![A collaboration alternative within the Axis. Toward a New Little Entente, 1941-1943](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2007_38529.jpg)
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Prof. Wacław Leszczyński’s account, registered by Marcelina Jakimowicz,was created as part of the documentation and research project of the "Remembrance and Future" Center entitled, "Wrocław science in professor relations". The first part of an unconstrained narrative on childhood was here supported with references, the period of war and occupation, the first years after the war spent in the Opole region and the Wrocław period – Wacław Leszczyński's studies and professional career at the present Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. Prof. Leszczyński dedicates many of his memories to his mother, Jadwiga Leszczyńska, AK liaison officer, Auschwitz prosoner and post-war teacher and librarian.
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The report by Anna Sobko (nee Kałuc) is primarily a story about the traumatic events of 1944–1947, which were encountered by Polish citizens of Ukrainian nationality living in three pre-war voivodeships –Krakow, Lublin and Lviv. Under international agreements and decisions of the Polish authorities, they were resettled to the USSR and then – as part of the "Vistula" Action – to the Western and Northern Lands. Ms. Anna, along with her entire family, was deported from Zahoczewo near Lesko to Smołdzino in Pomerania between April and May 1947. Her memories intricately detail their arrival to a new place of residence, living conditions, relations with other groups of the population and adaptation to the new cultural landscape, which changed from the Bieszczady to the Baltic region.
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This article deals with the experiences and memories of one of the authors of the book “Gračanica and the surrounding areas in the NOB and revolution”; with his experiences during the research that was undertaken for this book as well as the historical ambient that was prevalent during his work. As such the author brings interesting experiences of his work with statements and so called “oral history” that can be used as historical sources in the right framework. The author is arguing for a great deal of reservation and caution while using such sources. This approach is being illustrated by the research on the so called revolutionary movement in Gračanica during the Second Word War. The thing that is apparent during such investigations is that the comparative method has to be used to prove all oral statements, but also that there is the possibility of certain insights that can be bring a totally new light on the topic that is being investigated. In this case it was proven that the cooperation of the Chetniks and Partisans during the attack on Gračanica denied any possibility of sympathizers and communists joining the ranks of the communist uprising.
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The object of the article is the presentation and analysis of endeavors undertaken by the former prisoners of the German camp in the occupied Konstantynów by Łódź to requalify the name of the camp from a displaced persons camp to a concentration camp. The article briefly outlines the history of the camp, its place in the Nazi camp system and the conditions that pervaded the camp. This is followed by a presentation of the arguments and counterarguments used in the polemics of the former prisoners with public institutions. The status of the former prisoners of the Konstantinow camp is examined in the context of the Veteran Act and the accompanying regulation. The issue of financial compensation paid out to the victims of Nazi Germany by the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation is also discussed. The article provides an impulse for reflection on the topic of the treatment of transition camps in two categories:de iure and de facto.
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Civil servants in Serbia under Nazi occupation experienced deep and great transformation as the rest of the society. The complete prewar social structure, that included civil servants, was disturbed. Furthermore, internal structure of civil servants as social group was disturbed, too. Although their status was based on prewar legislation, numerous decrees, orders and bans altered their prewar social position, status and social power. New world of their work and life under occupation became a world dominated by pressures, both by domestic and occupier’s authorities, constant fear for survival in service, permanent testing of reliability and loyalty. In addition, it was a world of small incomes, insufficient for existence. Domestic authorities enforced two kinds of mutually confronted measures. First measure implied a removal of all redundant and „nationally unreliable“ civil servants and reducing of their numbers according real needs. The other measures tend to mitigate, neglect and bypass the first measure. Many servants were expelled from the world of labor, either by laying off (around 10,000) or by retirement. At their workplaces were hired many others, especially refugees. New civil servants were expected to pave „new way for Serbia“ within the Nazi Europe. The measures mentioned above activated intensive social mobility in all directions. However, neither domestic nor German authorities succeeded to create proclaimed effective and non-expensive administrative apparatus. Also, they could not break with the prewar system. They could not change the image of civil servants as non-effective, corrupted and unreliable individuals who had been responsible for the catastrophe of state and society. Instead, it seemed that slowness, lack of enthusiasm, corruption and misuses became more widespread. It was estimated that more than 80% of clerks in different institutions in charge for the control of consumption products, were corrupted. At the end of 1942, regular incomes and expenses show absolute decline of the living standard. Average regular incomes of civil servants covered only 10% of real needs of a family. Civil servants had somewhat worse position than ordinary workers (an average civil servant salary was twice smaller than workers wage), because workers had more important role in the war economy. Private clerks had better salaries than civil servants, as before the war. However, number of private clerks dramatically declined due to the closing and bankruptcy of many private enterprises. Civil servants experienced a great economic differentiation during the war. This process was additionally supported by domestic and German authorities. Motive for that support was a need to bond reliable and loyal servant to domestic authorities. The other were even forced to use own children for begging. All civil servants lost authority, as the state itself. Therefore, civil servants sensed lack of respect, and even a moral condemnation as people in service of occupiers.
