Around the Bloc: Bulgarian City Bans Islamic Veils
In the same city, 14 Muslims are on trial for extremism and spreading religious hatred.
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In the same city, 14 Muslims are on trial for extremism and spreading religious hatred.
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The political thought of Kim Il Sung is defined in world literature in terms of the concepts of Juche or kimilsungism. Juche emerged in the mid-1950s and was influenced by the events that took place in the Soviet Union and the whole international communist movement after Stalin's death (1953) and the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956). In the initial phase, these ideas involved general teachings of the classics adapted to the specific circumstances and characteristics of North Korea. Soon, however, in opposition to the policies of Khrushchev in the Soviet Union, and with the escalating conflict between the Soviet Union and the PRC, they took on a decidedly nationalistic and xenophobic character. Since the mid-60s, Juche has contained explicitly anti-foreign ideas against both the USSR and China, and the rest of the world. In practice, the political thought of Kim Il Sung is a conglomerate of Stalinism, Maoism, traditionalism, nationalism and racism. This ideological explosive mixture has created a system that can be described as being fulfilled in terms of totalitarianism. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the communist bloc countries have led to even greater nationalization of the political thought of Kim Il Sung. In the new situation, all references to communism have been abandoned and replaced primarily by nationalism and racism.
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The European Union has recently implemented one of the biggest reform packages in its history. Developed solutions are designed to (1) strengthen EU’s resilience to shocks and (2) improve its shock absorption capabilities. It seems that so far the stress was mainly placed on the first objective. Among the reforms which satisfied the second objective the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) plays the key role. However, this is not the only solution. The European Union is also developing a fiscal capacity for the European Monetary Union (EMU). On the base of a subject literature study, I have developed a model with boundary conditions of fiscal federalism (FF), which then was compared to macroeconomic data for the EU. The results of my findings show that the European Union, and especially the euro area, share a lot of characteristics typical for fiscal federalism. The biggest difference between EMU’s structure and FF model is in-sufficient size of central budget. As a result, the euro area is not equipped with stabilization tools which could act on the very early stage of a crisis. From this point of view, implementation of fiscal capacity in the form of central budget could fill this gap. However, it could bring further fragmentation of economic integration process in the EU, which probably would not positively contribute towards the stability in the political sphere.
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The intention of the author of this paper is to present a scientific analysis of the influence of culture and the cultural diplomacy of the European Union on the animation and stimulation of Europe’s integration process, which is in a constant state of perturbation and lack of stability. It examines the problem-related approach to the European Union’s change and development strategy, including the „Europe 2020” strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, which envisages the implementation of many new communal initiatives and practical solutions introduced by the European Union, including ones that concern both the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector. The European Union, from 2020 onwards, intends to be ready to reach a high level of employment and efficiency, and a higher level of social integration. To enable this, the European Union must ensure attractive framework conditions for innovation and creativity. In that respect, the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector are the source of groundbreaking ideas which may develop into products and services that could contribute to economic growth and job creation, thereby fighting the crisis and social problems. The economic and social crisis in Europe has also been influencing the world of culture. A series of problematic issues associated with the fragmentation of culture and its inventions are identified, including globalisation and digitalisation, underinvestment, inadequate protection of intellectual property and copyright, and insufficient international cultural cooperation.
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The article presents an overview of the history of the Polish cultural relations with China. It covers the period from XII/XIII century to the year 2013. In the distant past Polish missionaries travelled to China and acquired knowledge on this country and its rich cultural heritage. The most prominent person of that epoch was Michal Boym, a devoted and courageous Jesuit, one of the best European specialist on China in XVII century. The establishment of diplomatic relations with the New China on 1949, was a turning-point in Polish-Chinese relations. Its concerned also cultural cooperation. Ever since started process of better reciprocal knowledge, especially in sphere of literature where even were some interaction. At the last years important role in cultural relations played a big projects as Polish participation in EXPO 2010 in Shanghai and the Year of Chopin. Increasing role played also initiatives of Polish cultural institutions in China and presence and development of teaching Chinese language at Universities and by Institutes of Confucius. The development of political cooperation between both countries and new Chinese initiatives concerning: bilateral relations, relations China with 16 Central and Eastern European countries and relations the EU – China permit to have great expectation for a future of Polish-Chinese cooperation, cultural cooperation included.
