A keresztény egyházak zsidóképe a két világháború között
A történelmi egyházak és a zsidó közösségek viszonya Csehszlovákiában, Romániában és Magyarországon 1920-tól a Holokausztig. Budapest, CEC, 2014.
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A történelmi egyházak és a zsidó közösségek viszonya Csehszlovákiában, Romániában és Magyarországon 1920-tól a Holokausztig. Budapest, CEC, 2014.
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Der Beitrag gilt zwei in den 1920er Jahren erschienenen, seither nicht wieder aufgelegten österreichischen Romanen über den Ersten Weltkrieg. "Der anonyme Krieg" von Rudolf Geist, einem Außenseiter im Literaturbetrieb, der sich an Karl Kraus orientierte, strebt eine umfassende Darstellung des Kriegs und eine Entlarvung der Kriegsgewinnler an, scheitert allerdings, da Geists sprachliche Kompetenz seinem lobenswerten Engagement nicht gewachsen war. "Der Marsch ins Chaos" des ›deutsch-tschechischen‹ sozialdemokratischen Publizisten Josef Hofbauer orientiert sich an Remarques "Im Westen nichts Neues" und thematisiert die Besonderheiten an der österreichischen Front, vor allem den Nationalitätenkonflikt.
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This article gives an overview of the Estonian-British arms trades, specifically the purchase of warships for the Estonian navy. It is the first paper on the subject and therefore employs only sources from Estonian archives. As it becomes evident from the article, the Estonian government did not buy any warships. Therefore, the main purposes of the article are to describe all the interactions relevant for this subject that were conducted between the two countries, as well as to discuss the reasons why eventually no warships were bought. In addition to that, the author provides an overview of the defence programme of the Estonian navy during the period in question to facilitate a better understanding of why these types of ships were selected for purchase from the United Kingdom. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 235.)
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“Schulz? I’ve written all about him,” Artur Sandauer allegedly declared in the 1970s. Still, the critic did not put Schulz under lock and key, and no one else did later. Although the writer’s work has provoked hundreds of comments and interpretations, No one has found a key to open all the doors in his world, since he is always “elsewhere,” escaping his exegetes. That, however, should not discourage us from making new (private, idiosyncratic, and risky) attempts at interpretation. The reader will find some in the present issue. But there is also another way full of adventures – that of searches all over the world and archival research, which also promises success. The present issue includes an unpublished essay by Schulz on the works of the Jewish artist Maurycy (Ephraim Moses) Lilien, and a short review of an exhibition of Feliks Lachowicz. Besides, Schulz’s unknown pencil sketch, found on the underside of his well-known sketch of a bookplate for Ella and Jakub Schulz, has been presented, as well as Schulz--the typographer. The introduction concludes with an appeal to visit Jerzy Ficowski’s archive. It certainly contains many unexplored traces and possibly a key to some door to Schulz’s world.
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From the two great loves of the life of Miklós Bánffy, the first was a relationship which lasted for more than fifty years, a kind of “loving friendship”. This relationship has become a romantic tale to which the personality of Bánffy lends a strange halo due to all that which his name signifies within the 20th century history of Hungary, Transylvania, and Hungarian culture. This special “literary love story” has become fashionable not only because its protagonists, who are notable representatives of the Transylvanian aristocracy. The most important cause of the interest for this narrative is none other than the Grand Segnieur, the tragic figure of Bánffy himself, an aristocrat who has lost everything in his old age. Although the relationship has certainly been a romantic one, it is not the kind of typical romance in which the beloved woman, of secondary importance, becomes famous due to the love of an important man. Here, we have a relationship between two active people of similar intellectual value, who have supported each other until their death. Furthermore, this love story cannot be regarded as traditional because the careers of both participants is not only “novel-like”, but extraordinary.
