La Renaissance Nationale et l'Ecole Romantique dans la Litterature Albanaise du XIX Siecle

Author(s): Jorgo Bulo / Language(s): French Issue: 01/2004

La formation des écoles nationales dans la littérature et les arts de l'Europe du Sud-Est est liée, ici plus ailleurs moins, aux mouvements et aux révolutions nationales dans ces pays. Cette constatation pourrait être prise pour base dans la reconstruction de ce processus si nous nous entendions sur les termes et nous distinguions la conscience populaire proto-nationale d'une Ethnie ou nationalité de la conscience nationale d'une nation à la phase de sa Formation et des mouvements pour la création des États nationaux. De cet aspect, les écoles nationales seraient comprises comme un phénomène historique né aux époques du développement des mouvements nationaux, comme une partie du processus de la formation de la conscience nationale et de l'affirmation de l'identité et de l'intégrité spirituelle de la nation au moyen de la culture.

Le Congrès de Monastir et sa Place dans l'Histoire de la Nation Albanaise

Author(s): Kristaq Prifti / Language(s): French Issue: 01/1999

The unification of the alphabet of the Albanian language, as decided in the Monastir Congress in 1908, is one of the greatest results in the history of the Albanian culture and nation, which can be called without hesitation a unique result of the Albanian people in the twentieth century.

Ismail Qemal et les Jeunes Turcs (1897-1902)

Author(s): Gazmend Shpuza / Language(s): French Issue: 01/2002

Les relations de Ismaïl Qemal avec les Jeunes-Turcs à la fin du XIXe et au début du X X e siècle présentent un intérêt particulier non seulement en ce qui concerne la vie et l'activité de cette importante personnalité albanaise pour l'Empire Ottoman. Elles ne sont qu'effleurées par les chercheurs en Albanie et en Turquie également.

Liberalii radicali şi republica votului universal

Author(s): Remus Tanasă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 61/2015

This article examines the radical liberal’s arguments for the universal suffrage as a mean to reach a republican vision over the politics. The republican model, inspired by the French republicans/radicals, or by the social theories of Giuseppe Mazzini, states that the institutions are really democratic only in a „checks and balances” system and only if the head of the government is elected by the people. Around the half of the XIX century, the Romanian Principalities, like other European nations, were in a period of national awakening, so the radical liberals were forced to collaborate with other Romanian political factions, in order to achieve the state unification and the national independence. The goal could be fulfill only with the help of the Great Powers, that were not willing to sustain a republican Romania because almost all Europe was monarchic. So, if the republican institutions were not anymore an option, the Romanian radicals were now sustaining a constitutional order that allows the king to reign but not to govern. The article argues that, in the Romanian case, the political ideologies were partially the root cause of the debates over the legislation; rather, the state institutions were the result of some circumstantial imperatives like the unification, the recognition of independence and the shaping of a national political culture.

A former Romanian Scientific Society: The Society of Physical sciences (1890-1910)

Author(s): George Andrei Iavorenciuc / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The society of Physical sciences (phisycs, chemistry and mineralogy) has been an important Romanian scientific society since its establishment, in 1890 until the middle of the twentieth century. This paper seeks to provide an analysis of its activity in the first two decades of existence, a less studied period, namely how its enterprises contributed to the dissemination and spread of the latest scientifi c ideas within Romania’s culture. The society was founded at the initiative of some of the most proeminent Romanian scientists of that period and, until the end of the nineteenth century, it expanded its sphere of activity by including sections on mathemathics and natural history. Therefore, its activity, exemplifi ed by public conferences, presentation of members’ personal scientific endeavors, intellectual debates or scientific missions, reflected the general development of physical sciences in Romania in that epoch. This research is based mostly on a close scrutiny of society’s scientifi c journal.

A nemzetek típusai és kialakulásuk szakaszai

Author(s): Ignác Romsics / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2013

A modern európai történelemben a nemzetek két alaptípusát különbözteti meg a szakirodalom, és egyben a mindennapi nyelvhasználat. Az egyikre a közös terület és az ugyanazon jogi-politikai keretekhez, tehát államhoz való tartozás a meghatározóan jellemzõ, a másikra pedig a nyelv és a kultúra azonossága, valamint a közös származás mí- tosza vagy valósága. Friedrich Meinecke, a 19. és a 20. század nagy német történésze 1907-ban Fichte és Herder megfigyeléseit elfogadva az elõzõ típust politikai vagy államnemzetként (Staatsnation), az utóbbit pedig kultúrnemzetként (Kulturnation) definiálta. E két típus földrajzi elterjedését alapul véve Anthony D. Smith, a nemzettel kapcsolatos kutatások egyik legjobb mai brit szakértõje legutóbbi könyveiben a nemzet Nyugat-Európára és az Egyesült Államokra jellemzõ nyugati, és a világ több más részé- re, így Európa keleti felére is jellemzõ keleti vagy etnikai modelljérõl ír.

