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1. Die Globalisierung humaner gestalten 2. Den Staat neu erfinden 3. Eine kohärente Einwanderungs-und Integrationspolitik verfolgen 4. Europa zu einem Projekt seiner Bürger machen 5. Die Erweiterung erfolgreich durchführen 6. Die Kommunikationslücke schließen 7. Unsere Parteien reformieren 8. Für eine pluralistische ntliche Sphäre in Europa kän 9. Ein demokratisches gesellschaftliches Bündnis schließen 10. Die Wahlmöglichkeiten auf politischer Ebene verstärken
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Karmelici bosi przybyli do Poznania w 1618 roku. W ogrodzie nabytym od Elżbiety Michanówny zbudowali – początkowo drewniany – klasztor pod wezwaniem św. Józefa. W latach 1635–1687, na gruncie zapisanego im dworu przez Barbarę Orzelską, wybudowali murowany barokowy klasztor i kościół św. Józefa3. Architektami i budowniczymi kościoła św. Józefa byli: Jerzy Catenaci oraz Krzysztof Bonadura starszy i Krzysztof Bonadura młodszy. Karmelici bosi po II wojnie światowej odzyskali swoją własność w stanie ruiny. Odbudowa i rewaloryzacja zabytku sztuki trwała wiele lat. Obecne wyposażenie kościoła wykonane zostało w latach 1985–1990.//The Discalced Camaldolese arrived in Poznań in 1618. In a garden purchased from Elżbieta Michanówna they built the original wooden monastery dedicated to St Joseph. In 1635–1687, on the land of the manor bequeathed by Barbara Orzelska, the Camaldolese built a stone monastery and St Joseph's Church. Among the architects and builders of St Joseph's Church were: Giovanni Catenaci, Krzysztof Bonadura the Older and Krzysztof Bonadura the Younger. After the Second World War, the Discalced Camaldolese regained their property in a state of ruin. It took many years to reconstruct and renovate the heritage site. The present furnishings of the Church were made in the years 1985–1990.
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The purpose of the article is to present the religious situation of Welsh society based on data from the censuses conducted in 2001 and 2011. On the basis of selected reports, the problem of discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief is also raised, as well as the issue of the existence and functioning of denominational schools in Wales. The analysis reveals the important role of religion in the process of creating the Welsh national identity, apart from, and often in conjunction with, such elements as even the Welsh language.
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The subject of this paper is to point to the activities of international organizations, especially the United Nations, and their impact and omissions in the conducted peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the “safe areas” of Srebrenica and Zepa. Having examined the various documents from the time of the aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is evident that it was a false protection of human rights, and that the actual protection of the Bosniak people was completely missing thus revealing the actual international interests towards Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina is an internationally recognized state and a member of the United Nations, it was too often involved in violations of the adopted Declaration of the Security Council, especially those pertaining to safe areas such as Srebrenica and Zepa. This paper’s aim is to point out the bias of the international community,especially the UN, in the case of Bosnian Serbs that ultimately led to the unprecedented genocide in the protected zones of the UN. The authentic documents of the Army of the Republic of Srpska are in favor of this fact,which directly suggests taking sides (especially UNPROFOR) in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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There are many different explanations of how the Russia’s political system, after the collapse of the USSR, is functioning. Some argue that it can be described as a strictly centralized power vertical, authoritarian or even dictatorial model. Others suggest that the basis of the system lay in the power of elite groups or media control (mediocracy). However, the different perspectives share same assumption: the essential role in the Russian political system is played by various power elite groups; thus, their analysis helps one to understand the functioning of the regime more profoundly. The analyses of Post-Communist Russia’s elite are based on the main assumptions of the theories of power elite. It means that not only relations and interactions between various power groups are analyzed, but also the links between the concentration of power in specific groups with the post-Communist Russia transformation process. However, Russia’s political system is a “black box” that is very hard to open and acknowledge. Therefore, even an analysis of the elite groups can only give partial answers to the study of its political system. Firstly, an overview of the formation of the political elite in post-Communist Russia is presented. The main driving forces of this process are also presented. It allows the author to frame the main assumptions of the Russian power elite, especially during Vladimir Putin’s rule. Based on the suggested Russia’s political system explanation and the power elite grouping model, an overview of the main current actors, both systematic and outside-the-system, formal and informal, are presented. Systematic actors include actors from the closest circle of Vladimir Putin to the ones who simulate opposition forces. Meanwhile, an analysis of the actors outside the system also suggest the main means by which they are eliminated from the political system. The author suggests a multi-layered Russia’s power elite analysis model. The inner circle, which consists of individuals closest to V. Putin, is formed from the most loyal and long-lived sidekicks. They hold the most power in their hands despite their formal positions in the state. It can be understood as a “buffer zone” that absorbs the influence of other, competing elite groups. The second circle is formed from two groups. The “Politburo” involves both the actors from the inner circle and at that time the most influential players outside it. Another group is of formal officers/technocrats who do not have huge influence on the President’s decisions but are needed to preserve the regime – they are implementers, not decision-makers. Finally, the last circle is formed from other players, such us controlled opposition or regional leaders. Further, the main principles of the functioning of the regime are presented as well as the influence and rise of specific groups, such as the siloviki, are discussed. The deeper overview of each power circle is also presented. All in all, the model proves the complexity and closure of V. Putin’s system. However, it allows to present generalizations of the political system as such. Latest developments and the reshuffle among the members of the closest circle suggest the changes in the system are ongoing, changes which may lead a shift from a “collective Putin” to a “purely authoritarian” management. Therefore, further observations in this regard are required.
