We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The study pre-sented to the reader’s attention suggests an analysis of the foundation and development of the Chernivtsi Medical Institute in the period of 1944-1954. The work is based on archival and museum materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Chernivtsi Region (SACR), the Scientific Archives of the Bukovinian State Medical University, the History and Medical Museum of the Uni- versity, a number of works on the history of Bukovina (including the History of Medicine) and local studies of Ukrainian, Austrian, Romanian researchers of the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries, publications in the local press about the state of medicine and the achievement of the CDMI. Most of these materials are published for the first time. The process of establishment of the institution, complex economic, social, cultural, sanitary-hygienic, epidemiological postwar conditions of the period of the 1940s was subjected to thorough analysis. The main premises of the Institute, representing historical and architectural value, are described. The activity of workers of the CDMI during the investigation of the causes and elimination of the consequences of the foci of goiter endemy, skin and venereal diseases, the fight against tuberculosis, infectious diseases (epidemic and recurrent typhus, typhoid, paratyphoid), malaria, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlet fever, meningitis, measles, influenza. The technique of expedition works is clarified, scientific work is described for revealing the causes of diseases and their effective treatment, the most important publications of scientific research results. Among the inherent diseases of this territory, Bukovina hemorrhagic fever was found, methods of its treatment were developed. There presented an interesting analysis of new tools and methods of treatment of patients proposed by the Institute's staff. Among them, the method of research with radioisotopes (Labeled Atoms) at the Department of Biochemistry, therapeutic physical culture in the clinics of the CDMI, novocain blockade in the clinic of ear, nose, throat, tissue therapy in the obstetric- gynecological clinic. The researchers paid attention to the consultations and surgery made in the districts of the region and medical help given to the population of neighboring regions, the process of improving the skills of medical workers of the whole region. Quite interesting is the description of research by Professor BP. Aleksandrovsky in the history of medicine. The work is equipped with tables containing statistic data in various spheres of the institution activity, photographs that are first published in scientific work, objective biographical information about individual scientists. In the conclusions the authors insist that the evidence based on the presented research entitles to assert that the staff of the Chernivtsi State Medical Institute in the period 1944-1954 managed to turn the institution into a leading medical-medical and scientific center of medicine in the Chernivtsi region.
More...
The paper tells the story of a monument erected during the communist period in the city of Shkodër. It is the monument of the “Five Heroes of Vig”, of five boys who were killed in the battle of Vig during World War II. Further readings explain the reason for it being placed in the very centre of the city, what were its symbolic meanings and propagandistic functions, and how it came to shape the symbolic geography of the city. The paper also focusses on what it meant to the families of the heroes who fought in this conflict for the monument to be placed in another area in the year 2009, which fuelled a harsh public reaction. The aim of this paper is to shed light and attempt to understand how political memory and commemoration strategies work; and how difficult it is to consider the opinion of the agency of local communities and the family members of the fallen.
More...
The author attempts to present the functioning of the criminal and investigation prison at Kłodzko from the moment it was overtaken by the Polish administration until the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. The focus is, among other things, on determining the exact date of the prison’s reopening after the war and its main fields of activity in 1945–1956. The text highlights issues related to the invigilation of the prison by the Freedom and Independence Movement (WiN), the role of agents and denunciations in prison life, the changes in everyday life and living conditions of its inmates. Thus, the article includes statistics on the prison’s population and its changing density. Important findings have been made concerning death and burial. The author presents diverse hypotheses on the place of burial of deceased inmates as well as the process of informing their families. The appendix includes a list of names of all the inmates who died in the prison or were shot in the years 1945–1956.
More...
