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1. Die Globalisierung humaner gestalten 2. Den Staat neu erfinden 3. Eine kohärente Einwanderungs-und Integrationspolitik verfolgen 4. Europa zu einem Projekt seiner Bürger machen 5. Die Erweiterung erfolgreich durchführen 6. Die Kommunikationslücke schließen 7. Unsere Parteien reformieren 8. Für eine pluralistische ntliche Sphäre in Europa kän 9. Ein demokratisches gesellschaftliches Bündnis schließen 10. Die Wahlmöglichkeiten auf politischer Ebene verstärken
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Karmelici bosi przybyli do Poznania w 1618 roku. W ogrodzie nabytym od Elżbiety Michanówny zbudowali – początkowo drewniany – klasztor pod wezwaniem św. Józefa. W latach 1635–1687, na gruncie zapisanego im dworu przez Barbarę Orzelską, wybudowali murowany barokowy klasztor i kościół św. Józefa3. Architektami i budowniczymi kościoła św. Józefa byli: Jerzy Catenaci oraz Krzysztof Bonadura starszy i Krzysztof Bonadura młodszy. Karmelici bosi po II wojnie światowej odzyskali swoją własność w stanie ruiny. Odbudowa i rewaloryzacja zabytku sztuki trwała wiele lat. Obecne wyposażenie kościoła wykonane zostało w latach 1985–1990.//The Discalced Camaldolese arrived in Poznań in 1618. In a garden purchased from Elżbieta Michanówna they built the original wooden monastery dedicated to St Joseph. In 1635–1687, on the land of the manor bequeathed by Barbara Orzelska, the Camaldolese built a stone monastery and St Joseph's Church. Among the architects and builders of St Joseph's Church were: Giovanni Catenaci, Krzysztof Bonadura the Older and Krzysztof Bonadura the Younger. After the Second World War, the Discalced Camaldolese regained their property in a state of ruin. It took many years to reconstruct and renovate the heritage site. The present furnishings of the Church were made in the years 1985–1990.
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The purpose of the article is to present the religious situation of Welsh society based on data from the censuses conducted in 2001 and 2011. On the basis of selected reports, the problem of discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief is also raised, as well as the issue of the existence and functioning of denominational schools in Wales. The analysis reveals the important role of religion in the process of creating the Welsh national identity, apart from, and often in conjunction with, such elements as even the Welsh language.
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The subject of this paper is to point to the activities of international organizations, especially the United Nations, and their impact and omissions in the conducted peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the “safe areas” of Srebrenica and Zepa. Having examined the various documents from the time of the aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is evident that it was a false protection of human rights, and that the actual protection of the Bosniak people was completely missing thus revealing the actual international interests towards Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina is an internationally recognized state and a member of the United Nations, it was too often involved in violations of the adopted Declaration of the Security Council, especially those pertaining to safe areas such as Srebrenica and Zepa. This paper’s aim is to point out the bias of the international community,especially the UN, in the case of Bosnian Serbs that ultimately led to the unprecedented genocide in the protected zones of the UN. The authentic documents of the Army of the Republic of Srpska are in favor of this fact,which directly suggests taking sides (especially UNPROFOR) in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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There are many different explanations of how the Russia’s political system, after the collapse of the USSR, is functioning. Some argue that it can be described as a strictly centralized power vertical, authoritarian or even dictatorial model. Others suggest that the basis of the system lay in the power of elite groups or media control (mediocracy). However, the different perspectives share same assumption: the essential role in the Russian political system is played by various power elite groups; thus, their analysis helps one to understand the functioning of the regime more profoundly. The analyses of Post-Communist Russia’s elite are based on the main assumptions of the theories of power elite. It means that not only relations and interactions between various power groups are analyzed, but also the links between the concentration of power in specific groups with the post-Communist Russia transformation process. However, Russia’s political system is a “black box” that is very hard to open and acknowledge. Therefore, even an analysis of the elite groups can only give partial answers to the study of its political system. Firstly, an overview of the formation of the political elite in post-Communist Russia is presented. The main driving forces of this process are also presented. It allows the author to frame the main assumptions of the Russian power elite, especially during Vladimir Putin’s rule. Based on the suggested Russia’s political system explanation and the power elite grouping model, an overview of the main current actors, both systematic and outside-the-system, formal and informal, are presented. Systematic actors include actors from the closest circle of Vladimir Putin to the ones who simulate opposition forces. Meanwhile, an analysis of the actors outside the system also suggest the main means by which they are eliminated from the political system. The author suggests a multi-layered Russia’s power elite analysis model. The inner circle, which consists of individuals closest to V. Putin, is formed from the most loyal and long-lived sidekicks. They hold the most power in their hands despite their formal positions in the state. It can be understood as a “buffer zone” that absorbs the influence of other, competing elite groups. The second circle is formed from two groups. The “Politburo” involves both the actors from the inner circle and at that time the most influential players outside it. Another group is of formal officers/technocrats who do not have huge influence on the President’s decisions but are needed to preserve the regime – they are implementers, not decision-makers. Finally, the last circle is formed from other players, such us controlled opposition or regional leaders. Further, the main principles of the functioning of the regime are presented as well as the influence and rise of specific groups, such as the siloviki, are discussed. The deeper overview of each power circle is also presented. All in all, the model proves the complexity and closure of V. Putin’s system. However, it allows to present generalizations of the political system as such. Latest developments and the reshuffle among the members of the closest circle suggest the changes in the system are ongoing, changes which may lead a shift from a “collective Putin” to a “purely authoritarian” management. Therefore, further observations in this regard are required.