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The approaches to fiscal expansion and the corresponding methods are the same in most countries of the world. Depending on a specific task, the type of tax incentives may vary from country to country to increase their efficiency. Having analyzed the statistical data on all Russian enterprises (excluding small ones) for the period from 2008 to 2015, we deduced an equation y=0.0221x+0.3824 which describes the dynamics of the share of the enterprises investment in the total number of monetary assets. A positive value of the coefficient 0.0221 suggests that the volume of investments in the total number of monetary assets is increasing steadily. The government increases tax burden to ensure solvency and financial stability of the enterprises engaged in the development and implementation of investment projects. However, it should be noted that such decisions of tax regulation seem inconsistent. We have proved the hypothesis which explains to what extent tax burden on enterprises should be decreased to set the liquidity ratio and profitability at standard values (0.7 – 1), other conditions in the country being equal.
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This article presents the evolution of the National Bank of Romania from the status of a central government body to the one of autonomous public institution, through laws that have governed it from its setting up (1880) to the present. As an autonomous administrative authority, central bank finds its first foundation, in legal terms, in the provisions of Romanian Constitution of 1991, revised in 2003, and, secondly, in the normative acts that make up the legislative framework necessary for carrying out banking activity, especially Law no. 312/2004 on the Status of the National Bank of Romania. The originality of this article lies in the fact that the analysis of the legal texts was done in correlation with the historical context in which they were adopted and with the evolution of the political regime and of the Romanian economy, from the capitalist economy, to the centralized economy and, finally, to the market economy
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Trade enterprise specific activities are buying goods and merchandise, and reselling them to buyers unmodified or otherwise unchanged. Sells goods created by production enterprises to consumers with their own specific services. Retailing is the sale of goods or merchandise, directly to end-users for their own personal and household needs. Types of retailing may include: department stores, boutiques, vending machines. Forms of selling: mailing trade, electronic trade, direct trade. Retailing enterprises are divided by their merchandise assortment to: mixed merchandise, food products, non eatable, and specialty merchandise. One of the most responsible and complicated trade marketing decision is trade object placing. Trade object placing is geographical location, in witch, including all production factors (personnel, merchandise, production means and capital), retailing activities are taking place. This place selection is strategic, long term solution. Factors influencing this decision are: premises owned by enterprise, personal wishes, market research. Establishing a store includes a lot of decisions and factors which can be divided into groups: facade design, show-case mounting and design, retailing premise design and merchandise presentation, optimizing retailing equipment (shelves) placement, organizing repayment points. All these elements need to be coordinated with retailing enterprise concept. Merchandise can be defined as material and non material properties, including packaging, color, price, quality, enterprise sign, also rendered services and retailer reputation. Word “perfume” relatively recent and was started to be used in XVI century. According to a lot of sources the word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Senses of smell in all times were considered one of the most important senses. In human body smell analyzing center is near the area of the brain that is responsible foe emotions, thus scents can remind of past emotions or ignite imagination. Composing perfumes science that includes chemistry, physics, physiology, psychology, aesthetics. Raw materials for perfumes are fragrant material, ethanol, cater and dye. Cosmetics are a general term to call all substances that are used to change (enhance) human’s body appearance and scent. Cosmetics in usual terms are skin, hair, nail, teeth care products. All cosmetics product consist of plant ingredients rich in healing properties. The first „KristiAna“ shop was opened in year 1994, Vilnius. Which started to retail in the products of the most famous cosmetics manufacturers in world - „Chanel“, „Cristian Dior“, „YSL“, „Givenchy“ and others. Successful trade activities influenced active expansion in the chain stores. Today „KristiAna“ is the biggest enterprise in Baltic countries, ruling over 43 stores in Lithuania and Latvia. In the questioning participated 128 people of various age and gender, filling out questionnaire with fourteen questions. First two questions intended to find out participants age, gender. Question three though six – to find out usual places, how often and what the participants look for when buying cosmetics. Questions from seventh to fourteenth intend to find out participants opinion about „KristiAna“ chain store product quality, assortment, costs, shop workers service and competence. Investigation aim is to research „KristiAna“ chain store end-users satisfaction.
