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In this study, we briefly outline the possible sources of a disputation written by the Transylvanian polyhistor Sámuel Kaposi and make reserved statements about the authorship and originality of this disputation. Our aim is to draw attention to this interesting text, which is perhaps the first Hungarian work dealing with spiritual desertion, a topic peculiar to English and Dutch Puritans.
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In this paper I present a thorough examination of Laszló Ravasz’s publications from the period 1901–1903, when he was a student of the Protestant Theological Seminary and the State University of Cluj/Kolozsvár. In this period, he shows signs of uncertainty whether to become a Reformed minister or a journalist, novelist, or critic. This period of life of a student is typically characterised by an interest in almost everything. He writes more than forty poems, short novels, theatrical critics, but most often he relates about the student life in the magazine Kolozsvári Egyetemi Lapok. He attempts to follow well-known journalist of his time. His descriptive writings demonstrate how good a writer he was already in the early years of his career.
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D. Tóth Judit – Papp György (szerk.): Az egyházatyák a reformáció és az ellenreformáció korában. Válogatás a Magyar Patrisztikai Társaság XVIII. konferenciáján elhangzott előadások szerkesztett változataiból. Studia Patrum VIII. A Magyar Patrisztikai Társaság kiadványai. Hernád Sárospatak 2019. ISBN 978-615-5787-08-9, 193 old. (Pap Levente)
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Its area of evangelization of South Cameroon, missionaries of the MPA had introduced the ideas of freedom and autonomy among his flock to fight against French colonization and allow the political and social empowerment of black people. However, after the Second World War, while political leaders molded in schools of the MPA were fighting for the independence of Cameroon, African employees the Mission and trained to the awakening of consciousness began to assert their masters, the improvement of working conditions and the handling of the management of the heritage of the Mission. The pressure of the black clergy had pushed the MPA to grant independence to the missionary field giving birth, December 11th, 1957, in the Cameroonian Presbyterian Church (EPC). With the withdrawal of the American missionaries, the problem of the management of an important heritage designed since the end of the 19e century arose, because pastors African, few in number, but avid authority, had not received the training required to ensure the relay of these Apostles of good new and well trained to the task to ensure the technical work in different medical institutions, schools, agricultural. So far, the problem remains real in this church, the opposite of self-propagating who brought the early Church to create more than 500 parishes in fifty years of independence.
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The Estonian settlements in Abkhazia developed in the 1880s, and soon after were taken under the wing of the Russian Lutheran Church. Since most of the Lutheran pastors in tsarist Russia had been educated at the University of Tartu, and many of them came from the Baltic provinces, they often also spoke Estonian. The article examines the relations of the settlers with the pastors, some of whom had previously served in Estonia. It also looks at the role played by the parish clerk/schoolteachers of the settlements who came from Estonia or other Estonian settlements in tsarist Russia.
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Review: Emil Anton, Kahden virran maa. Sivilisaation ja kristinuskon irakilainen tarina, Helsinki 2020, pp. 288.
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Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an astronomer and а physicist whose stands concerning heliocentric system shook up medieval understandings of cosmos and shaped modern view on the world. His trial in front of the Inquisition had far-reaching consequences and served as an evidence of the Church’s opposition to science. Many educated people of later period saw that as an inevitable confrontation between religious dogma and scientific knowledge. It is necessary to put some light on the complexity of the matter and a need for a multilateral view.
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Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was a dominant figure of the Roman Church, passionate believer, with no doubt his views and beliefs were right. He never ran from discussions with those who did not agree with him. He fought battles with a scientist and theologian Abelard, abbot and statesman Sugerius. With the strength of his personality, St. Bernard gave new life to monasticism, supported reform of secular clergy and fight against heresies, ended the papal schism, preached II Crusade and the real description of his life would have been a history of the first half of the 12th century.
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The paper deals with the issue of the relationship between Serbian rulers and local princes of the Nemanjić dynasty and Roman Catholic clergy, both inside and outside of medieval Serbia. This includes the relations of the Nemanjić dynasty to the local Roman Catholic Church, primarily towards the episcopate of the Archdiocese of Bar (Antivari), and the Archdiocese of Dubrovnik, as well as the relationship to Roman Curia.