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The approaches to fiscal expansion and the corresponding methods are the same in most countries of the world. Depending on a specific task, the type of tax incentives may vary from country to country to increase their efficiency. Having analyzed the statistical data on all Russian enterprises (excluding small ones) for the period from 2008 to 2015, we deduced an equation y=0.0221x+0.3824 which describes the dynamics of the share of the enterprises investment in the total number of monetary assets. A positive value of the coefficient 0.0221 suggests that the volume of investments in the total number of monetary assets is increasing steadily. The government increases tax burden to ensure solvency and financial stability of the enterprises engaged in the development and implementation of investment projects. However, it should be noted that such decisions of tax regulation seem inconsistent. We have proved the hypothesis which explains to what extent tax burden on enterprises should be decreased to set the liquidity ratio and profitability at standard values (0.7 – 1), other conditions in the country being equal.
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This article presents the evolution of the National Bank of Romania from the status of a central government body to the one of autonomous public institution, through laws that have governed it from its setting up (1880) to the present. As an autonomous administrative authority, central bank finds its first foundation, in legal terms, in the provisions of Romanian Constitution of 1991, revised in 2003, and, secondly, in the normative acts that make up the legislative framework necessary for carrying out banking activity, especially Law no. 312/2004 on the Status of the National Bank of Romania. The originality of this article lies in the fact that the analysis of the legal texts was done in correlation with the historical context in which they were adopted and with the evolution of the political regime and of the Romanian economy, from the capitalist economy, to the centralized economy and, finally, to the market economy
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Trade enterprise specific activities are buying goods and merchandise, and reselling them to buyers unmodified or otherwise unchanged. Sells goods created by production enterprises to consumers with their own specific services. Retailing is the sale of goods or merchandise, directly to end-users for their own personal and household needs. Types of retailing may include: department stores, boutiques, vending machines. Forms of selling: mailing trade, electronic trade, direct trade. Retailing enterprises are divided by their merchandise assortment to: mixed merchandise, food products, non eatable, and specialty merchandise. One of the most responsible and complicated trade marketing decision is trade object placing. Trade object placing is geographical location, in witch, including all production factors (personnel, merchandise, production means and capital), retailing activities are taking place. This place selection is strategic, long term solution. Factors influencing this decision are: premises owned by enterprise, personal wishes, market research. Establishing a store includes a lot of decisions and factors which can be divided into groups: facade design, show-case mounting and design, retailing premise design and merchandise presentation, optimizing retailing equipment (shelves) placement, organizing repayment points. All these elements need to be coordinated with retailing enterprise concept. Merchandise can be defined as material and non material properties, including packaging, color, price, quality, enterprise sign, also rendered services and retailer reputation. Word “perfume” relatively recent and was started to be used in XVI century. According to a lot of sources the word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Senses of smell in all times were considered one of the most important senses. In human body smell analyzing center is near the area of the brain that is responsible foe emotions, thus scents can remind of past emotions or ignite imagination. Composing perfumes science that includes chemistry, physics, physiology, psychology, aesthetics. Raw materials for perfumes are fragrant material, ethanol, cater and dye. Cosmetics are a general term to call all substances that are used to change (enhance) human’s body appearance and scent. Cosmetics in usual terms are skin, hair, nail, teeth care products. All cosmetics product consist of plant ingredients rich in healing properties. The first „KristiAna“ shop was opened in year 1994, Vilnius. Which started to retail in the products of the most famous cosmetics manufacturers in world - „Chanel“, „Cristian Dior“, „YSL“, „Givenchy“ and others. Successful trade activities influenced active expansion in the chain stores. Today „KristiAna“ is the biggest enterprise in Baltic countries, ruling over 43 stores in Lithuania and Latvia. In the questioning participated 128 people of various age and gender, filling out questionnaire with fourteen questions. First two questions intended to find out participants age, gender. Question three though six – to find out usual places, how often and what the participants look for when buying cosmetics. Questions from seventh to fourteenth intend to find out participants opinion about „KristiAna“ chain store product quality, assortment, costs, shop workers service and competence. Investigation aim is to research „KristiAna“ chain store end-users satisfaction.
