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Desperate measures or creativity? BUF propaganda techniques

Author(s): Jakub Drábik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Significant proportion of the British Union of fascists’ (BUF) members were convinced that the existential threats to the nation and civilisation are hard facts and adopting fascism as the form of government was an absolute necessity for the survival of the British nation. This faith and devotion to the cause expressed itself in the enthusiasm for the cause, readiness for self-sacrifice and very active propagating of the ideas. Troubled by the lack of finance and resources, BUF members came with a variety of propaganda techniques, which demonstrate their commitment to and enthusiasm for fascism. Some ideas were very creative, some we could consider desperate. This article focuses on the BUF’s propaganda machinery and is describing some of the not very common propaganda techniques that BUF used.

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Nástup italského fašismu po první světové válce

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The study deals with the advance of Italian fascism between 1919 and 1922. It follows its emergence in March 1919 in Milan, North Italy, the preconditions for its rise, important figures of the movement, national congresses, and program manifestos until the “March on Rome”, when B. Mussolini became Prime Minister of the Italian government in the autumn of 1922. It presents the fascist movement as a diverse platform that, with its pragmatic approach, responded to immediate social events, absorbing them into its program. The study analyses the personality of B. Mussolini, particularly his socialist and journalistic past, which he was able to skilfully utilize for the mobilization of masses after 1919. It points to the wider context of political situation in post-war Italy that contributed to the growth of the fascist movement (G. D’Annunzio, the squadrists etc.). The study thus presents fascism as a phenomenon of post-war Italy, which, despite being on the side of the victorious countries in WWI, found itself in a very complicated situation, such as the financial exhaustion of the country, frequent strikes of workers in industrial North-Italian cities, agricultural hardship, difficult integration of former soldiers into everyday life, growing violence and political radicalism, and the growing political and economic differences between the North and the South. It therefore shows that the advance of fascism was at the same time caused by the retreat of democratic elites from the positions that they should have fiercely protected against the aggressive authoritarian movement.

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Role Hany Benešové při vytváření exilového prezidentského „dvora“

Author(s): Jana Čechurová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This study focuses on Hana Benešová, one of the most significant female figures of the first half of the 20th century, and her role in the internal functioning and external reflection of the presidential “court” in exile in Great Britain during the Second World War. To a great extent, it highlights the continuity with the pre-war period. Emphasis is also placed on the elements of standard royal courts that are identical to those of the republican court.

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Privilegovaný malý spojenec

Author(s): Pavol Jakubec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

During the Second World War, London hosted several Allied governments-in-exile. An unprecedented phenomenon in diplomatic history, the explosion of exile politics affected the position and agency of the Czechoslovak authorities. The aim of this study is to present basic, often status-related operational parameters of one of their lesser partners, the Royal Norwegian Government, which also strived to contribute to a sustainable balance in the mutual relationships of the “Grand Coalition” great powers.

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Zázemí londýnského politického exilu — repatriace a likvidace

Author(s): Jana Kasíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This study focuses on the issue of the environment of the Czechoslovak government in exile in London, the termination of its activities, the transfer of the core of government from exile to the homeland and the effort to ensure a certain continuity. This process is examined from the planning phase through experience with the first transports to the activities of the London authorities in liquidation. Attention is focused on the material environment, i.e. properties, equipment and official documentation, as well as on personnel issues pertaining to employees of the government authorities.

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Alice Masaryková a Československý Červený kříž v zahraničí

Author(s): Radovan Lovčí / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This study is focused on the organisational precursors, form, structure and areas of operation of the Czechoslovak Red Cross abroad, the multifaceted role of Dr. Alice Masaryková and certain other prominent figures in its ranks, and a comparison of the wartime and pre-war conditions of the Czechoslovak Red Cross.

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Z nepřátelské uniformy do národní armády?

Author(s): Zdenko Maršálek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This paper draws attention to the range of legal, political and moral problems that the country’s representation in exile had to face in connection with the search for human resources when building up military units. Though the issue of recruiting prisoners-of-war from enemy armed forces was resolved in the field of international law, the problems arising from the clash with the national and moral ideals of the resistance movement and with the need to build a propagandistic image of the resistance were much more burdensome.