In the introductory text, literary work of the writers from Bjelovar and its surroundings, called Bjelovar’s Literary circle, is being observed in the totality of the cultural efforts during the first half of the 20th century. Many works scattered through press or, in the best case, bound in stiff covers, with unequal values, are being divided and critically valued with direct access in the creation of every author. For easy reference the literary life is shown in two parts: Faded Glory of the old Empire (1900 – 1918) and Betrayed Expectations in the New State Formation (1919 – 1945). Lujo Varga Bjelovarac and Fran Pilek, two native poets and narrators of the patriotic, war and social topics, are two dominant literary personalities of the first period which mostly coincides with the Croatian Modern era. At the same time we have many other writers: The last supporter of the Illyrian Movement Ivan Trnski, a folk writer and educator of common people, doctor, translator from Bulgarian and Russian Fran Gundrum Orlovčanin, multi task minister Ivan Nepomuk Jemeršić, theologian and folk writer Rudolf Vimer etc. The atmosphere of the pre-war Bjelovar Kruno Kolarević Sanjin depicted in its causeries while Dragutin Klobučar and Ivan Bošnjak are the authors of sketches from the country life. The second period, better known as the literature between two wars, the time of the let down promises, bitter illusions, and sobering up, was marked with polemic tones, essays of the pedagogue Vlado Petz, essays-fantastic stories of Slavko Rozgaj, physicist and astronomer, blooming of children’s literature (Josip Cvrtila, Mato Lovrak, Zlata Perlić, Eduard and Branko Špoljar), social theme domination and prosaic sorts (Vladimir Jurčić, Ivan Dončević, Rikard Simeon, Slavko Kolar, Mihovil Pavlek Miškina, Mara Matočec), appearance of women authors (Zdenka Jušić-Seunik, Zlata Perlić) with exceptional poetic realizations and deviations from common classifications (Đuro Sudeta). In the end there is a list of the literature used in the final forming of synthesis, of the overview, as a starting point for further readings and researches in the end of which Bjelovar’s Homeland Reader is going to be formed.
More...
The system of the Versailles peace treaties and the international order set up by it provided Romania with the possibility of acknowledgement of the document of December 1, 1918 by the Chancelleries of the great power centres of the world, which made it impossible to abandon the system. However, there was a sum of secret information and political-economic analyses at the time that allowed the Romanian political and state people to consider a reversal of traditional alliances. Situated in a sensitive geopolitical area, Romania would face various dangers, ranging from Hungarian revisionism to the expansion of communism, as well as the southern neighbour's lusts. The politicians and military leaders in Bucharest remained tributaries to the obsolete principles in understanding the new movements in the international relations arena. Our geopolitical and geostrategic attitudes had implicitly involved us in the march of the great games and geopolitical changes of the mid-20th century and were, unfortunately, fatal in our becoming as a nation and in our desire of progress and modernity.
More...
Financing the Communist movement has always been a secretive operation. In countries where the Communist parties were legal, they gathered money from personal contributions of members, donations, commercial operation, and secret Komintern funds. In countries with no democracy or a limited one, the underground Communist actions were financed through foreign conspirations and agents. This study presents an archival document, dated from March, 1948, describing the Romanian case of transition from a non-Communist regime to a full Communist one, in the late 1940s. Although the Romanian Communist Party already controlled the government, the party-state was not in place, so they could not use the public funding, as they did later. Instead, the Party gained access to managerial decision-making in private companies, factories, and bank, from which they extracted all profits.
More...
The aim of the article is to analyse the process of formation of the literary circle in Szczecin and to indicate its main initiators. A juxtaposition of the literature on the subject with documents issued by the government administration and the Professional Association of Polish Writers as well as letters and memories of writers makes it possible to trace the course of “cultural re-Polonization” in Szczecin. It also permits to indicate the reasons why the action was so short-lived and the motives of writers who decided to move to the city.
More...
The article presents opinions of emigration experts from the circles of the Polish government-in-exile as well as journalists and commentators of the Polish-language press published in Great Britain about four momentous political events in the history of Yugoslavia in 1945–1948: (1) Trieste crisis, parliamentary election in 1945, two show trials of Gen. Dragoljub (Draža) Mihailović and archbishop Aloysius Viktor Stepinac, and the Yugoslav-Soviet conflict over domination in the Balkans.
More...
The article deals with the celebration of national days of 3 May, 15 August, and 11 November in the conditions of the second Polish “Great Emigration”. The chronological scope of the study covers the years from 1939 to 1956, i.e. from the establishment of the Polish government in France to the events in Poland that awakened hopes of Poles abroad of democratisation of the country. I focus primarily on actions of the Polish government with occasional references to some of the initiatives of the president as well as various associations, political parties and the Polish Armed Forces in the West.
More...