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Indonesia, the world’s fourth populous country, has an attractive value proposition for international businesses and investors. The economy is rapidly growing and by 2030 the country could become the world’s 7th-largest economy. However, there are still lacks of information among Polish resources about this market, especially concerning legal issues.The aim of this article is to introduce the general framework of the legal system in Indonesia such as the overview of Indonesian law through historical aspects; separation of powers (including description about executive, judiciary and legislative’s bodies), sources of law (written law and unwritten law as well).This publication contains general information, which will be more developed in further articles to make Polish readers more familiar with Indonesian issues.
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The paper discusses the internal and external migration in Ukraine over the twelve months of 2014 in order to demonstrate how the political crisis and armed conflict influenced the mobility of Ukrainian citizens. The paper analyses the issue of internal resettlers with respect to their numbers and locations of their greatest concentration. It also discusses the activities of the Ukrainian authorities, aiming to protect and assist people moving around Ukraine. The issues of Ukrainian citizens migrating abroad are also considered (including the number of refugees and destinations), with particular emphasis on Poland.
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This paper analyzes the conditions of bringing local authorities and officials to political responsibility within the municipal reform in the Russian Federation. The author’s attention is focused on the problem of differentiation between political and legal responsibilities at the municipal level. The grounds for political responsibility may be a law violation for which measures of legal responsibility have already been applied to an offender. In certain cases the subjects of local government bear political responsibility for the behavior of other people.
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The central plank of scientific research dedicated to the Cyprus problem is analysis of relationships between its direct antagonists – Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities, respectively. However, the case of Cyprus is also a complicated phenomenon in the system of international relations. This article focuses on theoretical rationales that are attributive to regional powers in eastern Mediterranean – Greece and Turkey, their policy in Cyprus. The peculiarities of international actor’s participation in the form of the European Union are discussed in this piece.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the role of discretionary principles has been enhanced in connection with the development of market relations in the sphere of higher education, which manifests itself in the possibility of teachers to enter into civil law contracts with the educational institution in which they work, as well as with other organizations and entities. The study was performed to determine the specificity of the private legal status of teachers of higher school and to identify their major civil rights and obligations. The objectives of the study are the following: – to examine the legal status of teachers in general; – to identify elements of the legal status of teachers in higher education; – to reveal the contents of the private legal status of higher school teachers; – to compare the private legal status of higher school teachers with their labor status. The leading method of research used by us is the method of analysis of the normative-legal acts and literature devoted to the issues of civil-legal regulation of higher education. The paper points out that university teachers do not have any civil relations with students and are not counterparties to the contract on rendering of paid educational services. The counterparty under this contract is the educational organization of higher education. Civil law relations emerge and develop between the university and students, while the university and teachers have labor relations. Higher school teachers enter into civil law relations at conclusion of civil contracts related to the results of creative activity, agreements on the implementation of individual works and the provision of certain services. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that higher school teachers, acting as the counterparties to the relevant civil law contracts, gain individual rights and responsibilities, have the burden of private law liability imposed on them, which, ultimately, forms their private legal status. The latter should not be confused with the labor status of university teachers. These findings are important for the law enforcement practice.
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The aim of the article is to indicate determinants of, so called, city mayors reelection phenomenon by using survey methodology. The article is based on two exit poll surveys’ data, conducted in 2006 (n=1769) and in 2014 (n=1160). The analysis has shown statistically significant relationships between voting for an incumbent and some socio-demographical variables (such as age and socio-economic status), voting motivations (particularly motives of candidates’ accomplishments) and intensity of one of socio-psychological human being feature which is an aversion toward changes. The evidence that voting for reelection correlates with the level of personal political knowledge has not been found.