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Written by Svetlanei Suveică, reader at State University of Moldova, the work Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918-1928). Modernizarea prin reforme [Bessarabia in the First Inter-War Decade 1918-1928. Modernization through Reforms] deals with the reforms in the electoral, agrarian and administrative fields in the decade following the joining of the territory between Dniester and Pruth rivers to Romania.First chapter represents a theorization of the meaning of the universal suffrage and explains the structure of the electoral reform. Thus, it reffers to the right of the universal, uniform, direct and secret suffrage and to the complex mechanism that implemented the Electoral Law. However, the investigation seems to be marked by the Romanian historiography’s stereotypies, characterized by uncomplete scientific treatment, still tributary to abstracting and even by neglecting the major guide marks of the history of Bessarabia previous to 1918. An important part is taken by the political parties in inter-war Bessarabia and the election campaigns. We consider that the six votings in Bessarabia between 1918 and 1928 do not reflect the Bessarabian inhabitants’ approval for the union act. Because of the coercitivness of the vote, they were rather a manner to accept the de facto situation, meaning the observance of the Romanian legislation and more or less active participation to the state political life.Not without basis, the anti-unionists contested the attribute of Sfatul Țării to declare for the political future of the Republic of Moldova, and henceforth for the legal value of the act on March 27, 1918. We consider that Sfatul Țării had no incontestable democratic feature, since it had not been elected by the vote of the whole population. This body had no international recognition, so that it could not pronounce unilaterally in the matter of the union with Romania. The Proceedings for Abolishment of the Romanian-Soviet conflict signed by A. Averescu and C. Rakovski require a serious debate among the historians. The Romanian governments denied the value of this agreement, but the reality still stands: the Romanian prime-minister did not agree to the retreat of the Romanian troops from Bessarabia in accordance with an international legal provisions, not even an unclear or debatable one, as the Romanian historiography has presented, this being thus an act that practically is equivalent to the indirect diplomatic recognition of the Soviet state by Romania.The second chapter of S. Suveică’s work deals with the implementation of the agrarian reform in Bessarabia. The author structures the realities and features of the agrarian reform in this province in an argued logical succession and examines the revolutionary feature of the agrarian legislation set up by Sfatul Țării and its radical characteristic. One should note the main conclusion: the great winner of the Bessarabian agrarian reform was the Romanian state.In the last chapter, S. Suveică approaches the context of the modernization of the administrative life in Bessarabia through the regulation and appliance of the principle of decentralization. The Romanian state did not promote an effective and consistent policy of decentralization between 1918 and 1925. By establishing the administrative decentralization through the Constitution in 1923, it actually applied centralizing methods. As a matter of fact, the foremost target of the Romanian politics in the joined territories was not the decentralization, but the administrative unification of them, fulfilled through the simple extension of the laws and territorial-administrative establishments from the Romanian Kingdom. We consider that, as a superior form of administration, the decentralization was in fully existence in Bessarabia only in the years when the province enjoyed the state of autonomy. Unfortunately, Suveică’s work goes rapidly and evasively over this important period and summarizes the idea of Bessarabia’s autonomy to a “speculative one for the forces that opposed the Union’s consolidation”.Svetlana Suveică‘s arduous approach turns to good account information less known or even ignored by the common public and the researchers. However, they need several corrections and completions. Some respects, like the Bessarabian population’s atitude regarding the union of Bessarabia with Romania or the state of mind and the relationship with the Romanian administration should be studied thoroughly along with the Romanian historians from the both banks of Pruth river and esentially be promptly assumed as objectively as possible by the entire Romanian society.
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In the article the activities of the Ukrainian writer and politician of the interwar period Ivan Kedryn Rudnicki are discussed. As a member of UNDO (Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance) and journalist of the newspaper “The Dilo” Rudnicki stood on guard of the interests of the Ukrainians, living in the Second Polish Republic. In the first half of the 30s he was one of the animators of standardization policy in very difficult Polish-Ukrainian relations.
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The aim of this paper is to provide empirical and analytical framework for an understanding and contextualization of politics of child welfare in Bosnia-Herzegovina between the two world wars. Research results show that in normative sense extremely progressive and substantially high quality model of child welfare was in constant contradiction with the lack of financial, administrative and professional capacities for its implementation. Nonetheless, from a historical perspective , it is important to reevaluate the state 's efforts in the area of child welfare emphasizing particularly three legacies resulting from these efforts: first concerns the adoption of legislation on which the child welfare politics was based, second refers to the creation of (public) institutions responsible for the implementation of child welfare at local level and third concerns relationship of complementary between state institutions and private initiatives in the field of child protection based on the assumption that the state could possibly be the main but not the only and exclusive mechanism responsible for the provision of social welfare of citizens.
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There were eight departments of administrative law and science at Polish universities during the interwar period: Kraków, Poznań, and Warsaw each had two; and Lwów and Wilno had one each. That also means that there were eight appointee professors: W.L. Jaworski and K.W. Kumaniecki in Kraków, J. Panejko in Wilno, Z. Pazdro and T. Bigo in Lwów, B. Wasiutyński, S. Kasznica, and M. Zimmermann in Poznań, and B. Wasiutyński in Warsaw (after having left Poznań). There were nine persons who received veniam legendi, which meant permission to give lectures in administrative law and science. Such authorization was given to K.M. Krzyżanowski, J. Panejko, T. Hilarowicz, W.S. Wachholz, and J.S. Langrod (all in Kraków), and T. Bigo, W.E. Rappé, M. Zimmerman, and W. Klonowiecki (all in Lwów). Only K.M. Krzyżanowski transferred his permission to Vilnius. Based on the given facts, it is clear that two universities dominated: Kraków fi rst and foremost, followed by Lwów. The levels of academic output distinguish two fields of interest: the the judiciary, and the functioning of territorial autonomy and administrative action. The paper deals with professors of administrative law and science at Polish state universities in Kraków, Wilno, Lwów, Warsaw and Poznań.
