![Maria Wardzyńska, Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939–1945](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_42316.jpeg)
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Felvilágosult vallás és modern katasztrófa között: magyar zsidó gondolkodás a Horthy-korban [Between Enlightened Religion and Modern Catastrophe: Hungarian Jewish Thinking in the Horthy Era]. By Ferenc Laczó. Budapest: Osiris, 2014. 299 pp.
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Little attention has so far been paid in the Czech Republic and abroad to the last words written to their loved ones by persons sentenced to death during the period of. Only a few have become part of various editions of sources after 1945; however, these served primarily as a reminder of selected communist victims of Nazism. Moreover, they lacked any description of the circumstances under which they were written, without which no objective approach can be taken to these unique documents, giving us an insight into the mindset of the convicts, the fate of their families and everyday Nazi persecution in practice.
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“Merry, Wholehearted and Strong in Character” – this was how his superiors saw the Kriminalrat (Criminal Investigation Officer) Heinrich Gottschling. In fact he was a highly agile and fanatic Gestapo officer who left an especially dark mark on occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia. He worked in several key posts in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and repeatedly showed great fervour in suppressing the local resistance movement. He was also especially inventive when building up networks of informers. He was in charge of hundreds of arrested members of resistance. He sent more than a hundred men and women to their deaths or to concentration camps as the chairman or associate judge of the martial court in Brno. This article aims to reconstruct Gottschling’s career in the security apparatus of Nazi Germany and his postwar life.
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The recruitment and military service of Carpathian Germans in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War is one of the still little researched questions in the history of this community in 20th century Slovakia. More than 8,200 men enlisted in the armed units of the SS in three phases: illegally, quasi voluntarily and finally as obligatory military service. Not all of them enlisted on the basis of their actual personal convictions. Some men found themselves against their will in places where crimes against humanity were committed. The study is devoted to the recruitment mechanism and analyses the motivation of the men of the German minority to join the Waffen-SS. It also focuses on their service in some Waffen-SS units and in concentration camps. The last part does not avoid the question of criminal responsibility after 1945.
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András Kun was an emblematic figure among the executed members of the Arrow Cross Party accused of crimes against the civilians of Budapest in 1944-1945. Dozens of articles were published about his actions, arrest and trial before the National Court, not only in the post-war press, but his personality was a topic from time to time in the scientific and historical literature, as well as in belles-lettres. The recognition of the alleged and actual crimes of the former Minorite monk who was involved in various atrocities committed by the Arrow Cross units were known at the time when they actually happened, becoming widely known to the general public after his arrest. As I noted earlier in the papers of Létünk Journal (KURUCZ 2018: 173–193), exploring his activity with all the details today is completely an impossible task. The present study is therefore limited to presenting events that, outside the court proceedings against Andras Kun, can be compared to testimonies in other litigation and memoirs independent of the investigative or judicial proceedings.
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Review of: Aneta Dawidowicz (rec.) - Przedhitlerowskie korzenie nazizmu, czyli dusza niemiecka w świetle filozofii i religioznawstwa; red. Bogumił Grott, Olgierd Grott, Wydawnictwo von borowiecky, Warszawa 2018, ss. 206.
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The paper deals with the emergence of Croatian youth in Virovitica in the 1920s, the further development of those years, the revolutionary action to establish the 6 January dictatorship and the fate of individuals through individual terrorist actions. After the short-term almost cessation of youth work in the country, the youth’s work is first intensified through activities in illegal semi-military and paramilitary units of the Croatian Peasant and Civil Protection. With the creation of the Banovina of Croatia, Hrvatski Junak (eng. Croatina Hero) was founded, the most massive organization of Croatian national youth aged 7 to 21, which is under the influence and leadership of the Croatian Peasant Party. With the creation of the Independent State of Croatia, the Hrvatski Junak (eng. Croatian Hero) in a short time, until September 1941, completely approached the Ustasha youth. The new state is trying to gather the entire youth from 7 to 21 years of age in the Ustasha youth, which will succeed administratively. In all periods, the youth represented the fighting parts of the parties or the state and was most often a kind of paramilitary, semi-military organization.
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This article analyses race theory in the Independent State of Croatia in regard to the question of the ethnolinguistic-racial origin of the early medieval Croats. While there was debate in the NDH on whether the proto-Croats were specifically Slavs, Iranians or Goths in an ethnolinguistic sense, there was a general academic and ideological consensus that, in a racial sense, they were a ruling class of Nordic-Aryan origin. This topic is analysed within a broader European historical and ideological context, including the question of the position of National Socialist race theory toward Croats and other Slavic peoples.
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In the historiography of communist Yugoslavia, the issue of the activities of the civil and military authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Second World War was partially explored because this topic could not be freely researched or written about. In the mentioned period, the emphasis was on researching the partisan movement, while other participants in the war were given much less attention. Those who wrote on this topic paid little or almost no attention to the circumstances in which the civil and military authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in Bosnia and Herzegovina were established and operated, as well as in the Bihać-Cazin region. There is no historiographical research on the main features of the civilian and military authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in the Great Parish of Krbava and Psat with its seat in Bihać. Based on the original archival material, the paper presents the structure and activities of civilian and military authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in the Great Parish of Krbava and Psat with its seat in Bihać in the period 1941-1942. Namely, after it was founded on June 16th, 1941, the municipal, county and parish authorities of the Independent State of Croatia were established in the parish, while the organization of military power was reflected in the establishment and operation of Home Guard and Ustasha units, and the armed forces.