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Potíže exilové literatury o Mnichovu

Author(s): Josef Nožička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This paper examines selected publications of Czechoslovak authors working in exile who described and reflected on the events of the Munich crisis of 1938. It analyses the difficulties that accompanied the publishing of such works. Using Munich: Befor

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Československé ženy sloužící za druhé světové války v britských pomocných sborech ATS a WAAF

Author(s): Karolína Stegurová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This paper is focused on the issue of the military service of Czechoslovak women in the British armed forces, respectively in the British ATS and WAAF auxiliary services. More than 200 Czechoslovak women joined these services during the Second World War. As they could not be assigned to serve directly in the Czechoslovak armed forces, the British assigned them to various military camps and air bases throughout Great Britain. A sizable group of Czechoslovak women also entered British service in the Middle East. The following text will briefly outline the circumstances of the establishment and operation of the British auxiliary services and focus on the conditions of joining and the work duties of Czechoslovak women, both in the United Kingdom and, particularly, in the Middle East. In addition to issues related to the day-to-day service of Czechoslovak women in the British armed forces, it will also address the matter of why the Czechoslovak armed forces — despite the rising trend in other national forces — never established a similar type of women’s services.

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Svědectví (nejen) z Londýna

Author(s): Josef Tomeš,Richard Vašek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This article presents a brief political biography of the Czech National Socialist politician and journalist Josef (Jóža) David (1884–1968), a well-known figure in the Czechoslovak foreign resistance during the First and Second World Wars and one of the representatives of the Czechoslovak exile community in Great Britain in 1942–1945. At the same time, the article presents his memoirs, or rather a part thereof, which covers the period 1938–1948 and is currently being prepared for a critical book edition.

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Otázka rasy objektivem režisérů fašistické propagandy

Author(s): Monika Červenková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 57/2018

This article deals with movies made during the fascist era which are treating the topic of colonial expansion. I tried to analyse these films to find out if they were primarily racist and what message the fascist directors wanted to give to the public. I discovered that the films were mostly meant to justify the Italian intervention rather than to denigrate the African natives. In the movies the key scope was to show the Italians in the best light and depict them as a highly developed nation, which is able and willing to civilize the underdeveloped Africa. Through the analysis of these films we can take a look into the complex core of the fascist ideology.

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Kulturní střet v románu Luise Sepúlvedy

Author(s): Roman Zaťko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 57/2018

The article focuses on the topic of racism in Luis Sepúlveda’s novel The Old Man Who Read Love Stories. The epicenter of the literary work is El Idilio, a small settlement founded by the colonists in the Amazon rainforest. The disputes between the new incomers (white men or people of mixed race), and the indigenous peoples from the Ecuadorian rainforest is the principal conflict of the coexistence of different ethnicities in the Amazon area. The dispute with the surrounding world is reflected also in the conflict between the colonists and the nature, with which the intruders cannot live together.

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Šo’a v Slovenskom štáte očami evanjelickej cirkvi augsburského vyznania

Author(s): Boris Kořínek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

This study examines the changing attitudes of the representatives of the Slovak Evangelical Churchof the Augsburg Confession towards the anti-Jewish measures implemented in the Slovak State during the period 1939–1945. Among other things, it familiarises the reader with the organisation of thechurch, the assistance it provided to some of the persecuted Jews, and the conditions under whichJews were accepted into the church. To a lesser extent, it also addresses the way in which Jews whohad been baptised by evangelical pastors were perceived in the Slovak State and the extent to whichtheir baptism protected them from further persecution.

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Oficerowie Wojska Polskiego, związani z Wadowicami, rozstrzelani w KL Auschwitz 27 maja 1942 r.

Author(s): Jerzy Dębski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 17/2014

The author presents biographies of nine officers of the Polish Army. All of them, though differently, were connected with the town of Wadowice: some of them were born there, in the 12th Infantry Regiment that stationed in the town, whereas others attended the local school. Besides their bonds with the town of Wadowice, they also shared the expieince of the second world war and of the fight with the German invader. Although, as officers, they seemed to be obliged to combat with the enemy, the decision to put up resistance was never easy. Their fates were once againlinked in Auschwitz, where they were sent as a result repressive organized by the Nazis.

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Julia Boyd, Angelika Patel, A Village in the Third Reich. How Ordinary Lives Were Transformed by the Rise of Fascism

Author(s): Tudor Mureşan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Julia Boyd, Angelika Patel, A Village in the Third Reich. How Ordinary Lives Were Transformed by the Rise of Fascism, Elliott & Thompson Publishers, London, 2022

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Violence as the Cause of Jewish Flight from Poland, 1945–1946

Author(s): Magdalena Semczyszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2022

This article discusses the violence against the Jews as a factor affecting the postwar emigration of Jewish survivors from Poland. The author assumes that violence was related to the exclusion of Jews from the Polish national community. However, this exclusion was of a complex nature and took place primarily not on the political or institutional level, but on the level of social ties. In some part of Polish society Jews were perceived as “others”, “redundant people” or even enemies. Postwar emancipation proclaimed by the communists resulted in the policy of inclusion and made Jews equal, although in practice, even during the so-called Jewish autonomy (1945–1949), there were no equal rights in all areas (e.g. restitution of property). In times of social, economic and political crisis, the emigration of Jews was a favorable phenomenon for the authorities. Thus, the communist government did not encourage emigration, but rather turned a blind eye to it.

