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review of: MIČKO, Peter: Hospodárska politika Slovenského štátu (Kapitoly z hospodárskych dejín Slovenska v rokoch 1938 – 1945). Krakov : Spo-lok Slovákov v Poľsku, 2014, 314 s.
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review of: GUBA, Ivan – SYRNÝ, Marek (zost.): Jozef Lettrich. Publicistika (1945 – 1948). Články. Prejavy. Rozhovory. Banská Bystrica : Vydava-teľstvo Univerzity Mateja Bela – Belianum, 2014, 532 s. ISBN 978-80-557-0835-5
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The purpose of the article is to present the question of Poland’s borders in the years 1939-1941 from the perspective of Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, the U.S. Ambassador to the Polish Government in Exile, based on his diplomatic papers stored in American archives. Biddle’s continued service with the government of Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski since 1939 implied the U.S. recognition of Poland’s political existence despite the American neutrality towards the occupation of Polish territory by Germany and the USSR. The author proposes the thesis that this unique “ambassador of the oppressed nations” dedicated his special attention to Poland, perceived as a “political barometer” of Europe with an impact on the German-Soviet relations. Therefore, Biddle’s wartime papers indicate that the problem of Poland’s borders constituted a considerable obstacle to the U.S. wartime policy that envisaged engaging the Soviet Union as an ally against Germany. These papers show that the Polish government’s dependence upon Western allies, who since 1939 challenged Poland’s prewar eastern border, negatively influenced the content and political consequences of the Polish-Soviet pact of 1941. Contrary to Sikorski’s hopes for the U.S. support in territorial dispute with the Soviets, ambassador Biddle was critical of Polish efforts to obtain American and British guarantees of borders. He shared the British claim for restitution of Poland only within the so called “ethnographic borders” represented by the Curzon Line in the east that would be “compensated” by the annexation of still undefined German territories. Sikorski’s political ideas regarding Poland’s security against both Germany and Soviet Russia were thus met with suspicion by Biddle, who acted on behalf of American diplomacy which apparently feared the separate German-Soviet peace on the one hand, and Poland’s turning away from the Western allies on the other. It appears from Biddle’s diplomatic correspondence that the United States did not intend to guarantee any territorial designs of Sikorski’s government, since Polish claims contradicted the objectives of the foreign policy of the Anglo-Saxon powers, which assigned a crucial role in Central-Eastern Europe to Soviet Russia, not Poland. The author used abundant diplomatic correspondence gathered at The National Archives and Records Administration, at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in the USA.
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The author presents the lives and military careers of two brave generals in the Romanian Army, Nicolae Dăscălescu (1884–1969) and Vasile Mitrea (1884–1950), with emphasis on the significant roles they played during the Second World War (1939–1945). The article brings evidence for the tragic destinies of the two generals who, upon returning from war to their home country, were subject to great injustice. As Romania was being sovietized, the two army generals were marginalized, dishonoured and sent to Communist prisons. Sons of peasants from the same village, school mates, and later on brilliant generals in the Romanian Royal Army, Dăscălescu and Mitrea had an inglorious end. General Vasile Mitrea, who took part in the National Resistance Movement after August 23, 1944, was trialed and sentenced to incarceration in the Jilava prison, where he passed away in 1950. Upon returning from war to his native village of Căciuleşti, General Nicolae Dăscălescu, also called the „soldier general”, worked as a farmer while being continuously called to justice for trials he eventually won. Ultimately in1951, he was incarcerated in the Jilava prison, only to be released in two years’ time for lack of conclusive evidence. He then settled in Piatra Neamţ, where he died in 1969 and was buried with military honours in the Eternitatea cemetery. On the 125th commemoration of their birth, professor Ioan Mitrea, their biographer, published an article in the Zargidava journal (no. VIII/ 2009), This paper is based upon theaforementioned article and the recollections of Ștefan Negrea.
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In 1939–1945 the representatives of the occupying power basically agreed that the Germanisation of the Czech population living in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was feasible. It was assumed that with systematic propaganda, stable economic support for the working class and coordinated cultural benefits, a significant part of the population would adapt to the enforced state of affairs. As far as the adult population was concerned, it was expected that the “Reich’s Idea” on Germanic superiority and Czech inferiority would be accepted partly out of pragmatism and partly out of a fear of possible execution. In contrast, the indoctrination of children and young people was to be absolute. Every “good” boy and girl was to be re-educated from scratch so that their allegiance to the German Reich was based on their innermost belief.
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Almost two-thirds of the Hungarian Jewry was killed in the Holocaust. The genocide seriously distorted the sex ratio and the generational composition of the surviving Jewish community. Most married individuals lost their spouses, and the extensive networks of relatives were also eliminated. The growing nu mber of weddings after the war was the first sign of the Jewish community’s recovery from wartime traumas. This study examines how the Hungarian Jewry rose above the traumas and devastations of the war. It addresses this problem from the perspective of the matrimonial ads published in the Israelite newspaper Új Élet between 1946 and 1952. Marriage ads could be considered collective social practices that shed light on the “publicalization” of private life. Despite their rigid narrative structure, these documents also reveal the voices of the surviving community after the war. The article will address the most common themes in marriage ads, including exile, the foundation of Israel, wartime trauma, and the loss of a spouse.