Patriotic poetry referring to history indicates the relationship between events from the past and the present, and at the same time interprets them. This role was fulfilled by the literary works of the poetic group formed within the Second Polish Corps during World War II and the first post-war years. The group took up topics based on the war experiences of the of poets, such as exile, wandering and soldiery life, inscribing them into the literary tradition and experiences of earlier generations fighting for independence.
More...
The article focuses on the place occupied by celebration of state holidays within the activities of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association in Great Britain. The author demonstrated the significance of the celebrations of, among others, 3 May Constitution Day, Soldiers’ Day and Independence Day, for the cultural and educational work of the Association (both for its the headquarters and local branches). This work was closely related to the promotion of patriotism, particularly important in educational work with the young generation of emigrants.
More...
The subject of the article are the celebrations of the anniversaries of important events of Polish history, such as the anniversary of regaining independence and others (mainly, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles), organised after World War II by the National Party (SN) in Great Britain.
More...
The article presents the activities of former Greater Poland insurgents who, after the end of the war in 1945, found themselves in Great Britain. They arrived there as a result of the evacuation of the Polish Army after the fall of France, as members of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, or came from German prisoner-of-war camps from which they were released in 1944–1945. This community was characterised by great political and social activity, and engaged in commemoration of national anniversaries. Particular emphasis was placed on cultivating the Greater Poland independence actions of the nineteenth century and on demonstrating the origins, course and significance of the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919.
More...
The article presents the biography of Wacław Komarnicki, MP of the Second Polish Republic, one of the most outstanding Polish lawyers. The article discusses his youth, the period of scientific and didactic work in Vilnius and Warsaw and his political engagement before the outbreak of World War II. Particular emphasis is put on the period of captivity in the Soviet POW camps from September 1939 to August 1941; this period is characterised and enriched by Wacław Komarnicki’s report of the time he spent in POW camps at Kozelsk and Gryazovets. His public activity in Great Britain is presented as Minister of Justice in two Polish governments-in-exile in 1942–1944.
More...
Despite the rich literature, scientific studies and source publications, the Katyn Massacre is still an issue that hides many aspects not taken up by researchers. One of them is the fate of juvenile prisoners of three NKVD special camps: at Starobilsk, Kozelsk and Ostashkov. The article tries to answer to the basic questions in this matter: who were the boys staying in these camps, why were they in, how large was the group, and what happened to them?
More...
The article continues the series of publications on problems and measures for reforming the monetary circulation of the Russian Empire. The article highlights the preconditions, mechanisms of realization, advantages, disadvantages and consequences of the monetary reform of 1839–1943, analyzed in the scientific works of Petr Migulin, the professor of Financial law of the Kharkiv and St. Petersburg universities. Interest to this subject is due to the need to work out the scientific heritage of Professor Migulin, whose long «oblivion» was associated with his migration after the events of 1917. A significant number of scientific papers of P. Migulin can serve as a source of research on the economic history of the imperial period, from the history of financial and economic science and education, as they contain unique statistical material on monetary issues. To achieve this particular goal, special methods are used for the study of socio-economic history: narrative, comparative-historical, historicalbiographical, statistical, as well as the methods common to historical and economic studies – organizational approach and process analysis.
More...
The article describes a largely unknown Swedish effort to intervene in deportations of Jews in Slovakia between 1942 and 1944. Swedish officials and religious leaders used their diplomatic correspondence with the Slovak government to extract some Jewish individuals and later on the whole Jewish community of Slovakia from deportations by their government and eventually by German officials. Despite the efforts of Swedish Royal Consulate in Bratislava, the Swedish Archbishop Erling Eidem, and the Slovak Consul Bohumil Pissko in Stockholm, and despite the acts taken by some Slovak ministries, the Slovak officials including the President of Slovak republic Jozef Tiso revoked further negotiations in autumn 1944. However, the negotiations between Slovakia and Sweden created a scope of actions to protect some Jewish individuals which were doomed to failure due to the political situation. Nevertheless, this plan and the previous diplomatic interventions are significant to describe the almost unknown Swedish and Slovak efforts to save the Jews of Slovakia. Repeated Swedish offers to take in Jewish individuals and later the whole community would have likely prepared the way for larger rescues. These never occurred due to the Slovak interest in deporting its own Jewish citizens and later due to the German occupation of Slovakia.
More...