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The institution of court assessor, which was introduced by the first Polish nationwide law on the structure of common courts in 1928, later preserved by post-war regulations, and finally eliminated as the result of a ruling by the Constitutional Tribunal of 2007, was restored by an amendment in 2015. The recent changes in the law necessitated an analysis of the origins and range of assessors’ power in the Polish legal system. The idea of mandating court trainees, who passed the judge’s exams, called podsędek, occurred in the course of the Codification Commission. They had the power to perform certain activities assigned to judges, except for the power of adjudicating, which was reserved for independent judges. In the final version of the law on the structure of common courts of 1928 these court trainees were named assessors and it was possible to mandate them (after the amendment of 1929 such mandates were only for a specified time) to perform judge’s activities (including the activities of investigating magistrates), but without the power of adjudicating (art. 260 §2). The constitutional rule of reserving the power of adjudicating only for independent judges was seriously limited by the introduction of a provisional regulation (art. 282 §2), which allowed the mandating of assessors to perform the duties of provincial judges, and to be members of adjudicating panels in district courts. This regulation, criticised by legal doctrine and judicature, was an exception to the rule defining the status and scope of the functions of the assessors. Consequently it started a breach which allowed for delegating the authority to adjudicate to assessors. The number of assessors was growing and in the mid-thirties the number of assessors was nearly equal to 1/6 of the number of judges.
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This article concerns only one period of Adam Vetulani’s life, when he was occupied with legal practice (from 1924 to 1934, when he worked as an articled clerk in the Court of Appeal in Cracow). From this period only the first year was a time of effective learning; the rest of the time Vetulani spent on dissertation, which was possible thanks to help he was given from the administration of justice. The article is the first publication about this, until now unknown, period in professor Vetulani’s life.
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Settled in Edirne in 1927, Bulgarian-born Osman Nuri Peremeci was appointed as a teacher of Bulgarian origin Turkish primary and secondary school students at Bulgarian First School in the following year. In the paper, based on a variety of documents kept in Bulgarian archives, the first years of Peremeci at Bulgarian First School are uncovered.
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The theme of this communication, relating to the so-called Petrich incident of 1925, is a short and relatively little-known episode in the biography of the famous Bulgarian infantry commander General Georgi Todorov, namely his work as Petrich regional governor in 1926–1927.
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Efrem Karanfilov (November 27, 1915, Kyustendil – March 23, 1998, Sofia) is a prominent literary critic, essayist and people psychologist, Director of the Institute for Literature and corresponding member and Academician of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, having great significance in the Bulgarian cultural and social life. The military and patriotic themes occupy an important place in his works. This article explores the military education and officer career, which together with the roots of E. Karanfilov are the foundation of his literary work and his civic position.
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The text focuses on the views of the poet, university professor and public figure Emanuil Popdimitrov about the nature and objectives of the national culture, the necessity of targeted national cultural policy to build social unity and to form clear national goals. Special attention is paid to one of his project from 1934 to organize cultural activities in the country and to support the endeavours of all fields of art and, more broadly, of cultural life. Presented concepts of Popdimitrov illustrate the intellectual processes and social attitudes in Bulgarian society in the time between the two world wars.
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Behram madrasah in Tuzla worked on the eve of the Second World War called Lower district madrassas. Manager madrasah was Salih ef. Sivčević who is in difficult conditions (primarily personnel and material or and security) had the task to organize the work of this very important educational institution. Classes are from religious subjects performed according to the teaching basis for the lower rate Gaza Husrevbey Madrasah, and from secular subjects in the program to lower real gymnasium. The students were divided into five classes (from first to fifth) and five departments. Classes are conducted on Saturdays, Sundays, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, and Friday was a working day. They worked in two shifts: In morning and afternoon. Twelve, for that time well educated expert realized the proposed curriculum. Strength of the students ranged from 130 in the school year 1939/1940. to 128 in the academic year 1940/1941. The School achieved excellent results in learning and behavior, regardless of the difficulties they encountered. The students who have completed the madrasah were trained to work on the expansion of literacy in all parts of the country and they could continue a higher education under the same conditions as students of lower real gymnasium.
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The review of: Buda építészete a két világháború között (The Architecture of Bucla Between the Two World Wars) by András Ferkai; Budapest: Art History Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1995, 286 pp.
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