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The referendum and the popular initiative as the forms of direct democracy are more and more present in the decision making process within the model of the representative democracy. ‘’Let the citizens be the lawmakers for one single day” is a principle especially current in the European states. Envisaged as a corrective, but not as the substitution for representative democracy, it is both glorified and contested at the same time. From their basic function consisting of the elected politicians control and the wider citizen’s participation in the politics, they can also become a means of the manipulation. The Serbian experience with these political mechanisms is not so different comparing with the average situation- we have more referendums, but less popular initiatives, especially on the local level. The Serbian constitution from 2006. has precised and aggravated the conditions of using of the referendum and popular initiative. On the basis of this constitution was made the draft of law. The proposed solutions are in accordance with the EU recommendations regarding good referendum practice, but they also admit the dilemmas about the setting of the turnout quorum and quorum for acceptance of the referendum decisions.
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This paper determines, through the analysis of political institutions, as well as analysis of the key moments of the modern Turkish history, the main characteristics of the political system of Turkey. Also, the authors analyze the role of the military in the establishment and maintenance of the secular society, and try to illuminate the essence of the current Islamist shift in Turkish politics. The paper first gives a historical overview of Ataturk’s reforms and the emergence of the Turkish republic, followed by review of basic characteristic of its political institutions. Then the authors analyze the past and present role of the military in Turkish political life, as well as reform shift after the victory of Islamists on parliamentary elections in 2002. The final part of the paper raises the question of whether the current policies of the ruling AK party leads to а greater democratization of society, its Islamization, or domination of one party over the entire political system?
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The idea of the hereby given analysis of the exchange rate as a parameter function of the economic policy is that the primary problem in Serbia today is the fact that the anti-inflationary policy cannot be run apart from the developmental policy. No stabilization concept can succeed unless it is directed towards the incentive of production activities, production growth and widening of the investment base. In the very short run the government can do very little in the exchange rate plan, but it can in the long run by the change of its economic policy. In the short run, the Central bank can do a lot on the exchange rate although the exchange rate is not its priority. Inflation is the top priority for the Central bank.
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This article presents the results of research on changes in the spatial structure of a population of bank vole (Myodes glareolus Schreber, 1780) in the context of a study of multiannual dynamics of population density. The field research took place in Kaniv Nature Reserve, Cherkassy region, Ukraine, in May – June 2009–2012. In forest biotopes of the reserve the dominant mammal species is the bank vole The period of research spanned four consecutive phases of long term dynamics of density of population of this species, and also of the rodent community in general (growth – peak – decline – depression). The trapping of the animals was carried out by means of the traditional method of study plots. Parameters of spatial distribution of individuals – aggregation coefficient (K) and density of individuals within concentrations (m) – makes it possible to gain an adequate impression of the structure of populations on the basis of data on distribution of individuals within the study plots. It has been established that the spatial structure of populations of rodents naturally changes in the course of multiannual dynamics of the population. During alternation of separate phases reorganizations of the spatial distribution of bank vole populations consisted of changes in quantity and the size of concentrations, and also density of their placement. A scheme of changes in spatial structure in conditions of cyclic fluctuations of density is presented. Absence of concentration during the depression phase of dynamics is defined by the insignificant number of consumers of environmental resources, which causes a surplus and availability of these resources and is indicated also by the fact that compact distribution of animals interferes with successful realization of reproductive potential. Intensive reproduction and rapid rate of increase in a population, which are characteristic of a growth phase, cause formation and growth of separate concentrations. Increase in their area prevents rapid growth of density within these populations, and action of negative effects of overpopulation is weakened by redistribution of young animals. The phase of peak population causes merging of borders between separate concentrations and the creation of a uniform concentration with a high internal density. Later (decline phase) such concentration breaks up into a number of small concentrations which are concentrated in the most optimum habitats. We found that multiannual "pulsation" of the spatial structure of a population occurs over absolutely different time periods and is similar to the seasonal pulsation. It is possible to draw analogies between separate phases (years) of dynamics and certain seasons because at such stages the development of populations has similar patterns.