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Christians in China were often affected by the ban on evangelization. The Mongol Yuan dynasty was the most tolerant, allowing Franciscans to convert many Chinese people in the 14th century. Two hundred years later, the Jesuits became just as successful. In 1724, the Chinese emperor banned the spread of Christianity, but its enforcement was inconsistent. Some Jesuits could stay in China, even at the imperial court, others could arrive, but they were not allowed to evangelize. The ban on the spread of Christianity also applied to other churches, Orthodox and Protestant. Everything changed after the defeat of China in the First Opium War, when after 1842 it had to accept the terms of unequal treaties with foreign powers. The ban on the spread of Christianity was lifted and missionaries were free to operate in China. English and American Protestants introduced Chinese scholars to Western legal and political systems. Thanks to them, too, reforms began in China that were not made at the end of the empire.
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The article researches the migrations of German Protestants in the area of Moslavina and Bilogora after the issuing of the Protestant Patent and religious liberalization in the second half of the 19th century. First, we research the regional background of the settlers (colonists), and we go on to follow the development of their church communities and parishes. After this, we describe the specific settlements with an absolute or relative German Protestant majority, as well as the historical circumstances of their church organization. Finally, we use sources, literature, and oral history (i.e., interviews) as we research the processes of migration and evacuation of German settlers and Protestants from those parts, as well as the destinies of their pastors and preachers during and after WWII. Due to the scope of the research, the article was divided into two parts. In part 1, the emphasis is on migrations, the settlers’ confessional background, and the founding of the first two large parishes in the region, and after that, we describe other parishes and their branches, their development, and stages of abandonment, as well as the description of their final spiritual workers’ activities.
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This paper looks at how prominent Muslim reformers of the 19th and 20th century treated Martin Luther and the Reformation in their books, articles, pamphlets and essays. In most cases, they wrote on them positively and as a model for reforms they thought the Muslim world needed. The author cites their views and opinions to demonstrate that Martin Luther’s image in reformist circles in the traditional lands of Islam was as of a European reformer who drew upon Islamic sources. The paper also discusses the psychological reasons that contributed to the glorification of Lutherʼs personality in books and articles by reformist Islamic and Muslim intellectuals of the 19th and 20th centuries.
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At the end of the 17th century, under the influence of German events, a Pietist movement also appeared in Gdańsk. It had a moderate impact on the local Evangelical community, sought to dynamize religious life and activate the laity through a deep Christian formation. Pietism enjoyed an average popularity here, although because of the orthodox Lutheran authorities of the city, it was focused on conducting apologetic and polemical activities rather than actually pastoral ones. Constantin Schütz (1646–1712), Ernst Lange (1650–1727), Johann Georg Abicht (1672–1740) and Paweł Świetlicki (1699–1756) were his more well-known and certainly non-anonymous representatives, about whom this text deals. They strongly influenced the shape of the local Evangelical theological discourse.
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The unlawful removal by the communist authorities of real estate owned by the Evangelical churches operating in the Republic of Poland before the Second World War, which took place after the end of War in Mai 1945, was finally legalized by the Act of July 4, 1947 on amending the President's decree of November 25, 1936 on the relationship between the State and Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Poland. The political transformation in Poland, which took place in 1989, initially did not change the ownership of the Lutheran Church but also did not lead to the enactment of any legal acts that would allow for the recovery of unlawfully seized real estate. The property of the Church’s matters were regulated by the Act of May 13, 1994 on the State’s Relationship to the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in the Republic of Poland. This act provides for two separate procedures for evangelical real estate, namely: the administrative procedure with regard to real estate owned by the Church legal entities on the date of its entry into force and the regulatory procedure with respect to real estate located in the former 2nd Republic of Poland, which is not owned by church legal entities. The analytical part of the articles presents regulatory proceedings introduced by the Act of 1994.
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The article discusses reproductive technology and its ethical assessment, as well as the broadly understood issues of the welfare of children and the welfare of the family in a broader sense. The right to have children in modern culture is understood as a claim. The author discusses the psychological, legal, theological, and ethical issues of reproductive technology. An important element of this paper is the issue of family counselling. The article formulates the thesis that the more the family constellation caused by reproductive medicine leads to the separation of parentage, the greater the need for counselling should be. The statements of the Evangelical Church of Germany are also a point of reference for the analyses.
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