Istoria ca un balast, LV
The article contains the author’s reflections on some of the moments of World War II and how the leadership of the Great Alliance cooperated while pursuing their political interest.
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The article contains the author’s reflections on some of the moments of World War II and how the leadership of the Great Alliance cooperated while pursuing their political interest.
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In the last century the administration has turned into a tool that would be used by the rulers to put into practice their own political decisions. The present study proposes an incursion and a functional analysis of the Romanian administration, during the period of World War II. We tried to capture the functioning of the Romanian administration in this extremely difficult period for Romania and also we tried to highlight its characteristics. The reports of the Head of State, the Marshal Ion Antonescu, with the administration is another element in the center of our approach.
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This article discusses the stylistic and aesthetic transformation of the work of the most prominent Latvian composers, who, as refugees of the Second World War, arrived in Western Europe in 1944 and encountered a different, innovative musical environment there. For those whose creative work in Latvia had been focused on traditional national romanticism, the encounter with musical expressionism and the avant-garde caused a certain shock. The stark differences in style were not only a matter of compositional technique; they also revealed the contradiction between a positivistic worldview and a more adequate musical reflection of the common man during the era. Longīns Apkalns learned from the ideas and style of expressionism most radically, but Alberts Jērums was much more moderate in this respect - he had already approached expressionism during his studies at the Latvian Conservatory. In his studies at the Paris Conservatory (1945-1950), Tālivaldis Ķeniņš studied the traditions of French neo classicism and constructivism. Volfgangs Dārziņš adapted neoclassical trends in combination with Béla Bartók’s interpretation of folklore. Jānis Mediņš radicalized his traditional language of music, but did not abandon the paradigm of the music of romanticism. Similarly, Jānis Kalniņš’ music, even in the pre-war period, was not unfamiliar with the border between romanticism and expressionism. The composers who, with their creative work, chose to serve only Latvian society in exile continued in the romantic style.
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On the basis of unpublished archival materials, publications of the time and relevant literature, this paper endeavours to reconstruct and analyse the process of the dismissal of Slavko Vrgoč, the mayor of Brod, as well as the appointment of a new city government. As there were no elections at any level, the city governments were dependent on the appointments of higher authorities. Although they were formally supposed to be formed on the basis of the arrangement of various actors (the county or Velika župa, the Ustasha movement, Croatian Labour Union), in reality they had to rely on informal relations and influences of individuals or groups. After the establishment of the new government in 1941, Vrgoč became the mayor of Brod and Ustasha quartermaster, and thus the considerable prerogatives of civil and Ustasha government branches were combined in one person. Even at that time several groups of the same ideological spectrum, which aspired to key positions, appeared; the reactions to the aforementioned conflicts became apparent later when some of the players turned out to be Vrgoč’s opponents. Vrgoč’s dismissal from the position of Ustasha quartermaster in Summer 1942 and from the mayorship in December of the same year, were the result of month-long political conflicts between a few stakeholders and individuals from various institutions or organizations that are an excellent example of the heterogeneity of the people from lower classes who actively or passively supported the NDH regime. Apart from the personal animosities of some of the players and the struggle for power, the aforementioned process showed the conflict between the new, Ustasha, elite in the process of being formed, with its tendency to grab power, and the parts of the new, pre-war, elite, which joined the new regime. Through the control of various institutions, its economic power and earlier networks endeavoured to secure its positions and increase its influence, primarily through the “nationalisation of the economy”. Exactly this struggle for expropriated Jewish possessions was one of the reasons for the conflict between Mayor Vrgoč and a group of influential economists from Brod united in the Hrvatski radiša organisation who formally administered the expropriated possessions. The conflict ended with the dismissal of the compromised Vrgoč and the appointment of Dr Josip Koprivčević, a lawyer and historian, as mayor; until his appointment, he had neither been engaged in politics nor had he been a member of the Ustasha movement. This paper is not only a contribution to the history of Slavonski Brod in the period of the NDH, but also provides corrections of certain inaccuracies and erroneous interpretations apparent in the current literature. In a wider context, this article discusses one aspect of the activities of the Ustasha regime and describes various political conflicts, power struggles as well as frequent usurpations and misuse within the regime on the local level.
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In accordance with the problems previously mentioned in the title, the document depicts the plunder committed by the Soviet troops in the commune of Dămieneşti, and the obligations bore by the inhabitants for the payments of the war debts imposed by the invader on the basis of the Convention of Armistice. The document also outlines information related to the imposition of the Soviet model on all the areas of the economic and social life.
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L’étude met en relief la preoccupation de l’organisation départementale Neamţ du Parti Communiste Roumain dans la période 1921—1944 pour la naintien et l'extensions permanente de ses relations avec les masses populaires des ouvriers dans des conditions particulièrement difficiles.
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This paper gives a portrayal of the life and political action of Mijo Ipša, prominent CPP champion in the Daruvar area. The basis of this paper is the record of the hearing of Mijo Ipša held by the DNS (hrv. OZNA) in the time between 1945 and 1946 while preparing a grand judicial procedure against the CPP leaders, Mijo Ipša included. The record got preserved in the Croatian State Archives, in the personal collection of the historian Bogdan Krizman. The source material is held in the Military Archives of Serbia.