Veprimtaria Atdhetare e Minush Rrahmanit (1863-1919)

Author(s): Lush Culaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

Minush Rrahmani was born in Damanek (village of Malisheva) around a year 1863. He did not spare anything for his nation. His tower became place of men’s gathering’s. In tower of Minush, with directives of Azem Galica, Sadik Rama etc happened many gath-erings to start a great uprising in Llapushë. Minush Rrahmani and Damanek villagers, as if always they were ready to start uprising. Minush Rrahmani was one of them who worked so much in organizing the uprising. He stood out especially in the collection of data on the composition of the population, which proved that the majority consisted of Albanians. Patriots like Sadik Ramë Gjurgjeviku, Ramadan Shabani, Sokol Bajraktari, Minush Rrahmani etc, were always there when nation needed them. Minush Rrahmani implemented directives of “Kosovo Committee”, he also took part in military battles. Mi-nush Rrahmani was one of the most prominent people, not only in his village, but also in region of Llapushë. Minush and his family had great authority. They continued the path of their ancestors, regardless of the consequences that could had. He and his family always fought for the liberation of Kosovo Albanians and their union with Alba-nia. These higher virtues made Minush Rrahmani one of the most respected people in region of Llapushë. The main leaders of the uprising, Azem Galica, Sadik Ramë Gjurgjeviku, Ramadan Shabani had high regard and great confidence for Minush Rrahmani. Minush was progressive and determined man. Minush Rrahmani was exe-cuted in 1919. His execution was a pain for Albanians. Minush Rrahmani, for decades, in different forms, gave a great contribution to his nation.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ЕЛІТА ТА ПАТРІОТИЗМ ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст.

Author(s): K. Kornienko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2016

In the article are analyzed Ukrainian elite. There are considered points of views participants of Ukrainian national movement about sense and main characteristics of patriotism. The main values for some Ukrainian intelligent were using native language and full immersion in original Ukrainian culture and traditions. According to the author’s think on the beginning of XX century meaning patriotic was some change. It depended with political situation and raising revolution, which bring to Ukrainian state.

Slavné československé legie

Author(s): Jaroslav Padrnos / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2014

The Czechoslovak Legion was a revolutionary armed force formed abroad that had come into being during World War I. It is said that without this force, there would be no independent Czechoslovakia. Without a foreign political, diplomatic and military resistance of the Czechoslovak National Council, headed by Prof. Dr. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Doc. Dr. Edvard Beneš, and Brig. Gen. Milan Rastislav Štefánik, there would be no Czechoslovak Legion. Even in the hard times, the large majority of legionnaires were always true to the Czech and the Slovak nation during World War II, and after the war. But after the February 1948, those nations, officially represented by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, were not true to them.

HAND OVER HEART: NATIONAL IDENTITY AND RITUAL IN THE ROMANIAN ANTHEM

Author(s): Anca Ursa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Hand over heart: National Identity and Ritual in the Romanian Anthem. In the past 150 years Romania has had five anthems that appeared in different stages of the nation that they symbolically legitimized. The present anthem, Deșteptă-te, române! (Awaken thee, Romanian!), based on the lyrics of a poem created during the 1848 revolution, is the product of the 19th-century romantic imaginary and thematizes important values for the moment of the creation/discovery of the ethnic-national solidarity, similar to the majority of European manifestos from that time. However, the former revolutionary song becomes an official national anthem in 1990, when the social projections and national values had long belonged to another paradigm, and it continues to dominate community rituals through unexpected structuring mechanisms.