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The referendum and the popular initiative as the forms of direct democracy are more and more present in the decision making process within the model of the representative democracy. ‘’Let the citizens be the lawmakers for one single day” is a principle especially current in the European states. Envisaged as a corrective, but not as the substitution for representative democracy, it is both glorified and contested at the same time. From their basic function consisting of the elected politicians control and the wider citizen’s participation in the politics, they can also become a means of the manipulation. The Serbian experience with these political mechanisms is not so different comparing with the average situation- we have more referendums, but less popular initiatives, especially on the local level. The Serbian constitution from 2006. has precised and aggravated the conditions of using of the referendum and popular initiative. On the basis of this constitution was made the draft of law. The proposed solutions are in accordance with the EU recommendations regarding good referendum practice, but they also admit the dilemmas about the setting of the turnout quorum and quorum for acceptance of the referendum decisions.
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This paper determines, through the analysis of political institutions, as well as analysis of the key moments of the modern Turkish history, the main characteristics of the political system of Turkey. Also, the authors analyze the role of the military in the establishment and maintenance of the secular society, and try to illuminate the essence of the current Islamist shift in Turkish politics. The paper first gives a historical overview of Ataturk’s reforms and the emergence of the Turkish republic, followed by review of basic characteristic of its political institutions. Then the authors analyze the past and present role of the military in Turkish political life, as well as reform shift after the victory of Islamists on parliamentary elections in 2002. The final part of the paper raises the question of whether the current policies of the ruling AK party leads to а greater democratization of society, its Islamization, or domination of one party over the entire political system?
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The idea of the hereby given analysis of the exchange rate as a parameter function of the economic policy is that the primary problem in Serbia today is the fact that the anti-inflationary policy cannot be run apart from the developmental policy. No stabilization concept can succeed unless it is directed towards the incentive of production activities, production growth and widening of the investment base. In the very short run the government can do very little in the exchange rate plan, but it can in the long run by the change of its economic policy. In the short run, the Central bank can do a lot on the exchange rate although the exchange rate is not its priority. Inflation is the top priority for the Central bank.
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Contemporary world has been characterized by development of new media, among other things, and also by creation of a new and different public. The new media have been influencing everyday along with the life of the communities. Along with development of conventional media, there came development of alternative media, too (Internet, before all). One basic characteristic of new media is the convergence between different media agenda and interactivities. In this text author analyzed the variables that could possibly influence the choice of the media to be used as a basic source of information. The question is - could the correlates in the use of different media be defined at all? Is it demographic characteristics (before all, the age, education and income), or certain psychological characteristics of the people in question? Or could it be that the dominant media that is being used for purpose of informing is primarily defined by cultural and social characteristics of the community? In this text the author also analyzed the data on quantitative research on a representative sample consisting of 1.050 citizens of Serbia older than the age of fifteen that had been performed in 2008.
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This short essay tries to conclude an outline of key projects which have been realized in Institute of Contemporary History CAS by using oral history method between years 1996–2011. There would be outlined thematic, historical and methodological aspects of these projects and also resumed the later reactions of scholars and media.
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In their article, the authors presented preliminary results of the surveys concerning the impact of implementation of the aid projects on the region’s economy. They focused their attention on the three problems which, at the same time, determine the study’s structure. In the first part, they brought closer the main problems related to the development of innovative processes in the European economy, indicating, inter alia, implications of the financial crisis of the years 2008-2009. The unfavourable impact of the environment on the growth of the level of Polish enterprises’ innovativeness, the widening bureaucracy and low outlays on the R&D sector in the Polish economy are the issues dealt with in the second part of the article. Despite the extremely unfavourable terms of functioning, owing to enterprise and use of high technologies, the development is, nevertheless, possible, examples of what are some enterprises from the Opole Province. The article is of the research nature and is a part of the report where there were used the analysis of the already existing sources, documentary analysis, and the expert method.