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Dans la dynamique de la société roumaine de la première moitié du XX-ème siècle, la ville de province a son propre rythme de développement et des voies de modelage après le modèle des centres urbaines plus évolués. La capitale, en particulier, représentait un modèle à suivre et un garant du succès presque dans toute entreprise, soit elle de nature strictement économique, soit dans d’autres domaines de la vie quotidienne.
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With Poienile Oancei included in its boundaries, a village which has been attested since Stefan cel Mare’s tomes, the boundaries of Stăniţa commune in Neamţ county, have met with successive changes during the years. The presentation and analysis of some cadastral plans from the inter-war times, bring to light important information about some of the properties owned by some families in the area.
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Dans cet article, les auteurs tratent aspects sur l’activité de La Direction Générale de la Presse et des Ouvrages imprimés, institution fondée en mai 1949 par des autorité communiste. Cette institution a exercité la censure de la presse écrite et par parlée, des spectacles, des films, des ouvrages éditorials etc., suivant, practiquement, la contrôle d’état et de parti sur touts domains de la création.
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Dans cet article, l’auteur se remémore un épisode dramatique: l’application des mesures de transformation de l’agriculture après le modéle sovietique et l’abolissement des pazsans cossus.
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The communist regime, founded after the end of the second World War, has limited the Romanian citizens’ rights to free speech. The period between 1945-1950 has been a very difficult one for expressing this universally valid right.
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This paper will explore the relationship between humans and place mediated in first-person narratives. By focusing on episodes that reveal the change in the ordinary role of the person, we examine how they describe the place and how they perceive the environment in their changed role. Drawing on interviews with a man who has walked a pilgrimage/hiking trail as well as a written life story from the collections of the Estonian Cultural History Archives, we analyse the description of modern journeys and the journeys that took place in the vortex of events during World War II. We suggest that the descriptions of place-making under consideration are related not only to subjective experiences and storytelling skills, but also to more general contexts, such as historical-political, economic, or religious frames. Comparing various kinds of place-making description we attempt to find the universal and context-sensitive aspects of journey descriptions. Finally, based on studies of oral history and cultural borders on the one hand, and pilgrimage studies on the other, a methodological question is asked: how should one apply these research methods and results to place-making research? Combining these research methods has turned out to be fruitful in creating a dialogue between experiences that have been formed in different circumstances, and through this to understand better the factors determining one’s sense of place.
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L’expérience accumulée dans la vie publique à partir de l’année 1906, son entrée comme député dans le parlement du pays (1907) déterminent N. Iorga de former sa propre formation politique „avec ceux qui sont bons, aux âme propres et qui n’acceptent pas le joug des partis, avec ceux dépourvus de fortune et avec les explités des oligarchies qui désiraient la fondation d’une démocratie réelle”. Dans la conception de son fondateur, le Parti National Démocrate ne répresentait pas les idéaux d’une seule classe sociale mai sil voulait répondre „au besoin organique” de toute une nation.
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Review of: "Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945. Band 10: Polen: Die eingegliederten Gebiete August 1941–1945.",Bearb. von Ingo Loose, De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Berlin –Boston 2020. 862 S., 2 Ill. ISBN 978-3-11-036497-2.
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Review of: "Die Ermordung ungarischen Juden 1944 in Pusztavám. Zeugenschaft und Erinnerung im transnationalen Kontext.", Anikó Boros, (Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 49.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2020. VIII, 286 S., 11 Ill., 2 Kt. ISBN 978-3-87969-445-7.
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Review of: Roman Graczyk, "Demiurg. Biografia Adama Michnika.",, Zona Zero. Warszawa 2021. 679 S. ISBN 978-83-66814-00-4.
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Contrairement a I'opinion de certains historiens qui voyaient dans l'implication politique de Nicolae Iorga un regres par rapport a sa remarcable activite scientifique, une analyse objective de son activite de chef du Parti National Democrate (a partir de 1910) et ulterieurement de premier ministre (1931 - 1932) semble infirmer cette hypothese. Fidele a l'idee selon laquelle l'historien, en tant que personnalite definie par les preoccupations theoriques approfondies en harmonie avec les aspects pratiques, doit s'assumer le râie crucial de s'impliquer dans les problemes majeurs qui visent l'interet national, Iorga n'y reste pas insensible tout en cherchant de nouvelles approches des questions de Ia societe.
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Dans cet article I'auteur essaie une analyse d'un important chapitre de notre histoire: l'evolution de I'exil rournain apres le deuxierne guerre mondiale. Ainsi, l'auteur insiste sur I'activite d'une personalite speciale - Grigore Gafencu - un homme de valeur continentale, avec idees qui aujourd'hui sont posees en practique sous la forme de l'Europe Unie.
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Nicolae Iorga is a monumental person in the history and culture of Romania. Very often he also spoke about Polish issues in the broader sense, both about scientific and political matters. His involvement in Polish issues is noticeable almost constantly during his scientific and political career. From the time of primary school to his tragic death, through his teachers, professors or later political partners, Poland and its affairs have often been present through many aspects of his activities. Thanks to historical education, Iorga saw Poland as an important partner of Romania on the international stage, moreover, not only as a guarantee of political security; but also an important partner in the context of cultural development. Nicolae Iorga was the initiator of the creation of Romanian philology courses at the Jagiellonian University. For his important role in strengthening relations between Poland and Romania in many fields of cooperation, he was given a honorary doctorate by Wilno University in 1931.
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