Charter of Maryland as an Example of Proprietary Colonial Charter

Author(s): Piotr Michalik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

Depending on the type of the person being the benefactor of the grant, the English colonial charters issued by the Crown since the end of the 15th century may be divided into corporate and proprietary licences. both the legal form and the content of such chances was based on mediaeval standards. The basic model for the proprietary charter meant infeudation of a border county enjoying the special status of County Palatinate, and was established as early as at the time of William the Conqueror. The beneficiary of such a grant, the Count Palatine, discharged full royal power within his county, and was attached to the crown only by the oath of fealty. Although Henry VIII greatly limited the privileges of the Count Palatines, this specific legal status was successfully applied in colonial charters issued by the Stuarts beginning with the 1620s. A special place among those documents is held by the Charter of Maryland – a model proprietary charter of the Durham type issued in 1632 by King Charles I for the founder and first proprietor of Maryland, Cecil Calvert Lord Baltimore. A comparative analysis of the individual decisions of the Charter provides not only an opportunity to learn the structure and content of the proprietor colonial charter but also allows focusing on important political, social, and economic questions that shaped the 17th-century British colonialism in America. Their number includes legal and practical aspects of a colonial enterprise portrayed against the lives of George and Cecil Calverts, the scope and limits of the colony proprietor’s power, the question of legislation and the binding force of law in the colony and – which is closely related to it – the shaping of the representational government in the form of General Assembly standing in opposition to the proprietor, the question of transposing feudal social relations of the metropolis to the colony through the manorial system, and political and denominational relations within the colony. The last of the above is particularly important in the case of Maryland, due to the fact of the Calverts being Catholic.

U źródeł niepodległej państwowości algierskiej

Author(s): Aleksandra Kasznik-Christian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2005

ADMINISTRATIVNO-TERITORIJALNA PODJELA I LOKALNA SAMOUPRAVA U CRNOJ GORI 1945-1963

Author(s): Dragutin Papović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

U radu su prikazani administrativna podjela Crne Gore nakon Drugog svjetskog rata i organizacija lokalne samouprave u administrativno-teritorijalnim jedinicama. Rad obuhvata period od oslobođenja 1945. godine do usvajanja Ustava Socijalističke Republike Crne Gore 1963. godine. Na početku ovog perioda glavna administrativno-teritorijalna jednica je bio srez, a u kasnijoj fazi se pokazalo da srez nije bio odgovarajući i ustanovljen je opštinski sistem. Glavni organi lokalne samouprave su bili narodni odbori, a potom su to bile opštinske skupštine. U prvom dijelu ovog perioda manje administrativne jedinice su bili mjesni narodni odbori, a u kasnijoj fazi formirane su mjesne zajednice.

A grúziai Írásművelési Társaság. A nemzeti elit iskolája és nemzetszervezési tevékenysége

Author(s): Oliver Reisner / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2014

On the 15th of May 1879, the Society for the Promotion of Literacy among the Georgians was officially founded in Tbilisi. It represented the late product of a small but very active group of intellectuals, the tergdaleulebi, who played a pivotal role in the building of the modern Georgian nation. The Society for the Promotion of Literacy among the Georgians thus served as a tool to introduce national self-reliance and to counter the voluntary and forced Russification of the Georgian nobility. This article initially analyses the development of the “Society” between 1879 and 1914, focusing on the number, geographic origin, estate and social background of its members, as well as their educational backgrounds, professions and political activities. The article then attempts to characterize the various activities of the “Society”. Although the activists found themselves marginalized between the nobility and the peasantry, they managed to develop a sense of Georgian ethnic affiliation as a cultural community freed from estate or locality, accessible to all of its potential members. With its cultural activities, the members developed an institution of public socialization to replace the traditional ones. The social cleavage between the nobility and the peasantry and the domination of the Tsarist state, however, hindered the rise of a political loyalty on national grounds. The non-existent political nation was substituted by a new, culturally and ethnically sensitive community with the “Society” as its main organizational backbone. In this kind of “moral community” the growing layer of marginalized, educated white collar-workers could meet each other and coordinate their efforts.

Kokugagu a Meidzsi-kori Japánban. A modern japán nemzettudat kialakulása

Author(s): Ildikó Farkas / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

Wachutka, Michael: Kokugaku in Meiji-period Japan. The Modern Transformation of ‘National Learning’ and the Formation of Scholarly Societies. Leiden–Boston: Global Oriental, 2013. 313 p.

Rumänische Erinnerungsorte in Klausenburg

Author(s): Sorin Mitu / Language(s): German Issue: _/2020

Obviously, Cluj-Napoca has seen an intense process of effective Romanization in the political, demographic or economic field. However, this was not enough for the new Romanian majority. During a century marked by the extraordinary importance of national identity, the Romanian public and authorities also shaped a new historical memory of the city. This should on the one hand emphasize the Romanian character of Cluj in the present and on the other hand rewrite the historical past of the city. The Romanians generally avoid using the terms "conquest" or "annexation" when referring to Transylvania, as they believe that the region has essentially always been "theirs" and therefore only "unites", that means “reunites” with Romania. However, the term conquest could not be avoided in the case of Cluj-Napoca, a city that is so "Hungarian" due to its obvious features, especially in a symbolic sense, especially in the decades between the wars.