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The article concerns the motif and theme of Soviet prisoners of war in Russian literature. It presents the most important historical facts, which are the sources of literary approaches, concerning the complicated fate of Soviet POWs during the German-Soviet war (1941‒1945) and after its end. It also shows the political and ideological determinants of the literary image of a prisoner (as a traitor and coward, a resistance fighter in camps and a partisan, victim). The subjects of the analysis are both fictive works and memoirs, among others Mikhail Sholokhov’s The Fate of a Man (Судьба человека), Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich (Один день Ивана Денисовича), Vasily Grossman’s Life and fate (Жизнь и судьба), Andrey Pogozhev’s Escape from Auschwitz (Смерть стояла у нас за спиной).
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The article addresses the motif (and theme) of the Soviet prisoners of war in Polish literature. It presents historical facts which have inspired literary representations of events concerning the complex fates of the Soviet POWs both during the German-Soviet war (1941–1945) and after it came to its end. It also offers a discussion on the political and ideological determinants of the literary portrayal of the prisoner of war. Texts subjected to analyses include both works of fiction and memoirs, such as, among others, Igor Newerly’s Chłopiec z Salskich Stepow (The boy from the Steppes of the Sal), Seweryna Szmaglewska’s “Zagrycha” (The snack), or Wiesław Kielar’s Anus Mundi. 1,500 Days in Auschwitz/Birkenau. Particular attention is given to Wisława Szymborska’s poem “The Hunger Camp at Jasło” (“Obóz głodowy pod Jasłem”).
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The aim of the article was to examine the diplomatic activity of the Polish diplomat Kazimierz Papée (1889-1979) in the Free City of Danzig in the years 1933-1934. The author focused on Papée’s relations with Hermann Rauschning, the President of the Free City of Danzig Senate, taking into account the accompanying circumstances. The historical sources utilised and analysed in this study are, in large part, unknown reports prepared by Papée, which he sent to Warsaw.Papée was the General Commissioner of the Republic of Poland in the Free City of Danzig from 1932 to 1936. He sought to preserve the Polish rights in Danzig. His term in office coincided also with the presidency of Rauschning, who was the first politician associated with the Nazi Party at the post of President of the Danzig Senate. Both Papée and Rauschning fulfilled their duties in circumstances of subordination of the Polish-Danzig relations to relations between Warsaw and Berlin. Each of them had his own vision of how relations between Poland and the Free City should be shaped. Rauschning was remembered as a politician who sought to reach a settlement with Poland. That being so, the question arises how Papée managed to cope, given the then current conditions, and what particular courses of action were taken by him in contacts with the President of the Danzig Senate. Another issue related to the research is an assessment of the consequences of these contacts. Such an appraisal had to be made in the light of the paramount principle of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs which was the maintenance of good Polish-German relations.
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The recruitment and military service of Carpathian Germans in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War is one of the still little researched questions in the history of this community in 20th century Slovakia. More than 8,200 men enlisted in the armed units of the SS in three phases: illegally, quasi voluntarily and finally as obligatory military service. Not all of them enlisted on the basis of their actual personal convictions. Some men found themselves against their will in places where crimes against humanity were committed. The study is devoted to the recruitment mechanism and analyses the motivation of the men of the German minority to join the Waffen-SS. It also focuses on their service in some Waffen-SS units and in concentration camps. The last part does not avoid the question of criminal responsibility after 1945.
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The study analyses the staffing of the Gestapo headquarters in Prague, which was the largest office of the Nazi secret police in Hitler’s Germany, by both the number of allocated positions and the actual number of employees. To understand the over- all context, the general personnel policy applied to the Gestapo is presented, includ- ing a description of the individual career paths. The differences between official and non-official staff are explained, as well as the categories of official (executive and ad- ministrative service) and non-official (clerical and criminal) staff. The development of the number of employees during the Second World War, the lack of qualified personnel and the reasons for the negligible number of Czech Germans in important positions in the Prague Gestapo are analysed. The study also tries to find an answer to the question of how effectively the Prague headquarters was able to combat the domestic resist- ance movement with the assigned number of employees.
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The main representative of the Polish resistance against the Nazis in 1942–1943 was the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), built on the foundations of the Service for Poland’s Victory (Służba Zwycięstwu Polski, SZP), the Union of Armed Struggle (Związek Walki Zbrojnej, ZWZ) and other non-communist resistance organisations.
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Czechoslovakia doesn’t have many heroes whose actions have literally shaken the world. However, that is a fitting description of the paratroopers who carried out the 1942 assassination of the “third man in the Third Reich” Reinhard Heydrich. One of them was named Josef Gabčík and his life from the cradle to a hero’s death is mapped by Jaroslav Čvančara.
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Pető Andrea (2019) Láthatatlan elkövetők. Nők a magyarországi nyilasmozgalomban. Budapest: Jaffa kiadó
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This article presents one of the concrete outcomes of the project “Database of Victims of the National Socialist Persecution of ‘Gypsies’” conducted by the Terezín Initiative Institute in Prague. The case study explored here shows the potential of this detailed, systematic, and local research of individual victims, which documents the genocide of the Roma and Sinti population on the territory of today’s Czech Republic. The Dycha family lived in the agricultural village of Hrušky in South Moravia, where they had a small house, work, and conflict-free relationships with the majority population. After 1939, the ‘anti-Gypsy’ politics of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia struck them. The entire family, including all eight children, were finally transported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in early May 1943. The only survivor was Damián Danihel, the illegitimate son of Estera Dychová. According to documents and testimonies, he was rescued thanks to his Slovak citizenship and the intervention of two local men – the former village mayor and his successor.
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