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The aim of this article is to present and analyse those aspects of university teaching which areclosely connected with the use in didactics of the tools that originated along with the developmentof electronic media. As an example of the content of this article, there are presentations and analysisof the surveys carried out especially to that matter. Postulated polimethodology in the realisationof the teaching of the history of political-legal doctrines may create a chance to once again presentthe usefulness of history subjects in the process of the teaching of future lawyers. To avoid treatinge-learning only as a way to increase the attractiveness of the classes, one should treat it as a backupmechanism in traditional teaching process. A process which should still be based on direct contactbetween the university teachers and the students.
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The Polish government commissioned from Franciszek Starowieyski, a renowned Polish painter, a composition to embellish the new building of the Permanent Representation of the Republic of Poland at the European Union in Brussels. The monumental Divina Polonia rapta per Europa profana, executed in 1998, was put on permanent show in the main hall of the Permanent Representation seat. ‘Divina Polonia,’ the second female figure featured in the canvas next to Europe, is depicted with a halo. F. Starowieyski referred to the classical myth of Europe (a Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull) in order to emphasize the contrast between secular Europe and ‘holy’ Poland. What is the source of this combination of nudity and saintliness? Why has this otherwise liberated artist, who in hundreds of compositions obsessively portrays the female nude and remains distant from bigotry or clericalism, suddenly resorted to religious symbols? These intriguing and disturbing questions arose after seeing the exhibition on the myth of Europe shown in Florence. There, works of twentiethcentury artists from Western Europe did not contain religious symbols. We seem to be approaching the topical problem of the unity of Europe. The canvas Divina Polonia rapta per Europa profana is a symbolic summary of the two different historical experiences of the East and West of Europe.
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Before 1870 the French-Italian relations were not free from severe strains. It is generally accepted that both French and Italian diplomacies were steered by Berlin, although it might seem a simplification. The point of this article is to present a certain autonomy of the French-Italian diplomacy even before the fall of Bismarck in 1890 and to draw attention to the stereotypes of these two Latin countries which were present in the press of those times.
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In 1949 Polish and Czechoslovak lawyers prepared a draft of joint family law for both states. It was prepared for political reasons, to implement communist law in two “people’s democracy” countries. It was based on Soviet law. The Czechoslovak part was quicker in passing the new law. The final debate took place in National Assembly on December 7th, 1949. Only three persons took part in it. It had completely ideological character. Especially the Minister of Justice had very communist speech. He criticized strongly “capitalist” family law and attacked the Catholic Church, because Czechoslovak bishops were protesting against civil marriages. In fact the draft on family law was used by the communist authorities to create anti-church atmosphere. The bill was passed without votes against. Similar debate took place in Polish Sejm in 1950, although it had a little bit less ideological character.
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Each side says the other caused only minor damage, no casualties in skirmishes this week.
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Many discussions that began with the conflicts and historical events between the Armenians and the Muslim Turks in the last days of the Ottoman State have come up to date. However, despite the fact that about a century has passed since the events of 1915, different namings have been made for the events that happened between the two nations. Of course, being an accused target of an invented genocide is perhaps a heavier accusation than being a perpetrator. The painful situation will be even more painful if historic finds are left on the edge and the events of 1915 are drawn towards the arena of politics, and if novels, films and oral and / or local history methods are used as arguments. One of the arguments used in this study, "40 Days in Musa Dag", is emphasized, and it is emphasized that a legendary situation is shown as a reality despite the lack of evidence. As a result, it has been concluded that the source of written or visual media that appeals to a target audience cannot be verified without internal and external criticism without reaching the primary sources.
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Čast mi je što govorim na ovoj konferenciji posvećenoj Sarajevu. Kao počasna građanka ovog grada osećam i moralnu obavezu da u okviru svojih mogućnosti doprinesem boljem razumevanju politike Beograda prema Sarajevu i Bosni uopšte. Samo dubinskim razumevanjem državne politike Srbije moguće je demontirati projekat koji je krajem dvadesetog veka doprineo sunovratu i regiona i same Srbije. Za oporavak Balkana neophodne su nove politike i strategije kako bi se obnovilo njegovo društveno tkivo.
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The review of: Janko Prunk: Slovenski narodni vzpon. Narodna politika (1768-1992). Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1992, 455 strani.
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