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Article explores the dynamic time of economic reconstruction of Yugoslavia after World War II. The main part is devoted to the reconstruction of industry, which in economic conception of Yugoslav Communists occupied a key position. In rebuilding of industrial capacities, the state has approached in two phases, according to the methods of state intervention characterized as “unplanned” and “planned” stage. During 1945, political circumstances and little experience in managing the economy, conditioned a voluntaristic approach to the reconstruction of destroyed industrial plants. The beginning of 1946 was a turning point, because the state adopted a one-year plan of reconstruction of the country, which precisely defined what and how should be restored, and the organization is therefore raised to a much higher level than in 1945. Overall conditions were permanently repaired during 1946, which resulted in great achievements in the field of reconstruction, and by April 1947 the reconstruction of the Yugoslav industry was finalized.
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La période de 1945 à 1948 est marquée en Hongrie par le passage d’un système parlementaire à la dictature communiste. Pendant ces années, l’Église catholique essaya de maintenir sa place au sein de la société hongroise. Pour protéger l’enseignement catholique, elle mobilisa les parents d’élèves dans le cadre d’une association au sein de l’Action Catholique. L’Association de Parents Catholiques joua un rôle important dans la lutte scolaire entre l’Église et l’État.
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Adolf Hitler, the leader of national-socialist Germany, was a controversial figure who reached the highest rank in the state using a mixture of unusual oratorical talent and a charismatic personality that exceeded human limitations by far. The large meetings organized by a magnificently controlled propaganda, where people crowded for a chance to touch their idol, created an aura around the Führer, an aura that only the heroes of great legends had. But, while common Germans thought that Providence gave them the leader that would take them to the Gardens of Eden, it was in fact the evil will that was going to lead them, in the end, on the fields of Armageddon.
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In the examples ready for the Second World War three parts of various types of Air Baltic author attempts to clarify the degree of preparedness for the coming battles.
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During the summer and autumn of 1942 the new air armies emerged in sequence gradually completely eliminate the old structure of aviation control. However, the decision to creation a new organizational structure in the Air Force of the Soviet Union was not produced momentary. From the first days of the war have been proposals to centralize aviation control. In practice, the new system has been tested in the Leningrad front in the summer of 1941. This was largely achieved through individual air force commander A. A. Novikov and addition of staff he was able to gather around him. Subsequently, becoming commander of the Red Army Air Forces A. A. Novikov proposed to extend the control system is tested on the Leningrad front on all military aircraft of the Soviet Union. This proposal was accepted in the form of the creation of air armies. In the article on the basis of two Russian archives (Central Archives of the Ministry of Defence and Russian State Archive of Social and Political History) used documents not entered in the scientific turn reconstruction the general outline of the events previous the creation of air armies. Special attention is attracted to the decisions that were made at the Leningrad front to strengthen the Air Force of the city as well as to conceptual proposals of military leaders to strengthen of the Soviet aviation in the amount influenced the formation of the final reorganization of aviation.