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Over 1.8 billion people — from Central Europe to East Asia — have been involved in the great systemic transformation to market economy, civic society and democracy, lasting already a generation. The process has evolved more by chance than by design, and has brought mixed fruits. The diversification of the current situation is a result of both the legacy from the past and the different strategies and policies executed in particular countries over subsequent periods. These polices have been based on different assumptions and followed the advises of alternative schools of economic thought. Consequently, there are theoretical lessons to learn, as well as policy implications, from this vast experience. The paper, written from the comparative perspective and exercising counterfactual history analyses of the multi-track process of the great Post-Communist change during the last two decades, provides some forecasts and propositions for the next generation.
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Aim: The aim of the article is to present the activity of Archivists without Frontiers set up in Catalonia in 1998. The following paragraphs discuss the history of the association, its structure, method of operation and examples of initiatives in which the organization was involved. Due to the wide range of projects undertaken, the article only describes selected issues that allow us to see the wide scope of the organization’s activity and the manner in which Archivists without Frontiers operate. A separate part of the text is devoted to the activity of securing and promoting the documentary heritage of Catalonia. Research method: The text is based on information from information bulletins (Boletín AsF) regularly published by Archivists without Frontiers and individual published articles. The source database is supplemented with information from the public sphere, such as the media or the Internet. Conclusions: The article recapitulates twenty years of the association’s activity, which from the group of local enthusiasts has evolved into a widely recognized and appreciated initiative playing an important role in the international archival cooperation.
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Priopćenje/Information: Borbene aktivnosti Operacijskog sektora Pakrac od 4. prosinca do 31. prosinca 1991.
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The past millennium gave rise to a systemic crisis of civilization: ideological, environmental, and socio-economic. One of its manifestations was the collapse of the USSR and the deterioration of the quality of life in all newly formed states, which led to the emergence of many problems at all levels of society. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of the Saratov intelligentsia, beginning in the second half of the 1980s, in resolving crisis situations in three areas sought for by society: 1) finding ways to preserve the labor collectives of large enterprises of the military-industrial complex, provided reorganization of social structures of regional and union importance; 2) advisory, organizational, publishing and scientific and educational assistance to resurgent confessions, as well as activities for the establishment of interfaith and interethnic contacts and harmony; 3) the creation of the Academy of problems of quality of the Russian Federation and its regional Saratov branch for the development and implementation of programs to improve the quality of activities in all enterprises and organizations.
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This paper demonstrates how the evolutionary knowledge co-creation processes captured with the practice ecosystem framework in business and academia collaboration. Data are collected from 91 organizations in Finland during the period of 2007–2016. The scope of this research is limited to the educational field and to one Applied University of Sciences (UAS) master’s degree programme in Finland. The implications are mainly empirical but they contribute also to the knowledge co-creation theory by demonstrating the value and usability of the theoretical framework. The novelty of the research paper lies in the application for the first time of this theoretical framework in an authentic ecosystem.
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At the beginning of March 2019, social networks published a few video clips showing religious festive event – khatam al Qur’an du’a at the Čaršijska džamija mosque in Srebrenica. The video was recorded on 23.4.1995 in the mosque Čaršijska džamija in Srebrenica. The khatam al Qur’an du’a held on the eve of genocide offers, perhaps, the best picture of religious life in Srebrenica. It shows how Bosniaks in the most difficult of the circumstances in this UN’s safe haven are determined to preserve their faith and tradition.
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This article examines the changes in Turkey’s migration and refugee policies in the light of evolving Turkish Foreign Policy. The main argument of the paper is that while the purpose of the immigration and refugee policies between 2000-2011 was to motivated to comply with the EU standards to achieve the accession as quickly as possible, in the later period, between 2011-2017, Turkey instrumentally used migration/refugee policies to increase its manuvering power with respect to Europe and enhanced its leadership claims in the Middle East. Moreover, the paper approaches to the foreign policy of Turkey in this period as Europeanization and de-Europeanization. In the first period, which can be characterized as Europeanization, the EU encouraged Turkey to become more security-oriented in its border security and visa policies. Turkey sometimes tried to make the required adjustments and sometimes it resisted the EU reforms by protecting its ‘flexible’ migration regime, depending on its faith in Europe’s sincerity for Turkey’s EU membership. In the later period, with the increased influence of Ahmet Davutoğlu in Turkish Foreign Policy, de-Europeanization has affected the evolution of Turkey’s migration policy discourse. The final stroke in this period was the Syrian refugee crisis which has changed the balance of power in the international system and once again obliged Europe to engage with Turkey despite the tense relations.
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