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Magyarok és szerbek a változó határ két oldalán, 1941–1948. Történelem és emlékezet. Szerkesztette: Hornyák Árpád és Bíró László. MTA Bölcsészettudományi Központ, Történettudományi Intézet, Budapest, 2016. 405 oldal
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Bene Krisztián: A Szabad Francia Erők 1940–1943. A francia katonai együttműködés a második világháborúban. Kronosz Kiadó, Pécs, 2017. 468 oldal
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Palasik Mária: Parlamentarizmustól a diktatúráig (1944−1949). Országház Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2017. 464 oldal
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Articolul prezintă informații cu privire la situația studenților ieșeni în perioada 1 septembrie 1939 - 6 septembrie 1940.
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The general knowledge on the identity of István Ráth (formerly known as István Róth) is considerably scarce. According to R. W. Moss, who has been the main bibliographer on the life of Albert Szent-Györgyi, there are many unresolved mysteries around Ráth’s figure. In the present work, our primary aim is to reveal specific features in the life of the Romanian dentist focusing on his relationship with the Nobel-prize winner scientist. Up till now, it is still not entirely clear that Szent-Györgyi had actually an entrepreneur friend, with whom he kept a close contact since 1945 and, who also happened to provide financial support not just for his scientific work but for the Hungarian Academy of Natural Sciences as well. Besides the latter activities they also co-founded the Servita Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co., which took the very first steps in producing new drugs following methods developed by Hungarian scientists. Over the years, this company has overgrown the needs of Hungary in terms of its vitamin production and also started to import penicillin for the first time via U.S.-based, foreign sources. For the acknowledgement of his remarkable achievements, István Ráth was elected in December 1945 as the honorary doctor of the Nádor József University of Technology and Economics. Within this work, our intension is to unfold the procedure that led to the drastically cut-down of Albert Szent-Györgyi’s scientific activities forced by the gradually increasing influence of the left-wing oriented post-war politics. Original, primary sources, e.g. mail conversations are set to attest the struggle of Szent-Györgyi and Ráth against the sanctions of the given ministries. Formerly two sparate assumptions were put in discussion as the potential reasons for the emigration of Albert Szent-Györgyi to the United States. Some believe that the imprisonment of his writer friend, Lajos Zilahy can be accounted for his actions, whilst others say that the final event triggering him to leave the country was the torture and death of István Ráth shortly after being kidnapped by the communists. In our previous studies it was shown, that this latter opinion is the correct one and the theory of the imprisonment of Lajos Zilahy is a serious mistake made by researchers due to the misuse of the literature. Following the unfinished story-line, further evidences from the media provide testimony on the tragic circumstances around the disappearance of István Ráth. These series of events together with the moderately successful fights of Albert Szent-Györgyi towards the rescue and freedom of his beloved friends are winded up directly from the columns of the “Kis Újság” newspaper owned by former yeomen of Hungary. With our study, we would like to provide a vivid example on how the communist “destruction machine” operated already in the spring of 1947 and managed to discredit the life of the Nobel-prize winner’s friend who was also simultaneously much respected by the Soviets.
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Adam Mickiewicz Society was established in Budapest in the interwar period. Its main goal was to develop Polish-Hungarian cultural relations and popularize the knowledge about Polish lierature in Hungary. It continued its activity during the World War II, despite the fact that Hungary was a German ally. In the post-war period the organization was negatively perceived by Polish communist diplomatic representatives in Hungary. They led to the limitation of Society activity and consequently to its liquidation.
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Presented article describes material, source resources as Eastern Dokumentation (Ost-Dokumentation). In the light of relations deposited in the team, author presents the living conditions of Jewish community in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto during the Second World War which was reported by the one of German clerk. This report was written after the end of the war and was placed in archival collection storaged in German city named Bayreuth. From the name of this city, author has implemented a term „Bayreuthian” for archival collections which were placed in Bundesarchiv – Federal Archive in Bayreuth in Bavaria in Federal Republic of Germany. „Bayreuthiana” is the term which had been not functioning in previous times in a Polish and German historiography. Archival collections which are there located, they are rich source of information about social history, interpersonal relations, German-Polish relations during interwar period, also Second World War, and after 1945. Undoubtedly the „Bayreuthiana” in the form of written reports, they are subjective. However, they are a still specific source of information. One of this kind of report has three pages and is about ghetto in Łódź. Friedrich Prager is the author and what is more, he was a clerk of higher administrative level during war. After war he was living in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and in 1955 his report was made. In his report, he shows Litzmannstadt Ghetto, daily conditions there, daily life, and behaviors of Jewish community. He has tried to present normal living conditions of Jews and also to show functioning of different institutions such as grocery stores, pharmacies or hospitals.
