczami polskich chło pów w XIX i na początku XX wieku [Some Devils with Crests. Germans in the Eyes of Polish Peasants in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries], Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”, Warszawa, 2019, 290 pp. (trans. Tristan Korecki) Grzegorz Krzywiec - Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Mówić we własnym imieniu. Prasa jidyszowa a tworzenie żydowskiej tożsamości narodowej (do 1918 roku) [To Speak on Our Behalf. Yiddish Press and the Emergence of the Jewish National Identity until 1918], Instytut Historii PAN and Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa, 2016, 353 pp. (trans. Jerzy Giebułtowski) Kamil Ruszała - Elisabeth Haid, Im Blickfeld zweier Imperien. Galizien in der österreichischen und russischen Presseberichterstattung während des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914–1917), Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Marburg, 2019, 296 pp.; series: Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, 43 (trans. Jerzy Giebułtowski) Aliaksandr Paharely - Włodzimierz Mędrzecki, Kresowy kalejdoskop. Wędrówki przez Ziemie Wschodnie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939 [Kaleidoscopic Borderlands. Journeys through the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic, 1918–1939], Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków, 2018, 424 pp., bibliog., index, ills. Maciej Górny - Dagmar Hájková, Pavel Horák, Vojtěch Kessler, and Miroslav Michela (eds.), Sláva republice! Oficiální svátky a oslavy v mezivá - lečném Československu, Academia, Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR, Praha, 2018, 532 pp., ills., index of persons, bibliography; series: České moderní dějiny, 4 (trans. Paul Vickers)
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Review of: Piotr Kociumbas - Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg and Norbert Kersken (eds), Mehrsprachigkeit in Ostmitteleuropa (1400–1700). Kommunikative Praktiken und Verfahren in gemischtsprachigen Städten und Verbänden, Marburg, 2020, Verlag Herder-Institut, VI+245 pp., indices, ills; series: Tagungen zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, 37 Wojciech Kriegseisen - Jan K. Ostrowski, Portret w dawnej Polsce [Portrait in Early Poland], Warszawa, 2019, Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, 495 pp., 589 ills Tomasz Hen-Konarski - Volodymyr Sklokin, Rosiisʹka imperiia i Slobidsʹka Ukraina u druhii polovyni XVIII st.: prosvichenyi absoliutyzm, impersʹka intehratsiia, lokalʹne suspilʹstvo, Lviv, 2019, UCU Press, 286 pp., bibliog., index Maciej Górny - Jan Jakub Surman, Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918. A Social History of a Multilingual Space, West Lafayette, IN, 2019, Purdue University Press, 458 pp., indexes, ills, tables; series: Central European Studies Aleksander Łupienko - Maciej Górny - Jan Arendt (ed.), Science and Empire in Eastern Europe: Imperial Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy in the 19th Century, Göttingen, 2020, Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 334 pp., index of persons; series: Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum, 38 Piotr Kuligowski - Wiktor Marzec, Rising Subjects: The 1905 Revolution and The Origins of Modern Polish Politics, Pittsburgh, PA, 2020, University of Pittsburgh Press, 312 pp., 25 black-and-white ills; series: Russian and East European Studies Justyna Aniceta Turkowska - Sylwia Kuźma-Markowska, Dziecko, rodzina i płeć w amerykańskich inicjatywach humanitarnych i filantropijnych w II Rzeczypospolitej [Children, Family and Gender Roles in American Humanitarian and Philanthropic Initiatives in Interwar Poland], Warszawa, 2018, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, pp. 419, list of abbreviations, ills, personal index, bibliog. William W. Hagen - Piotr Cichoracki, Joanna Dufrat, and Janusz Mierzwa, Oblicza buntu społecznego w II Rzeczypospolitej doby wielkiego kryzysu (1930–1935). Uwarunkowania, skala, konsekwencje [Faces of Social Protest in the Second Polish Republic during the Great Depression (1930–1935). Preconditions, Scale, Consequences], Kraków, 2019, Towarzystwo Wydawnicze “Historia Iagellonica”, 618 pp., 30 ills Iza Mrzygłód - Iwona Dadej, Beruf und Berufung transnational: deutsche und polnische Akademikerinnen in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Osnabrück, 2019, fibre Verlag, 357 pp., appendix, bibliog., index; series: Einzelveröffentlichungen des DHI Warschau, 38 Grzegorz Krzywiec - Anna Bikont, Sendlerowa. W ukryciu [Irena Sendler. In Hiding], Wołowiec, 2017, Wydawnictwo Czarne, 480 pp., bibliog., photog., index of persons; series: Biografie Lidia Zessin-Jurek - Ewa Stańczyk, Commemorating the Children of World War II in Poland. Combative Remembrance, Cham, 2019, Palgrave Macmillan, xxi + 175 pp., ills
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The article examines the parallels between the Macedonian and Dobrudzha issues within the framework of the common Bulgarian national question. The issue of Dobrudzha was eventually resolved in international relations, but the Macedonian issue did not find its solution with the entry of the Bulgarian liberation troops and administration in 1941. Thus the historical resemblance ends and here appears the political difference between the liberation of South Dobrudja and the German-authorized ‘temporary administration’ of the part of Macedonia under Bulgarian rule. There is still no lasting and just solution to the Macedonian issue and it cannot be seen in the thick darkness of the geopolitical labyrinth in which the Bulgarian nation was thrown by the Great Powers due to some or other regional interests. And it is unlikely to be seen soon.
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The study, published in Greek in 1983–1985, is devoted to a phenomenon in the Eastern Orthodox Church that had not, until then, been the subject of a special research in the field of social history. Based on a vast array of historical sources, the author presents and comments on facts about the production and distribution of indulgences from the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem and Antioch from the 16th to the 20th century. The emergence and gradual establishment of the institution of indulgences in Eastern Orthodoxy is traced within the socio-political and cultural context of four centuries, focusing on the reasons for the introduction of indulgences, the stages of gradual standardization of their text, and the various forms of their distribution. The phenomenon is reflected in detail, taking into account its extension into the field of dogma, economics, social and political relations. The study sheds new abundant light on important issues in the history of the church, societies and attitudes in the world of Eastern Orthodoxy. An inventory of 57 printed Orthodox indulgences is also attached.
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