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The main aim of the article was to determine the spatial differentiation of development of the hotel base by region (voivodeship). Assuming that the level of development of the hotel base in a given area is decided by many factors; in the article, the author applied the multidimensional comparative analysis in its dynamic version. Based on secondary sources of information (data of CSO local data bank), he identified a potential set of diagnostic variables. Next, making use of the factorial analysis, he reduced it to the final set of quasi-variables (four main factors). Those factors served construction of the synthetic measure of development of the hotel base of individual voivodeships. Based on the value of main factors and the synthetic measure, the author determined the hierarchical structure of voivodeships by every of the factors and the synthetic measure as well as its changes in 2002- 2012. In his work, the author also carried out delimitation of voivodeships into homogenous groups by the criterion of the value of synthetic measure of development as well as by the direction and intensity of its changes over time.
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This paper compares the foreign policies of the Republic of Croatia towards the regions of Latin America and the Middle East, aiming to identify the similarities and the differences. During the 1990s Croatia was primarily interested in diplomatic recognition and the establishment of diplomatic relations. In the period of 2001-2012 Latin America and the Middle East were not able to contribute to the achievement of main foreign policy goals – membership in NATO and the EU – so they stayed out of the interests of foreign policy creators. We argue that Croatia has not established a defined foreign policy towards the mentioned regions, and that political significance of a particular Latin American and Middle Eastern country was determined by its economic importance (Croatian export) and in the case of Latin America by the size of the diaspora. The first section briefly outlines the first decade of Croatian foreign policy (1991-2001) and the second section focuses on the empirical assessment of the determinants of Croatian foreign policy toward the countries of Latin America and the Middle East during the period ranging between 2001 and 2012. Bilateral relations between Croatia and Latin American countries are good but not developed. The reason for this is the geographical distance of Latin America and perception of low significance of majority of the countries, and that will not change. On the other hand, there is no correlation between economic and diplomatic importance of Middle Eastern countries for Croatia. Therefore, Croatia’s foreign policy towards these countries was not guided by economic incentives.
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Legal framework regulating the prohibition and sanctioning of doping in sport in the EU countries is a very interesting topic for research, because of the variety of legal, organizational and financial problems that have to be solved in order to organize and establish effective and efficient mechanism for counteraction of doping in sport. Nowadays, more than ever before in the history, laws and regulations in the most of the European countries treat doping in sports and activities related with production and trafficking of doping substances as a crime. In recent years, it is widely accepted that sport doping is only a part of the wider problem of drug abuse within modern societies. The relation between the international drug trade, doping substances trade and organized crime is obvious. The convergence of doping in sport and organized crime demands a new approach to research and fight against that phenomena. During the past thirty years, all of the EU member states enacted the laws and regulations that have placed a ban for usage of doping substances and methods in sports. Such a laws and regulations comprise variety of sanctions and preventive measures for the sportsmen and sportswoman whose sports activities are involved in doping substances trafficking, smuggling and usage. Besides that, all of the EU countries (except Belgium) ratified the Council of Europe Convention against doping. The new legal framework regulating the prohibition and sanctioning of doping in sport in the Republic of Serbia has been created after the enactment of Anti-doping Law in November 2005. The passage of the new legislative framework regulating the work and jurisdiction of the Antidoping Agency of Serbia was a decisive step in the process of strengthening state capacities aimed at creation of organizational framework needed for systematical fight against doping in Serbian sport. Now, a more challenging and difficult task lies ahead state and sports organizations. That task is a proper implementation of the new regulatory framework and its harmonization with EU legal standards.
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Technological war transposed in real-life situations is at the core of Andy Briggs’s contemporary series for teenagers HERO.COM and VILLAIN.NET originally published between 2008 and 2010 and already translated into Romanian. This paper revolves around the idea that in a century dominated by mass-media and globalization, translators should be able to promptly respond to the publishers’ requirements and make sure that they have chosen the best option for their future target readers. In Andy Briggs’s novels, the never-ending clash between good and evil acquires almost graphic representations embedded in a rather detailed vocabulary related to war and modern technology. Translating such novels becomes a challenge for those who have to bear in mind that nowadays teenagers all over the world have the possibility to communicate on the internet and are thus accustomed to the kind of language the characters in these novels use.
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Aim: The aim of the article is to present the activity of Archivists without Frontiers set up in Catalonia in 1998. The following paragraphs discuss the history of the association, its structure, method of operation and examples of initiatives in which the organization was involved. Due to the wide range of projects undertaken, the article only describes selected issues that allow us to see the wide scope of the organization’s activity and the manner in which Archivists without Frontiers operate. A separate part of the text is devoted to the activity of securing and promoting the documentary heritage of Catalonia. Research method: The text is based on information from information bulletins (Boletín AsF) regularly published by Archivists without Frontiers and individual published articles. The source database is supplemented with information from the public sphere, such as the media or the Internet. Conclusions: The article recapitulates twenty years of the association’s activity, which from the group of local enthusiasts has evolved into a widely recognized and appreciated initiative playing an important role in the international archival cooperation.
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