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Home Guard (Domobranstvo) was the regular army of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which was established in April 1941 after the Axis attack on Kingdom of Yugoslavia. NDH was ruled by the extreme right wing Ustasha movement headed by Ante Pavelić and its territory consisted of Croatia, Slavonia, Syrmia, Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungarians occupied and annexed Međimurje and Italians annexed parts of Croatian coast. A demarcation line divided NDH in German and Italian spheres of influence. Alongside with Home Guard, Ustasha militia was established as a military wing of the ruling Ustasha movement. Although Home Guard had air forces and navy, its ground forces were the most numerous and the most important. Tradition of the Croatian units of the Royal Hungarian Home Guard from the Austro-Hungarian Empire was often evoked after the establishment of NDH. Some Croats who were former Austro-Hungarian officers were also included in the Home Guard. Nevertheless, the basis for the formation of Home Guard were Croat and Bosnian Moslem officers and conscripts who had previously served in the royal Yugoslav army. The paramilitary units of the Croatian Peasant Party, the leading Croatian political party in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, played an important role immediately after the proclamation of NDH. Elements of this para-military organization took part in the disarmement of the Yugoslav units. In late April 1941 one of its detachments was sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina to establish Croatian military organization in that area. Nevertheless, Ustasha were distrustful of this organization and it was soon abolished [...]
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Suočeni smo s time da se hrvatskome antifašističkom otporu poriču demokratske tekovine, uz obrazloženje kako ih nije moglo ni biti jer je komunističko vodstvo ratne tekovine koalicijske antifašističke Narodne fronte iskoristilo kao politički kapital da bi hrvatskoj naciji nametnulo obnovu južnoslavenske državne zajednice, a njoj boljševičku diktaturu. Unatoč činjenici što je ona i uspostavljena, takav pristup odbacuje i zasluge antifašističke borbe za vraćanje matici zemlji teritorija koji su oteti prije i tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata, oslobođenje hrvatske nacije kolektivne krivnje za holokaust i genocid, sprečavanje obnove južnoslavenske državne zajednice pod vodstvom dinastije Karađorđevića i svrstavanje hrvatske nacije uz bok pobjedničkoj svjetskoj antifašističkoj koaliciji, a to jesu demokratske tekovine hrvatskoga antifašizma.
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Although over seventy years have passed since the end of World War II, the issue of national socialism in the German Third Reich still remains the subject of scientific studies of a lot of scientists [...] and an enormous ideological challenge [...] in the process of the creation of culture fit for man as a spiritual and physical being, their natural and legal communities and – not infrequently – [...] fit for the personal Absolute. [...] A certain, maybe the shortest synthesis of the problems brought up in this thesis of the philosophy of law of the Third Reich was made – in cooperation with many Nazi scientists and politicians – by the minister of the Reich Hans Frank in the publication edited by him in 1937 Deutsches Verwaltungsrecht [...] where Justus Danckwerts states the following: “Therefore, it is the state and not the nation that stands at the beginning of analysis. The Führer is the representative of the nation. The nation acts through him. He is the highest war commander, politician, law maker, judge and administrator. Under no circumstances is he bound. Law stands above him which has been growing in the nation and has been tested in the fight of the most German members of the nation in the world of enemies and that is the reason why it is far stronger than any act of law and what is timeless. This law is the socialist national view of the world. It [meaning this view] created the deepest and the most certain foundation of the life order of the German nation. It is the fundamental law of the nation, the unwritten constitution which determines all desire and all activity, not only of the members of the German nation itself but of each person in general.” [...] It is here that, according to Rudolf Bechert, the seeming “necessity of socialism” has its reason for the systematic shaping and interpretation of law. From the Introduction
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“The Train of History” by Mária Ormos invites the reader to two different „journeys”. Reception of both, history and historiography. It is a comprehensive study with author’s vision on Europe, focusing on the Hungarian history and Hungarian identity.
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The history of uprising in Nazi extermination camp in Sobibór told by the eye-witnesses who survived and escaped death. 27 testimonies of camp’s prisoners (including two of them who died in the gas chamber) represent over 300.000 of those who perished in Sobibor.