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The article is dedicated to poorly studied and little known episodes of Battle for Leningrad: offensive of Leningrad and Volkhov fronts during summer of 1943. The Soviet and Russian studies consider this operation as distracting one with primary goal of “grinding enemy divisions”. However the primary goal of operation was the taking of Mga settlement and railway station by the Volkhov front 8th Army troops and encirclement and destruction of German troops of 18th Army to the south of Ladoga lake. During the operation the heavy fighting for Sinyavino heights and fortified positions Voronovo, Tortolovo, Poretchie had been taken place. Red Army troops suffered heavy casualties without achieving much success.
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This paper presents an excerpt from an unpublished work. It discusses the dramatic moments in the history of the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” following the Anglo-American bombings during World War II.
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The goal of this article is to present the events of the night of 11–12 October 1942, when the Imperial Japanese Navy and the US Navy battleships clashed near the island of Guadalcanal. The battle, which took place in the waters around Solomon Islands, was inseparably linked with the fierce Guadalcanal Campaign fought in 1942–1943. The first part of the article describes the units involved on each side of the conflict as well as the sides’ theoretical strategic goals in the region. The second part discusses the course of the battle in which the Americans, during the night artillery combat, demonstrated their advantage for the first time. The third part of the text presents the outcome, indicates the mistakes made and enumerates the losses sustained by each side, including those to the vessels and the crews.
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The main aim of this article is presentation of reporting book Wracam z Polski by Aleksander Janta-Połczyński in historic, mediumistic and social context. Volume issued in Paris in 1949 (sign Aleksander Janta) has become one of the causes of dissension among Polish enviroment in London and paris „Culture”. Essays, pictures and reportages have been written in book in prospect of information illustrated. Moreover, their connotation was visibly in opposition for imagination of emigrants about life in post-war Poland. Janta-Połczyński was fascinated omnipresent mood of enthusiasm and renovations contradicting a critical informations spread in emigration press. Noteworthy is form of reportages, confirming the thesis of the syncretic nature of the genre. Modern categories of description are useful, for example the world presented.
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A group of Hungarian geophysicists played a pivotal role in exploring and discovering oil deposits in the Songliao Basin, which later became known as Daqing, the largest oil field in China. The article examines this eminent example of Sino–Hungarian cooperation against the backdrop of the radicalization of Chinese politics and growing tensions between the Soviet Union and China. Taking the Hungarian geophysicists’ expedition as an example, the study explores the historical setting of early exchanges as well as the daily practice of scientific and technological interactions between China and Hungary, one of the closest East European allies of the Soviet Union.
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The metropolitan Ilarion Ohiienko (1882–1972) was prominent Ukrainian Orthodox cleric, linguist, church historian, and cultural figure. In May 1937 the wife of Prof. Ivan Ohiienko died. And soon, in 1940, upon the recommendation of the Ukrainian Church Rada, the Council of the Orthodox Church in the General government, headed by metropolitan Dionisii Valedynskyi, elected Prof. I. Ohienko as Bishop of Kholm and Pidliashia. The Metropolitan of Warsaw Dionisii tonsured Ivan Ohiienko as a monk at St. Onuphrius monastery in Jableczna on October 9, 1940, giving him the name of Ilarion. The next day, Metropolitan Dionisii ordained him a deacon, and on October 11 his ordination as hieromonk took place, as well as his promotion to the rank of archimandrite. The episcopal nomination of archimandrite Ilarion took place in the Kholm Cathedral on October 19, 1940 and his episcopal ordination took place the next day, presided by Metropolitan Dionisii of Warsaw. Ohiienko began to Ukrainianize the Orthodoxy in the Kholm region, by introducing Ukrainian practices in the church rite and the use of Ukrainian in services and ordaining several Ukrainian priests. In August 1951 he was elected metropolitan of Winnipeg and head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada.
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Fedinec Csilla: „A Magyar Szent Koronához visszatért Kárpátalja”. 1938–1944. Budapest: Jaffa, 2015.
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Archbishop Stepinac resolutely denied in the court hearing that he was the author of the letter in question, and his attorney indicated some crucial elements proving that it was a forgery. In addition to explaining the purpose and the peculiarities of this letter for the first time, this paper shows that the letter is actually very useful for historiography, because the author or several authors behind it analysed the war situation in the second half of 1943 by referring to relevant historical sources.
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