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Walka trwa

Author(s): Michał Siwiec-Cielebon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2004

Artykuł, będący kontynuacją zagadnienia udziału 12 Pułku Piechoty w kampanii wrześniowej (M. Siwiec-Cielebon, Godzina próby wybiła. Pszczyna i Jordanów. 12 pułk piechoty ziemi wadowickiej w bitwie granicznej, "Wadoviana. Przegląd Historyczno-kulturalny", nr 7, 2002, s. 17-28) poświęcony jest okolicznościom odwrotu wojsk polskich z południa kraju na linię rzek Nidy i Dunajca. Autor przedstawił również szczegóły ewakuacji struktur wojskowych funkcjonujących w Wadowicach w okresie międzywojennym i mobilizowanych w tym garnizonie.

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Morderczy wyścig po bezdrożach Małopolski. 12 Pułk Piechoty Ziemi Wadowickiej w walkach odwrotowych do Dunajca i Sanu

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Morderczy wyścig po bezdrożach Małopolski. 12 Pułk Piechoty Ziemi Wadowickiej w walkach odwrotowych do Dunajca i Sanu

Author(s): Michał Siwiec-Cielebon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2006

6 września 1939 r. 12 Pułk Piechoty dołączył do swojej macierzystej 6 Dywizji Piechoty, znajdując się na odcinku frontu nieco mniej naciskanym przez Niemców. Jednak wraz z całą Grupą Operacyjną "Boruta" z Armii "Kraków" jednostka zmuszona była do ciężkich przemarszów odwrotowych najpierw przez Dunajec, a następnie, po utracie szansy na obronę tej rzeki, przez San. Odwrót był determinowany nie tylko koniecznością ocalenia wojsk, ale również planem zorganizowania obrony na kolejnych rubieżach wschodniej Małopolski.

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Opór Żydów w czasie II wojny światowej na okupowanych ziemiach polskich na przykładzie powstań w obozach zagłady i buntów w gettach

Author(s): Sabina Bober / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Attempts by Jews to save lives during the Holocaust took various forms depending on the situation and the period of occupation. Until they were concentrated in the ghettos, they were not fully aware of the great danger they were in. Nobody could have imagined that the Germans would decide to kill them en masse and that extermination camps established especially for them would be used for this. Left to themselves, wanting to survive, they had to take up various forms of struggle. Not everyone was able to hide on the Aryan side to avoid deportation to a camp or slow vegetation in the ghetto. Each attempt to save a life was a heroic act of opposing the extermination that the Germans had planned for all Jews. It was much more difficult to oppose them in concentration camps, where there was a permanent struggle and human life was of no value. Faced with the constant threat, the Jews decided to fight not only to preserve their lives, which were of the highest value, but also the dignity that the SS men tried to kill in them in the camps.The uprisings in Auschwitz, Sobibór and Treblinka prove that the prisoners had a great will to live. Similarly, revolts and uprisings in the ghettos showed that the imprisoned Jews were able to oppose the extermination policy of Nazi Germany.

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Analiza tytułów książek historycznych poświęconych II wojnie światowej

Author(s): Karolina Kehl / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (18)/2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze the lexical titles of historical books on World War II that were published between 1989 and 2014. These publications can be regarded as intentional carriers of memory and sources of Poles’ knowledge about the 1939-1945 conflict. Therefore, becoming familiar with historiographical trends, concerning World War II, can help to understand the place of these events in Poles’ collective memory. This article attempts to distinguish the most and least addressed topics by historians of World War II. It is important to compare two groups of titles referring to the German and Soviet occupation. The possible reasons for observed tendencies are presented. Among the author’s assumptions is a definite predominance of titles referring to the Soviet occupation, justified by the abolition of censorship after the political transformation. Other hypotheses refer, among others, to the domination of military themes in Polish historiography, the little interest of historians in the profiles of war heroes and the growing number of historical publications in the examined time.

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