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A diary showing extreme experience of being one of 10 people hiding in a 6 square meter cellar. It is a testimony of survival in Kolomyia (today’s Ukraine) where after the liquidation of local ghetto, between winter 1942/43 and spring 1944 author, his wife and group of other Jews managed to escape the chase of Nazi functionaries. Apart from daily problems and complex relationships between the group of people shut and herded in the shelter, the diary refers to relations between Jews and Poles providing them their help.
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The story of seven Jews and a catholic priest who spent almost 5 months hidden in the basement in the ruins of Warsaw – city completely destroyed after Warsaw Uprising in 1944. Those “Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw” survived times of the terrific threat: human voices heard from the sewage system, first snow that shut off the ways to reach the food. They had to fight their own nature in extreme conditions and ceaseless danger. Due to their determination and sensitivity they managed to survive. After the liberation of Warsaw on January 17th 1945 they came out from their hideaway.
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A thrilling testimony of a Jewish doctor, direct witness of the Holocaust, who lost almost all his loved ones and spent 9 months hidden in an attic of the house inhabited by a Polish family. His testimony was written while hiding in Tłuste (today’s Ukraine) in 1943–44. Significant part of the memoirs is devoted to his prewar life and the situation of young Polish Jews in the 1930s. The part of the book related to the war time reflects the cruelty of aggressors and complicated relations between Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian people in the small cities of Podole region.
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An account made by 18 years old girl. Her Jewish origin was a death sentence but she managed to escape form ghetto in Końskie and survived the Holocaust “on the aryan papers” thanks to help she got from Poles. Her testimony is a vivid image of the everyday life under the Nazis and a frank, truthful study of the Polish-Jewish relations.
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Deeply touching and thrilling account of a Czech Jew. Glazar was one of only a few survivors of the Nazi death camp – Treblinka. He was transported to Treblinka in October 1942 and was one of the workers who sorted the belongings of those sent to the gas chambers. He survived several months working in the camp, knowing that he was working for a cause that killed thousands of Jews. On August 2, 1943, the prisoners of Treblinka broke out through a damaged gate during a revolt. While most of the escapees were arrested in proximity to the camp, Glazar escaped the area and made his way across Poland.
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Unique collection of accounts, diaries, memoirs, letters, reports, leaflets, press and literary works created in the Warsaw Ghetto. The material comes from an archive that Jews gathered during the war to document the life of Jewish community inside the Ghetto.
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The second book of Zoltán Kőrös is actually a continuation of his previous volume Muszkaföldön on prisoners of war in Russia. This time he presents interviews with soldiers and leventes (members of paramilitary youth organizations) from Upper Hungary forced during the last winter of World War II to the Third Reich where they were captured by the Western powers. Although not to such extent as war captives of the Soviets (not speaking about the dreadful fate of the Soviet soldiers in German captivity), the recallers were exposed to hunger, adverse weather conditions, diseases, and death also in the American, British, and especially in the French detention camps. In his large-volume introduction based on recalls, the author vivifies this world slowly passing into oblivion, and the roads leading to captivity. Both the captives and the captors are also touched on in the book, as well as the often burdensome, hindered return of the Hungarian captives to their homeland, to the towns and villages of the present South Slovakia. The main part of this publication is constituted of eight individual stories considered by the author as the most special, which describe to us the more or less forced journey of the captives to the Third Reich, until their return home.
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Zločina i zločinaca uvijek je bilo, njih ima i danas i bit će ih sutra. To su neosporne činjenice s kojima čovjek današnjice računa kad živi i kad se priprema za budući život. U vrijeme kad smo na pragu postindustrijskog društva, kad strojevima dirigiranim sa zemlje čeprkamo po površinama dalekih nebeskih tijela, kad je čovjek uspješno koraknuo mjesečevim stijenama, kad osvajamo ono što je bilo i za maštu predaleko, na našoj planeti, tu gdje žive civilizirani narodi, prepuni su ambari opasnosti i stovarišta smrti. Čovjek očito, živeći u proturječnostima ideja i sistema, u različitim ekonomskim i društvenim uvjetima, nije siguran i mora stalno misliti otkud mu i kakva opasnost prijeti, tko će ga i kada napasti, kakve mu katastrofe sprema po svemu sličan čovjek‑brat, čovjek‑nebrat.