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The fate of Sofia Malylya, a poet from Carpathian Ruthenia who was unjustly persecuted by the Soviet security services, is one of the twelve stories in the final part of the trilogy entitled Czechoslovaks in the Gulag, published by the USTR and Czech Television at the end of 2019. Her story is interesting not only in that it documents the persecution of a former Czechoslovak citizen in the Soviet Union, but also because it is strongly linked to the history of the Ukrainian emigration in interwar Czechoslovakia, and illustrates one of its chapters – the history of the Ukrainian grammar school (“Ukrajinské reálné gymnázium”) in Prague and the presence of ethnic minorities amongst the German army troops in Central and Eastern Europe during World War Two.
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Historiography has so far not paid much attention to Milan Žugelj, an acquaintance and comrade-in-arms of Andrija Hebrang in the communist movement, and according to Gestapo and Udbina documents, a man whose death was caused by a close connection with Hebrang. Milan Žugelj was arrested twice because of Andrija Hebrang: the first time in 1942, when Hebrang marked him as his intelligence informant in the Ustasha prison, and the second time in 1948, when Žugelj was arrested on suspicion that Hebrang and he had agreed to work together for the Gestapo and Ustasha organs. That is why we decided to publish 19 documents: 16 Gestapo documents and 3 documents, which are the primary material for shedding light on the activities of Andrija Hebang and Milan Žugelj; of these 19 documents, only two have been published so far (in M. Milatović’s book on Hebrang, 1952), but also these two in the form of facsimiles, without citing an archival source.
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Eugen Cristescu (b. April 3, 1895, commune of Grozești, Bacău County – d. June 12, 1950, Văcărești Penitentiary), eminent official of State Security, was general director of the Special Intelligence Service (SSI) during 1940–1944. As head of the Service and then asdeputy director and director of the Security Police, he contributed „to several operations and discoveries in the field of state security”.Since becoming active in the Security, Cristescu was known as an opponent of the Iron Guard, he was on the ‘blacklist’ drawn up by the legionaries since April 3, 1936. Cristescu managed tenaciously to control the legionary problem, providing Ion Antonescu with all the elements he needed to emerge victorious in the final confrontation in January 1941 (the legionary rebellion). Eugen Cristescu – is the author of the valuable report entitled „The organization and activityof the Special Intelligence Service”, which includes 276 pages of holographic manuscript, undated (published by the historian Cristian Troncotă in „Eugen Cristescu. The ace of the Romanian secret services”). According to this study, Eugen Cristescu is „the only official of the national secret services who presents himself to posterity with a real work’. On September 1, 1944, Cristescu submitted his report on his resignation from the position of General Director of SSI. General Constantin Sănătescu, the President of the Council of Ministers, formally accepted his resignation, without realizing that it was not legal. After his arrest on September 24, 1944 (following the disclosure of his whereabouts by those he had saved and protected during the war against the Germans – Iuliu Maniu and Ion Mihalache), Cristescu was investigated by the Romanian authorities, then in Moscow, where he remained until the beginning of April 1946. After being imprisoned in the penitentiaries of Dumbrăveni, (Sibiu) and Aiud, Eugen Cristescu died on June 12, 1950 in the Văcărești penitentiary.
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The topic „Legionarism vs. Communism’’, as well as the historical period which the book focuses on are highly controversial, hence the author pleads for a balanced approach on the relations between the Legionary Movement and the Communist Party, which are a historical reality that deserves an in-depth analysis. Thus, military historian Tiberiu Tănase’s 2019 book entitled „Legionarism vs.Communism. Considerations regarding the relations between the Legionary Movement and the Romanian Communist Party during 1941–1948” is based on a series of important historical documents collected by the author and listed in the annex. The volume represents a significant contribution to Romanian historiography.
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IAR – Brasov was established under Law „concerning industrial enterprises related to national defense „, passed unanimously by the Assembly of Deputies of June 11, 1925 and adopted by the Senate on June 13, 1925, with 55 votes for and two against. The law was promulgated by King Ferdinand I, on June 25, 1925, and published in the Official Gazette no. 38, from June 26, 1925 . According to the law the aircraft factory was to bear the name „Romanian Aeronautical Industry”. Throughout the period of military actions deployed on the Eastern Front, and later on the Western Front, management IAR – Brasov made regular reports to Marshal Ion Antonescu, to refer to the time any problems that may arise with regard to delivery while aeronautical material. The first report of the outbreak of war, was drawn up for a period of four months, from June 22 to October 22, 1941. Since 1942, monthly reports were that the problems be resolved quickly. The situation shown in this first report to Marshal Antonescu in the first chapter refers to work performed or deliveries of aircraft, engines, spare parts and service in this timeframe.
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