MITY ZAŁOŻYCIELSKIE BEZ GRANIC W KONTEKŚCIE NARODÓW AMERYKI ŁACIŃSKIEJ

Author(s): Anna RATKE‑MAJEWSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2019

Founding myths have a special place in the process of creating and sustaining the existence of a nation. A characteristic feature of this type of myths, often also of heroic myths, is that they are adequate only for one nation. However, it is different in Latin America, where some founding myths can be discussed in the context of several Latin American nations living in separate states of the region. The specificity of the Latin American continent has set the primary goal of this text, which is to answer the question of how the founding myths of the Latin American nations are shaped.

Patriotism, Nation, and Masculinity in the Official Propaganda of the Hungarian Insurrectio during the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)

Author(s): Ágoston Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

During the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809), the idea of “national war” was put into practice in the Austrian Empire. Not only the Habsburg military system was reformed, but the war was accompanied by an extensive propaganda campaign, implemented by intellectuals in the service of the Viennese Court. In Hungary, the palatine, Archduke Joseph was responsible for harmonizing the military innovations with the constitutional traditions of the country. The mobilization was carried out mainly by the partly modernized insurrectio, which obliged the masses of nobility to do personal military service in exchange for their privileges. This anachronistic means of defense tried to satisfy, lopsidedly, the demand of manpower in an age of mass warfare. Consequently, the imperial propaganda also had to be adapted to the particular Hungarian situation. This paper investigates this unique Hungarian situation, through analysing the relationship between the military mobilization of the nobility by the insurrectio and the efforts of the official propaganda to construct a valorous and patriotic self-image of the Hungarian nation. First, the study analyses the limited reforms concerning the traditional system of defence of the estates. Second, it presents how the official propaganda of the insurrectio shaped the ideal image of the “noble warrior” on national level in the periods of mobilization, war and demobilization. Third, it discusses the cult of heroes and the fallen of the insurrectio both on national and local (county) level. It argues that this cult proved short-lived in the long run because of the defeat of Austria, the shortness of the war, the uneven involvement of the counties in fighting, and so forth. The paper concludes that the insurrectio of 1809, which was the last great moment of the military mobilization and the valorous patriotic-national ideology of the nobility, did not fit the modern nation-building process and therefore has never incorporated into the Hungarian nationalism as a true “national war.”

Heroes of the Imagined Communities, Soldiers, and the Military: The Case of Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire, and Serbia before the Balkan Wars (1912–13)

Author(s): Jovo Miladinović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article illustrates the policy of wielding the hero as a symbolic political and nationalizing instrument in the Montenegrin, Ottoman, and Serbian armies before the Balkan Wars. The heroic became an integral part of other social disciplines (such as schools). Besides standing in a clear interdependent relationship, these social disciplines represented a necessary result of various centralizing processes of the governing elites. The primary efforts for the nationalization of the population were undertaken in the pre-/post-military life, in which the role of different state agents was equally important. Hence, the grid of the social disciplines became ever denser, which led to the uniformity of the heroic. This process enabled the legitimization of the ruling elites, subsequent actions in war, and heroization among recruits. The article argues that uniformity of the heroic is lacking in the Ottoman context. Given the ideological context and intellectual background of the preachers of nationalism, the consistency of the Ottoman heroic narrative before, during, and after military service is missing. The article shows that the so-called medievalism closely linked to the heroic offered a framework for constructing continuity between the immediate and distant past, providing meaning to someone’s death. A link between the past, the present, and the future was established, which constructed the nation’s primordial character and the feeling of ancient hatred towards an imaginary enemy.

How to Study Early Popular Engagement with Nationalism: Sources, Strategies, Research Traditions

Author(s): Ágoston Berecz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article combines methodological considerations with an overview of the literature on early popular nationalism, in which studies on Central and Eastern Europe occupy pride of place. Within these thematic confines, my aim is to give a broad sense of the methodological challenges of writing history from below. After a brief sketch of the problem area, I pass to the question of demarcating and contextualizing modern nationalism and discuss a few conventionally used indicators of national allegiances (tax discipline, draft evasion, turnout at national festivals, abidance by linguistic standards). Subsequently, the major part of the paper is organized according to the source types that historians have utilized to explore the relationship of the lower classes to the national paradigm: archival sources, folklore and ethnographic material, various kinds of egodocuments, press reportage, readers’ columns, and non-narrative sources. I address the interpretive issues that each source type raises, citing abundant examples from the literature, including my own research.