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The friends from the title of this book are a group of female prisoners of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau (1943–1945), whose paths crossed several times during around two years of camp life in Birkenau. At different times they lived in one block of the women’s camp, slept in one bunk, together left Auschwitz to work in the Wolkenburg camp, and several of them escaped together from transport to Dachau, from a freight wagon, at the small German station of Weiden. Together they also survived one of the most beautiful, as they say, periods in their lives – a few months of miraculously regained freedom, spent in Weiden under the protection of the American army. Several of them also took a long, difficult journey home. Preserved memories of three of these friends – including the Mother of the book’s author, are the central axis of this essay. It presents the process of shaping the way of perceiving the world and the identity of individuals who came across actions aimed to annihilate human beings. They came into contact with the essence of a concentration camp, which was based on depriving people of all rights and even exterminating them. The approach chosen by the author is the biographical method which focuses on the study of what is individual, related to assessments, values, experiences. It is a book about trying to find an answer to the question of how it happened that some people expressed indescribable cruelty to other people and decided to dehumanize and annihilate them. The book is also about the forces you must find in yourself in order to survive such an experience and start living an ordinary life afterwards. The author’s intention is to bring the recorded memories of the Friends to a possibly wide audience, to the public sphere and also, or perhaps above all, to the consciousness of those whose way of thinking is far from scientific.
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Nakon što sam pročitao zapise admirala Branka Mamule, nametnula su mi se dva ključna dojma. Prvi se dojam ticao činjenice da je u jednoj ratnoj partizanskoj biografiji bilo moguće učešće u epopeji Petrove gore u proljeće 1942. i, ne mnogo vremena zatim, učešće u pomorskoj partiji šaha u zadarskom arhipelagu i na Kvarneru, posljednjih godinu dana Drugog svjetskog rata. Kordunaški momak, koji nikad nije vidio more i koji nije znao plivati, dvadeset ratnih mjeseci bio je učesnik danas prilično zaboravljene savezničke borbe na sjevernom Jadranu, koja se pretvorila u pobjedničku stratešku igru. Drugi dojam ticao se činjenice da je taj kordunaški momak, svjedok dvaju stoljeća – naš suvremenik. [...]
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"Far away and yet so near" is a metaphoric title that somehow defines all the collected texts. It embraces what is here and now as well as what seems distinctive, imperishable and… essential? Even if not – still important and inseparable. All of the discussed writers – Konwicki, Kuncewiczowa, Stojowski, Vincenz, Hemar, Wierzyński, Filipowicz, Pavel – are without a doubt virtuosos, who undertook a breakneck task of engraving their pivotal, fundamental experiences in literature. The collection includes essays sharing a clearly determined theme – autobiographic works of writers, who experienced war, occupation, Eastern Polish and Galician myths, as well as post-war political turmoil – including Stalinism, social realism and the Polish thaw. The inclusion of the trope of angling, present in the writings of Kornel Filipowicz and Ota Pavel, an exceptional author from the Czech Republic, may come as a surprise. It is easy to underestimate its importance, but the theme is by no means trivial. The moments of solitude in the wild, with a fishing rod as a sole companion, were cherished times of escape from the war trauma.
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About 80% of Bosnian Jews lived in Sarajevo. Of the approximately 10,500 Jews who were in Sarajevo before World War II, approximately 9,000 were taken to Ustasha and Nazi camps. About 1,500 surviving Jews returned to Sarajevo after the war. The largest number of survivors are participants of the National Liberation War, while a smaller number met their freedom in camps. The publication “Sarajevo: Remembrance of Holocaust Victims” documents the names of fallen fighters, citizens of Sarajevo in the National Liberation War, fallen fighters for the liberation of Sarajevo and victims of fascist terror. The list of names was obtained from the daily Oslobođenje, which published the same list year before when a Mass for Bleiburg was held in the Sarajevo Cathedral.
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The publication presents an introductory study summarizing the history of the Ďáblice Cemetery in Prague since its inception in 1912. Special attention is paid to the burial of opponents and victims of the Nazi occupation regime and the communist dictatorship in a common burial ground at the northern wall of the cemetery in 1943–1961. The publication contains a list of the buried, a reconstruction of possible numbering of the shafts, or an analysis of the current memorial area above the burial ground from the mid-1990s.
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The exhibition was held at the 70th anniversary of the publication of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Was divided into three thematic units - during the Second Republic, the Protectorate, and personal memories of survivors of these events. The 20 panels were devoted to political affairs area, state changes, both domestic and foreign resistance fighters, but also transformations in everyday life and cultural sphere.
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